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Patient Care III > Sugar and Sweeteners > Flashcards

Sugar and Sweeteners Flashcards

1
Q

Intake of sugar increases risk for ______

A

caries

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2
Q

What type of relationship between sugar consumption and caries?

A

dose-response

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3
Q

______ considered highly prevalent oral disease, negatively impacting quality of life for all ages

A

Caries

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4
Q

Impact of _______ has been positive, even as sugar consumption increases around the world

A

fluoride

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5
Q

Sugar provides many uses to a lot of foods we consume such as…

A
  • Sweetening agent
  • Flavor blender/modified
  • Texture
  • Dispersing agent
  • Color agent
  • Bulking agent
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6
Q

As higher amounts of sugar are consumed what happens to your brain?

A

your brain requires more sweetness to satisfy reward level in your brain

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7
Q

How much sugar should our daily value be according to FDA?

A

DV for added sugars: 50g/day for
a 2,000-calorie diet

  • no daily value for total sugar
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8
Q

What are the classifications of alternative sweeteners?

A
  • Polyols
  • Intense sweeteners
  • Nonnutritive sweeteners
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9
Q

Polyols=

A

sugar alcohols

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10
Q

Polyols have ___% of the caloric content of sucrose

A

40%

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11
Q

What other sugar has physical characteristics similar to polyols?

A

sucrose

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12
Q

Is polyol good for baking?

A

NO

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13
Q

What are the types of polyols?

A
  • sorbitol
  • mannitol
  • erythritol
  • xylitol
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14
Q

Where does sorbitol occur naturally?

A

fruits and berries

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15
Q

Sorbitol is only ___% as sweet as sucrose?

A

60%

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16
Q

Sorbitol is considered noncariogenic but it is slowly fermented by…

A

S. mutans

  • Shown to be cariogenic in patients with decreased salivary gland function
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17
Q

What is a side effect of sorbitol?

A

Can cause GI issues if large quantities digested

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18
Q

Where is mannitol naturally occuring?

A

seaweed

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19
Q

Does mannitol have cariogenic activity?

A

No, due to slow metabolization from oral microbes

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20
Q

What is mannitol used on typically?

A

Used as a dusting agent for chewing gum and bulking agent in powdered foods

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21
Q

Mannitol has ______% of the relative sweetness of sugar

A

50-70%

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22
Q

What are the side effects of mannitol?

A

Lingers in intestines and may cause bloating/diarrhea

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23
Q

Erythritol has ____% sweetness level compared to sucrose

A

60-80%

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24
Q

Why is erythritol safe for people with diabetes?

A

does not affect blood glucose levels after ingestion

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25
Q

What is erythritol?

A

a type of polyol that is a sugar alcohol containing zero calories

26
Q

Is erythritol cariogenic?

A

No, inhibits the growth of streptococcus mutans

27
Q

What are the side effects of erythritol?

A

When eaten in excessive amounts, may cause GI discomfort

28
Q

What is xylitol?

A

Naturally occurring caloric 5-carbon sugar alcohol
*should ideally be used as the only sweetener in a product

29
Q

Why does xylitol exhibit antibacterial properties?

A

Nonfermentable by oral bacteria

30
Q

Where does xylitol come from?

A

Produced commercially from birch trees, corncobs and the waste from sugarcane

31
Q

Sweetness of xylitol is _______ sweetness level as sucrose, but it is ___ times more costly to produce

A

the same
10 times

32
Q

What is xylitol used in?

A

used in chewing gum, mints, mouthrinses, toothpaste, and sometimes found in syrup and candy

33
Q

How does xylitol act as an antibacterial?

A
  • Decreases bacterial metabolism and produces a drop in dental plaque (increase in pH?)
  • Promotes the selection of xylitol-resistant mutans streptococci
  • Stimulates salivary secretion
34
Q

Xylitol promotes the selection of xylitol-resistant…

A

mutans streptococci

35
Q

Patient-based caries management with xylitol recommends…

A

-using xylitol-containing products in addition to daily fluoride exposure

36
Q

At least __g of xylitol per day needed to achieve optimum therapeutic effect on S. mutans

A

5.0

37
Q

Xylitol daily intake should be divided into _______ doses with exposure time of _____ minutes with each dose

A

3 or 4 doses
5-10 minutes

38
Q

When recommending xylitol products be sure to make it known to patients that xylitol is highly toxic to ______

A

dogs

39
Q

What does xylitol do to dogs?

A
  • Causes rapid/severe increase of insulin productions and leads to hypoglycemia
  • Higher amounts of xylitol can lead to death
40
Q

What are the amounts of xylitol in popular gum brands? (idk if we need to know this)

A
  • Spry gum: 0.5g xylitol per piece
  • Ice Cubes: 1.15g xylitol per piece
  • Trident: 0.17g xylitol per piece
  • Orbit: 0.009g-0.3g xylitol per piece (depends on flavor)
  • Epic gum: 1.06g xylitol perpiece
41
Q

What are the types of intense sweeteners?

A
  • saccharin
  • aspartame
  • sucralose
42
Q

Saccharin is ______ times sweeter than sucrose?

A

200-700

43
Q

What are the properties of saccharin?

A

Nonnutritive and noncariogenic

44
Q

What is saccharin used in?

A
  • Oldest artificial sweetener used in the US (Sweet ‘N’ Low)
  • Used as a sweetener in some toothpastes
45
Q

Aspartame is ____ times sweeter than sucrose

A

200

46
Q

Soft drinks account for more than ____% of aspartame consumption

A

70%

47
Q

FDA requires foods containing ____________ have the following label… “PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE”

A

aspartame

48
Q

American Cancer Society and World Health Organization has stated that there is limited evidence that consumption of __________ might cause cancer (specifically liver cancer).

A

aspartame

49
Q

What are the properties of sucralose?

A

Noncariogenic and nonnutritive
- no carcinogenic risks

50
Q

Sucralose is ____ times sweeter than sucrose

A

600

51
Q

What is the problem with sucralose?

A

Poorly absorbed and is largely excreted in the feces and urine, unchanged

52
Q

What are the types of nonnutritive sweeteners?

A
  • Stevioside (Stevia)
  • Monk Fruit
53
Q

Where is stevioside (Stevia) from?

A

Natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of a shrub found in South America

54
Q

Stevioside (Stevia) is _____ times sweeter than table sugar

A

100-300 times

55
Q

What is stevioside (stevia) good for?

A

Heat stable (good for baking)

56
Q

What are the beneficial properties of stevioside (stevia)?

A

Supports the prevention of caries; streptococcus mutans experience growth suppression and secretes less acid with presence of stevioside

57
Q

What is monk fruit sweetener from?

A

Natural, zero-calorie sweetener extracted from monk fruit

58
Q

Monk fruit is _____ times sweeter than table sugar?

A

100-250 times

59
Q

What are the benefits of monk fruit?

A

High in antioxidants, called mogrosides

60
Q

Where did monk fruit come from originally?

A

Used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine

61
Q

What might you need to do with monk fruit to reduce the intensity of sweetness?

A

Often mixed with other natural sweeteners (such as erythritol)

Patient Care III (25 decks)

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