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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Bio transition test > Flashcards

Bio transition test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what elements make carbohydrate molecules

A

carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen

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2
Q

What does hydrolysis do

A

breaks down polymers into monomers

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3
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction

A

2 monosaccharides joined to make disaccharide and release a molecule of water.

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4
Q

glucose+fructose

A

sucrose+water

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5
Q

glucose+galactose

A

Lactose+ water

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6
Q

glucose+glucose

A

Maltose +Water

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7
Q

formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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8
Q

what are lipids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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9
Q

what do triglycerides contain

A

a molecule of Glycerol with 3 fatty acids

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10
Q

what are phospholipids made of

A

2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

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11
Q

what are proteins held together by

A

peptide bonds

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12
Q

what do amino acids contain

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon.

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13
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

amino acids that are held
together by peptide bonds into a polypeptide
chain

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14
Q

SECONDARY STRUCTURE of proteins

A

The polypeptide (protein) chain can then coil or
fold into pleats which are held together by
weak hydrogen bonds.

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15
Q

TERTIARY STRUCTURE of a protein

A

Enzymes have a further folding held together
with hydrogen bonds as well as stronger ionic
bonds and disulphide bonds. If the structure is
almost spherical it is called a globular protein.

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16
Q

give an example of a globular protein

A

enymes

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17
Q

define anabolic

A

build substrates up

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18
Q

define catabolic

A

breaks substrates down

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19
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

pentose sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases forming
a NUCLEOTIDE.

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20
Q

define gene

A

A
section of DNA that codes for a protein

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21
Q

DESCRIBE Protein synthesis

A

transcription-happens in the nucleus
base of sequence of a gene is copied into a complimentary template molecule (mRNA)
—> mRNA passes into the cytoplasm

Translation
mRNA molecule attaches to ribosome, amino acids are brought to the ribosome by carrier molecules (tRNA-anticodon is complementary to the mRNA.)
At the opposite end there are three unpaired bases which code for an amino acid.
The
amino acid is brought in to form a peptide bond with the amino acids brought in by the
previous tRNA. This forms a polypeptide chain which will form hydrogen and ionic and
disulphide bonds to form the unique protein.
ribosome reads triplets of bases on the mRNA and uses it to join together the correct amino acids in the correct order.

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22
Q

what is meant by substitution in mutation

A

Some bases may change to a different
base

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23
Q

When glucose is broken down by aerobic respiration it releases…

A

energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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24
Q

OUTLINE THE STAGES OF Aerobic respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis- in the cytoplasm and converts
    glucose into two 3 carbon molecules called PYRUVATE.
  2. Pyruvate passes into the matrix of the mitochondria , to carry out a link reaction forming acetyl CoA
  3. Acetyl CoA passes into the Krebs cycle the reduced products passing into the electron transport chain in the
    process of oxidative phosphorylation to form ATP and the waste products carbon dioxide
    and water.
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25
Q

Outline Anaerobic Respiration

A

Glucose is converted into pyruvate through glycolysis in the cytoplasm.
does not go into the mitochondria

26
Q

anaerobic respiration products in animals and plants

A

plant- co2 and alcohol
animals-lactic acid

27
Q

The Light microscope

*Magnification

A

*1500

28
Q

Electron microscope magnification

A

50000*
+better resolution

29
Q

how much bigger are eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes like
bacteria are roughly
a tenth the size of
eukaryotic cells.

30
Q

what is the cell surface membrane made of

A

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

31
Q

what do u call the double membrane of a nuclei

A

nuclear envelope

32
Q

describe facilitated diffusion

A

Some particles are too large to fit through the phospholipid bilayer
and therefore require a carrier protein to assist. The protein carriers are within the bilayer,
and they change shape when they come into contact with a specific molecule

33
Q

describe active transport

A

Moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient

34
Q

types of proteins in facilitated diffusion

A

Channel proteins and carrier proteins

35
Q

roles of Phagocytes

A

type of white blood cells that engulf pathogens carrying foreign antigens
and destroying them.

36
Q

what are antigens

A

molecules on the surface of a pathogen that
marks it as foreign to the body. All cells including human
cells contain antigens on their surfaces.

37
Q

name the 2 different types of lymphocytes and their purpose

A

B-cells/B-lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antibodies that bind to antigens

T-cells/T-lymphocytes s are white blood cells that communicate between phagocytes and
B-cells. When a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen, it signals to the T-cells that a foreign object
has been found. The T-cell then activates the B-cells to produce antibodies.

38
Q

what do vaccines contain

A

contain antigens from inactivated or dead
pathogens

39
Q

Adaptations of large organisms in order to have quicker exchange

A
  • Folded to increase the surface area to volume ratio for a faster exchange.
  • A good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient.
  • One cell thick (thin) to reduce diffusion distance.
40
Q

Adaptations of lungs

A

*alveoli are folded
*alveoli have a flattened layer of epithelial squamous cells -shortens diffusion distances
*walls of alveoli are fully permeable

41
Q

outline the process of inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles contract lifting rib cage up and out

diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

the lungs expand and air is sucked in

42
Q

outline the process of exhalation

A

intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm relaxes
the ribs fall downward and inward
diaphragm back into the dome shape, squeezing lungs and pushing air out

43
Q

upper mesophyll

A

contains
Palisade cells which
are packed with
chloroplasts to absorb
as much energy from
the sun as possible for
photosynthesis.

44
Q

The lower part of the
spongy mesophyll
layer

A

contains
air spaces to facilitate
the diffusion of gases
into the cells and out of the cells.

45
Q

upper epidermis

A

covered by a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss

46
Q

The lower
epidermis

A

specialised pair of cells called the GUARD CELLS. The guard cells have an
uneven thickening in the cell wall which causes the cell to bend and open up a hole in the
lower epidermis called the STOMA. The stoma allows the water vapour to move out of the
leaf into the environment (transpiration) and carbon dioxide to move into the leaf.

47
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

48
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

49
Q

properties of arteries

A

thick layer of elastic tissue and smooth muscle. The elastic
walls stretch when the heart contracts and the elastic tissue
recoils to maintain the pressure.

50
Q

properties of capillaries

A

single layer of endothelial cells. The arteries subdivide into
arterioles which further divide into thousands of capillaries. The capillaries come into close
contact with body cells providing a huge surface area to volume ratio and a short diffusion
distance for the exchange of oxygen, glucose,
carbon dioxide, urea and other substances.

51
Q

properties of veins

A

capillaries start to come back
together forming venules and then veins. Veins
carry blood back towards the heart. Blood is at a
lower pressure and therefore do not need such a thick layer of elastic tissue or smooth
muscle. The veins contain valves to prevent the blood flowing backwards.

52
Q

the pace maker is also known as

A

SINO-ATRIAL NODE

53
Q

outline the cardiac cycle

A

a. cardiac diastole- all chambers are relaxed the blood flows into the heart

b. atrial systole, ventricular diastole-atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles

c. Atrial diastole, ventricular systole- after the atria relax the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart.

54
Q

name the 3 ways water passes through the root

A

the symplast pathway
the apoplast pathway
the vacular pathway

55
Q

outline the symplast pathway

A

water moves
from root cell to root cell through the
cytoplasm.

56
Q

outline the apoplast pathway

A

water moves
through the cell wall, not passing over the
cell membrane, carrying minerals with it
through a process called MASS FLOW.

57
Q

outline vacuolar pathway

A

water moves from root cell to root cell via the cytoplasm and
the vacuole. Water moves out of the leaf by diffusion into the environment.

58
Q

define A species

A

a group of organisms that have similar characteristics and can reproduce to give
fertile offspring.

59
Q

what are organisms organised based upon

A

Organisms are arranged based on their
similarities and differences and are placed into
classification hierarchies.

60
Q
A

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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