Sugar and Sweeteners Flashcards
Intake of sugar increases risk for ______
caries
What type of relationship between sugar consumption and caries?
dose-response
______ considered highly prevalent oral disease, negatively impacting quality of life for all ages
Caries
Impact of _______ has been positive, even as sugar consumption increases around the world
fluoride
Sugar provides many uses to a lot of foods we consume such as…
- Sweetening agent
- Flavor blender/modified
- Texture
- Dispersing agent
- Color agent
- Bulking agent
As higher amounts of sugar are consumed what happens to your brain?
your brain requires more sweetness to satisfy reward level in your brain
How much sugar should our daily value be according to FDA?
DV for added sugars: 50g/day for
a 2,000-calorie diet
- no daily value for total sugar
What are the classifications of alternative sweeteners?
- Polyols
- Intense sweeteners
- Nonnutritive sweeteners
Polyols=
sugar alcohols
Polyols have ___% of the caloric content of sucrose
40%
What other sugar has physical characteristics similar to polyols?
sucrose
Is polyol good for baking?
NO
What are the types of polyols?
- sorbitol
- mannitol
- erythritol
- xylitol
Where does sorbitol occur naturally?
fruits and berries
Sorbitol is only ___% as sweet as sucrose?
60%
Sorbitol is considered noncariogenic but it is slowly fermented by…
S. mutans
- Shown to be cariogenic in patients with decreased salivary gland function
What is a side effect of sorbitol?
Can cause GI issues if large quantities digested
Where is mannitol naturally occuring?
seaweed
Does mannitol have cariogenic activity?
No, due to slow metabolization from oral microbes
What is mannitol used on typically?
Used as a dusting agent for chewing gum and bulking agent in powdered foods
Mannitol has ______% of the relative sweetness of sugar
50-70%
What are the side effects of mannitol?
Lingers in intestines and may cause bloating/diarrhea
Erythritol has ____% sweetness level compared to sucrose
60-80%
Why is erythritol safe for people with diabetes?
does not affect blood glucose levels after ingestion
What is erythritol?
a type of polyol that is a sugar alcohol containing zero calories
Is erythritol cariogenic?
No, inhibits the growth of streptococcus mutans
What are the side effects of erythritol?
When eaten in excessive amounts, may cause GI discomfort
What is xylitol?
Naturally occurring caloric 5-carbon sugar alcohol
*should ideally be used as the only sweetener in a product
Why does xylitol exhibit antibacterial properties?
Nonfermentable by oral bacteria
Where does xylitol come from?
Produced commercially from birch trees, corncobs and the waste from sugarcane
Sweetness of xylitol is _______ sweetness level as sucrose, but it is ___ times more costly to produce
the same
10 times
What is xylitol used in?
used in chewing gum, mints, mouthrinses, toothpaste, and sometimes found in syrup and candy
How does xylitol act as an antibacterial?
- Decreases bacterial metabolism and produces a drop in dental plaque (increase in pH?)
- Promotes the selection of xylitol-resistant mutans streptococci
- Stimulates salivary secretion
Xylitol promotes the selection of xylitol-resistant…
mutans streptococci
Patient-based caries management with xylitol recommends…
-using xylitol-containing products in addition to daily fluoride exposure
At least __g of xylitol per day needed to achieve optimum therapeutic effect on S. mutans
5.0
Xylitol daily intake should be divided into _______ doses with exposure time of _____ minutes with each dose
3 or 4 doses
5-10 minutes
When recommending xylitol products be sure to make it known to patients that xylitol is highly toxic to ______
dogs
What does xylitol do to dogs?
- Causes rapid/severe increase of insulin productions and leads to hypoglycemia
- Higher amounts of xylitol can lead to death
What are the amounts of xylitol in popular gum brands? (idk if we need to know this)
- Spry gum: 0.5g xylitol per piece
- Ice Cubes: 1.15g xylitol per piece
- Trident: 0.17g xylitol per piece
- Orbit: 0.009g-0.3g xylitol per piece (depends on flavor)
- Epic gum: 1.06g xylitol perpiece
What are the types of intense sweeteners?
- saccharin
- aspartame
- sucralose
Saccharin is ______ times sweeter than sucrose?
200-700
What are the properties of saccharin?
Nonnutritive and noncariogenic
What is saccharin used in?
- Oldest artificial sweetener used in the US (Sweet ‘N’ Low)
- Used as a sweetener in some toothpastes
Aspartame is ____ times sweeter than sucrose
200
Soft drinks account for more than ____% of aspartame consumption
70%
FDA requires foods containing ____________ have the following label… “PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE”
aspartame
American Cancer Society and World Health Organization has stated that there is limited evidence that consumption of __________ might cause cancer (specifically liver cancer).
aspartame
What are the properties of sucralose?
Noncariogenic and nonnutritive
- no carcinogenic risks
Sucralose is ____ times sweeter than sucrose
600
What is the problem with sucralose?
Poorly absorbed and is largely excreted in the feces and urine, unchanged
What are the types of nonnutritive sweeteners?
- Stevioside (Stevia)
- Monk Fruit
Where is stevioside (Stevia) from?
Natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of a shrub found in South America
Stevioside (Stevia) is _____ times sweeter than table sugar
100-300 times
What is stevioside (stevia) good for?
Heat stable (good for baking)
What are the beneficial properties of stevioside (stevia)?
Supports the prevention of caries; streptococcus mutans experience growth suppression and secretes less acid with presence of stevioside
What is monk fruit sweetener from?
Natural, zero-calorie sweetener extracted from monk fruit
Monk fruit is _____ times sweeter than table sugar?
100-250 times
What are the benefits of monk fruit?
High in antioxidants, called mogrosides
Where did monk fruit come from originally?
Used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine
What might you need to do with monk fruit to reduce the intensity of sweetness?
Often mixed with other natural sweeteners (such as erythritol)
