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Patient Care III > Tooth Stains > Flashcards

Tooth Stains Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different modes of attachment for tooth stains?

A
  • Can adhere directly to the tooth surface
  • Can be contained within plaque and calculus
  • Can be incorporated into tooth structures
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2
Q

What are the two types of stains?

A

Extrinsic: surface stain
Intrinsic: stain occuring within tooth

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3
Q

What are the two sources of stain?

A
  • Exogenous: caused by factors external to the tooth (extrinsic OR intrinsic stains)
  • Endogenous: caused by factors within the tooth (always intrinsic)
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4
Q

What is a source of stain caused by factors within the tooth?

A

endodenous
- always intrinsic

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5
Q

What is a source of stain caused by factors external to the tooth?

A

exogenous
- extrinsic or intrinsic

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6
Q

Do tooth stains cause disease?

A

No, they are not an etiological factor for diseases within the oral cavity and therefore, removal of stains is for esthetic purposes only

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7
Q

What are yellow stains?

A
  • Common in all ages
  • Associated with plaque accumulation
  • Typically related to poor oral hygiene
  • Source is typically food pigments
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8
Q

What causes yellow stains?

A
  • Associated with plaque accumulation
  • Typically related to poor oral hygiene
  • Source is typically food pigments
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9
Q

What are green stains?

A
  • Light to dark in color
  • Found within plaque
  • Typically noted on facial cervical third of maxillary anteriors
  • Sometimes covered by materia alba or grayish debris
  • Dark green stain may become incorporated into tooth structure
  • Caused by chromo-genic bacteria (color-producing bacteria), tobacco use, dark food/drinks (blueberries, red wine, coffee) and poor oral hygiene
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10
Q

What are green stains covered with usually?

A

materia alba or grayish debris

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11
Q

Where are green stains usually found?

A

facial cervical third of maxillary anteriors

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12
Q

What causes green stains?

A
  • Caused by chromo-genic bacteria (color-producing bacteria)
  • tobacco use
  • dark food/drinks (blueberries, red wine, coffee)
  • poor oral hygiene
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13
Q

What are black-line stains?

A
  • Found along cervical third near gingival margin
  • Fine line that can be continuous or interrupted
  • Can appear black at pits/fissures
  • Attached via pellicle structure
  • Made up of microorganisms (gram + rods)
  • Common in women and children
  • Reforms after removal
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14
Q

Where are black-line stains usually found?

A

cervical third near gingival margin

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15
Q

How are black-line stains attached to the teeth?

A

via pellicle structure

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16
Q

What population are black-line stains common in?

A

Common in women and children

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17
Q

What are tobacco stains?

A
  • Light brown to dark black in color
  • Diffuse staining of plaque; sometimes incorporated into calculus
  • Heavier deposits (especially chewing tobacco) can become intrinsic staining
  • Frequently noticed on lingual aspects of teeth
  • Composed of tar products
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18
Q

Heavier deposits of tobacco stains can become _____________ staining

A

intrinsic

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19
Q

Where are tobacco stains usually found?

A

lingual aspects of teeth

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20
Q

What are the types of brown stains besides tobacco?

A
  • Stannous fluoride (from the tin)
  • Anti-plaque agents
  • Betel leaf
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21
Q

What are orange/red stains?

A
  • Often appears at cervical third portion of tooth/anterior region
  • Rare occurrence
  • Etiology: chromogenic bacteria
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22
Q

Where are orange/red stains usually found?

A

cervical third portion of tooth/anterior region

23
Q

What is the etiology of orange/red stains?

A

chromogenic bacteria

24
Q

What are the sources of intrinsic stains?

A
  • Drug-induced (tetracycline)
  • Tooth-trauma stain (necrotic pulp/pulpless tooth)
  • Restorative materials
  • Tooth development (fluorosis, hypoplasia, genetics)
25
Q

What type of intrinsic stain?

A

tetracycline staining

26
Q

What type of intrinsic stain?

A

tooth-trauma related stain

27
Q

What type of intrinsic stain?

A

stains from restorative material

28
Q

What type of intrinsic stain?

A

fluorosis

29
Q

What type of intrinsic stain?

A

enamel hypoplasia

30
Q

What does polishing do?

A
  • Removes extrinsic stain and plaque
  • Smooth out the tooth surface
  • Improves esthetic appearance
  • Aids in prepping the tooth prior to bonding
31
Q

What effect does polishing
have on teeth?

A
  • Removes fluoride-rich enamel layer
  • Abrades dentin/cementum
32
Q

What are the negatives of polishing?

A
  • Aerosol production
  • Bacteremia
  • Produces heat
  • Tooth surface abrasion
  • Tissue trauma
33
Q

What are the contraindications of polishing?

A
  • No extrinsic stain
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Decalcified/carious lesion
  • Cementum/dentin exposure
  • Fixed crowns (zirconia, gold, etc. require a specialty paste)
  • Newly erupted teeth
  • Gingival or periodontal inflammation (do not polish after scaling/root planing!)
34
Q

What affects the rate of abrasion?

A
  • Quantity
  • Speed of application
  • Pressure applied
  • Quality of abrasives
35
Q

The more particles applied during polishing the _________ the rate of abrasion

A

faster

36
Q

The ________ the speed of the handpiece during polishing the faster the rate of abrasion

A

higher

37
Q

The greater the pressure during polishing the _________ the rate of abrasion

A

faster

38
Q

What types of abrasives are contraindicated for polishing?

A

dry abrasives

39
Q

What are the polishing agents used in lab?

A
  • Pumice (coarse or laboratory grade)
  • Rouge (iron oxide)
  • Emery (corundum)
40
Q

What are the polishing agents used intra-orally for stain removal?

A
  • Pumice (flour of pumice, FFF)
  • Silicon dioxide
  • Tin oxide (good for gold)
41
Q

What is the composition of prophy paste?

A
  • Abrasives (50-60%)
  • Water (10-20%)
  • Humectant (20-24%)
  • Binder (1.5-2%)
  • Sweetener
  • Flavoring
42
Q

What are the different varieties of prophy paste?

A

Fine, medium, coarse grit are available
- tons of brands
- tons of flavors

43
Q

What do you need to polish?

A
  • Slow speed handpiece WITH torque converter
  • Disposable prophy angle
  • Prophy paste
  • Saliva ejector
  • Air/water syringe
  • 2x2 gauze
44
Q

How do you polish teeth?

A
  1. Fill rubber cup with prophy paste
  2. Apply paste to 2-3 teeth
  3. Engage rheostat with foot, then apply rubber cup to tooth surfaces for 1-2 seconds
  4. Use a patting or intermittent stroke
  5. Apply slight pressure to flare rubber cup into subgingival sulcus and interproximal region, just slightly
45
Q

How do you do a polishing stroke?

A
  1. Divide tooth into thirds
  2. Apply cup with moderate pressure at cervical areas and sweep off tooth toward incisal/occlusal edges
  3. Stroke should be intermittent; do not keep cup on tooth as excess heat will be generated and can cause burns on gingival margin
46
Q

The sound coming from a handpiece when polishing should be that of a…

A

slow purr of a cat

47
Q

What are the important things to remember when polishing?

A
  • Use slowest handpiece speed
  • Use least abrasive prophy paste
  • Floss teeth after polishing to remove any remaining plaque/prophy paste debris
  • Bristle brushes are available to polish/remove plaque from occlusal surfaces
48
Q

What are the pros for air polishing?

A
  • Quick removal of plaque and stain only (replaces polishing)
  • Less fatigue for operator
  • Patient comfort
49
Q

What are the cons of air polishing?

A
  • Aerosol production
  • Limited visibility
  • Taste
  • Maintenance of unit
50
Q

What are the contraindications for air polishing?

A
  • Exposed cementum/dentin
  • Patient with respiratory issues/disease
  • Composite/gold restorations
  • Sodium restricted diet
  • Possibly communicable disease
51
Q

What is subgingival air polishing used for?

A

Used to remove biofilm (not stain) from subgingival root surfaces

52
Q

What is air polishing used for?

A

Used to clean implants/ underneath fixed implant overdentures

53
Q

What does subgingival air polishing use to polish?

A

Uses glycine-based powder
Flexible plastic tip for access

Patient Care III (33 decks)

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