TOPIC 1- ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODICITY Flashcards
one of the ways light travels through space. They are characterized by waves
electromagnetic radiation
the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave. It is represented by λ
wavelength
the number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space
frequency
defined as things that have mass and whose position in space could be identified
particles
are things that are massless and delocalized
waves
is quantized and therefore can only occur in discrete units of hv
energy
results when light is passed through a prism
continuous spectrum
Indicates that only certain energies are allowed for the electron in the hydrogen atom
line spectrum
_______________ in an atom can only occupy certain orbits corresponding to certain energies.
electrons
relaxed state is called
atom’s ground state
describes the properties of orbitals of an atom.
quantum numbers
size and energy of the orbital and describes the period or row
principal quantum number
defines the shape of the orbital and ranges from 0 to n-1
Angular Momentum Quantum Number
describes the three-dimensional orientation of the orbital.
Magnetic Quantum Number
describes electron’s magnetic field which affects its energy
Spin quantum number
orbitals with the same value of n
electron shell
different orbital types within a shell
subshells
are orbitals on the same energy level and have same energy
degenerate orbitals
Spherical in shape
s orbital
have two lobes with a node between them
p orbital
Four of the five d orbitals have four lobes; the other resembles a p orbital with a doughnut around the center
d orbital
Very complicated shapes and seven equivalent orbitals in a sublevel
f orbital
No two electrons in the same atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
the way electrons are distributed in an atom
electron configuration
most stable organization and lowest possible energy
ground state
electrons in the outermost principal quantum level
valence electrons
inner electrons
core electrons
there must be one electron in each orbital before pairing and the electrons have the same spin, as much as possible.
Hund’s Rule
write a shortened version of an electron configuration using brackets around a noble gas symbol and listing only valence electrons
Condensed Electron Configuration
The repetitive pattern of a property for elements based on atomic number.
Periodicity
Electrons are both attracted to the nucleus and repelled by other electrons
Effective Nuclear Charge
the total distance from an atom’s nucleus to the outermost orbital of electron.
atomic radius
the distance from the nucleus of an ion up to which it has an influence on its electron cloud
ionic radius
smaller than their parent atoms. Outermost electrons are removed and repulsions are reduced. (+)
cations
larger than their parent atoms. Electrons are added and repulsions are increased.(-)
anions
ions have the same number of electrons
isoelectronic series
is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom or ion.
Ionization energy
is the energy change accompanying the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom
electron affinity
