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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Topic 1 biological molecules H2O, Carbs & Lipids > Flashcards

Topic 1 biological molecules H2O, Carbs & Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

what do u call a molecule that is partly positive and partly negative

A

dipole/polar molecule

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2
Q

Nitrate ions formula and use

A

(NO3-) needed in plants for the formation of amino acids–> proteins–>formation of DNA

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3
Q

phosphate ions formula and use

A

(PO4 -3) formation of ATP ADP and DNA/RNA

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4
Q

Chloride ions formula and use

A

(Cl-) nerve impulses+secretory systems

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5
Q

hydrogen carbonate ion formula and use

A

(HCO3-) Buffer blood preventing it from becoming too acidic

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6
Q

sodium ions formula and use

A

Na+ nerve impulses

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7
Q

Properties of water

A

polar solvent
transport medium-other substances can dissolve in it
slow to absorb and release heat-high specific heat capacity
cannot be compressed
cohesive- stick together due to forces between the molecules
adhesive-attracted to different molecules
high surface tension

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8
Q

degree angle between 2 hydrogens in water molecules

A

104.5

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9
Q

general formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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10
Q

how many carbon atoms in triose sugars

A

n=3

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11
Q

how many carbon atoms in pentose sugars+examples

A

n=5
eg. Ribose, deoxyribose

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12
Q

how many carbon atoms in hexose sugars

A

n=6
glucose galactose and fructose

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13
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Benedicts solution –>solution of light blue Cu(2) ions when heated with reducing sugars it reduces Cu(2) to Cu(1) ions turning from blue to orange

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14
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars (EG. sucrose)

A

heat non reducing sugars with a few drops of HCl, allow to cool, add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise glycosidic bonds.
—>monosaccharide forms, you can then use the benedict test

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15
Q

what are molecules with 3-10 sugar units known as

A

oligosaccharides

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16
Q

what are molecules containing 11 sugar units or more

A

Polysaccharides

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17
Q

what about the structure of polysaccharides makes them ideal storage molecules within a cell

A

compact molecules, take up little space
physically and chemically inactive, do not interfere with other functions of cell
not very soluble in water- causes no osmotic water movements

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18
Q

examples of where hydrolysis takes place

A

digestion in the gut
muscle and liver cells-when carbohydrate stores are broken down to release sugars for use in cellular respiration

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19
Q

starch is a mixture of which 2 compounds

A

amylose-unbranched polymer- spirals
amylopectin-branched polymer-terminal glucose molecules that can easily be broken off when energy is needed

20
Q

similarities between amylose and amylopectin

A

both long chains of alpha glucose molecules

21
Q

differences between amylose and amylopectin

A

amylose- 1,4 glycosidic bond-long and unbranched
amylopectin- 1,4 glycosidic bonds but also a few 1,6. therefore it has branching chains

22
Q

glycogen properties

A

made of alpha glucose units.
very compact
more 1,6 glycosidic bonds
—> side branches, glycogen can be broken up quickly for energy

23
Q

describe structure of cellulose

A

insoluble
its monomers are beta glucose, held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
one monomer unit is inverted, hydroxyl groups stick out.
therefore, hydrogen bonds can form between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups

cellulose does not coil up, straight long chains.

24
Q

what are lipids made of

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
fatty acids and glycerol

25
Q

what bonds combine the organic chemicals in lipids??

A

ester bonds

26
Q

what is the glycerol chemical formula

A

C3H8O3

27
Q

How can fatty acids vary

A

length of carbon chain can differ(usually 15-17)
can be a saturated or a unsaturated hydrocarbon

28
Q

example of a saturated fatty acid

A

stearic acid

29
Q

bonds in a saturated fatty acid

A

single covalent bond

30
Q

bonds in a unsaturated fatty acid

A

one or more double covalent bonds

31
Q

bonds in a monounsaturated fatty acid

A

one double bond

32
Q

bonds in a polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

2 or more double covalent bonds

33
Q

example of polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

linoleic acid

34
Q

define esterification

A

the formation of ester bonds
condensation reaction between a carboxylic group(COOH-)of the fatty acid and a hydroxyl group(-OH) of the glycerol

35
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

a chemical in which glycerol bonds with 2 fatty acids and an inorganic phosphate group

36
Q

what do we call molecules that dissolve readily in water

A

hydrophilic

37
Q

what do we call molecules that do not dissolve in water

A

hydrophobic

38
Q

define monolayer

A

single closely packed layer of atoms and molecules
hydrophilic head in the water and hydrophobic lipid tails in the air

39
Q

define a micelle

A

a spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside

40
Q

what is a bilayer

A

a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules

41
Q

phosphate ions formula

A

PO4 3-

42
Q

cellulose formula

A

(C6 H10 O5)n

43
Q

how to form a triglyceride

A

esterification between glycerol and 3 fatty acids

44
Q

Uses of lipids due to their properties

A

hydrophobic–> waterproofing organisms
fatty sheath insulation for nerves so electrical impulses travel faster
insulate against heat loss
low density- helps mammals float
insoluble in water so lipids do not interfere with the many water based reactions that happen in the cytoplasm of a cell

45
Q

How is a phospholipid formed

A

when a hydroxyl group from glycerol undergoes esterification with a phosphate group instead of a fatty acid

46
Q

describe structure of a phospholipid

A

Phosphate is polar with a slight negative charge making it hydrophilic
the glycerol is hydrophobic and so are the 2 fatty acid tails therefore they do not dissolve in water.

47
Q

difference in cis arrangement vs trans arrangement

A

Cis- hydrogen on the same side
trans-hydrogen on the opposite side

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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