3.1- Classification Flashcards
define biodiversity
a measure of the variety of living organisms and their genetic differences
define evolution
the process by which natural selection acts on variation to bring about adaptations and eventually speciation
define taxonomy
the science of describing, classifying and naming living organisms
define morphology
the study of form and structure of organisms.
define analogous features
features that look similar or have a similar function, but are not from the same biological origin
define homologous structure
structures that show common ancestry
define species
a group of organisms with similar characteristics/morphology that interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Describe the ecological species model and its limitations
Based on the ecological niche occupied by an organism. This is not robust because niche may vary and many species occupy more than one niche
Explain mate recognition and its limitations
Based on unique Fertilisation systems such as mating behaviour. Limitation is many species mate or cross pollinate with other species producing fertile offspring.
The classification system hierarchy consists of
Domain- Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea
Kingdom- 6 kingdoms- Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Phylum-
Class
Order
Family
Genus-group of species sharing similar characteristics
Species
one limitation of using the textbook definition of species is that …
sexual dimorphism-different sexes from the same species may have different characteristics but they can still reproduce to make fertile offspring
describe the 3 domain system
domains are archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryotes
archaea consists of one kingdom called archaebacteria which is ancient bacteria
Bacteria domain contains one kingdom called Eubacteria which is known as true bacteria.
Eukaryotes domain is made up of 4 kingdoms
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
describe how a binominal name is written
in italics, first name starts with a capital letter and is the genus followed by lowercase letters showing the the species name
define evolution
the process by which natural selection acts on variation to bring about adaptations and eventually speciation
describe the genetic species model
a species model based on DNA proof
describe the ecological species model
based on ecological niches (role in environment) occupied by an organism. One limitation is that many species overlap thus occupying more than one niche.
describe the evolutionary species model
based on shared evolutionary relationship between species. Limitation includes the fact it is speculative for extinct or poorly documented species.
describe the reproductive/biological species concept
organisms are grouped based on their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. one limitation is that it is not applicable to asexual organisms or extinct species
_______ _________ is the analysis of the genetic material of organisms to establish their evolutionary relationships
Molecular phylogeny is the analysis of the genetic material of organisms to establish their evolutionary relationships
identify methods of distinguishing between species and determine evolutionary relationships
Gel Electrophoresis
Bioinformatics= the development of the software and computing tools needed to organise and analyse raw biological data, including the development of algorithms, mathematical models and statistical tests that help us make sense of the enormous quantities of data being generated
DNA sequencing= the process by which the base sequences of all or part of the genome of an organism are worked out.
DNA profiling= the process by which the non-coding areas of DNA are analysed to identify patterns
*** DNA sequencing leads to DNA profiling.
describe the role of the scientific community
when research produces helpful results a scientific journal can be written. before being published it goes through peer review to check reliability. the paper needs to have enough detail so that other scientists can carry out the same investigation and see if it is valid
scientific conferences take place where scientists in similar fields come together to discuss ideas. opportunity to question validity and promote new research methods.
describe the process of electrophoresis
make the agarose gel by dissolving powder in warm water. Place in mould along with comb and allow to harden
remove comb to leave 4 wells
fit the 2 pieces of electrode material to either end of the tank so that the ends dip into the channels
add 10cm3 of buffer solution into the tank using a 10cm3 syringe so that the gel is covered and ends of electrodes are wet
use a micro syringe to add one DNA sample into each well. DNA sinks to the bottom because it is denser than the buffer. DNA also contains loading dye as a visible marker to indicate progress throughout.
DNA is broken down into fragments by enzymes. (restriction endonucleases)
connect electrical leads to the correct terminal of the powerpack and switch it on.
positive electrode should be furthest from the wells.
watch until loading dye has moved across the gel towards the opposite end .
switch off power not allowing it to overrun and stain DNA to reveal the positions of DNA fragments as bands or spots.
PCR?
Polymerase chin rection is used to make more copies of DNA before DNA profiling this is used especially in fossils since there is limited amount of DNA
define endosymbiont
an organism that lives inside the cells or body of another organism
define heterotophs
organisms that cannot make their own food and have to eat other organisms
define autotrophs
organisms that can make their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
define electrophoresis
a method of separating fragments of proteins or nucleic acids based on their electrical charge and size
describe the FIVE kingdom classification system
Monera- containing archaea and Eubacteria
Protista- contains all single celled organisms
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
