Tools & Techniques Flashcards
1
Q
Benchmarking
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- compare your project goal w/ already established projects/products
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
- Plan Quality Management
- Plan Stakeholder Engagement
2
Q
Brainstorming
BONUS: What is Brain Writing?
(Tool and Technique)
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- facilitator leads group to generate ideas in short period of time
BONUS:
- brainstorming that allows participants time
PROCESSES:
- Develop Project Charter
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Collect Requirements
- Plan Quality Management
- Identify Risks
- Identify Stakeholders
3
Q
Check Sheets
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- tally sheet gathering data to identify defects/quality problem
PROCESSES:
- Control Quality
4
Q
Checklists
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- reminder list used as a reminder for items, actions, or steps
PROCESSES:
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Plan Quality Management
- Control Quality
- Identify Risks
5
Q
Focus Groups
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- moderator guides interactive discussion w/ stakeholder’s to learn expectations about product/service/result.
PROCESSES:
- Develop Project Chart
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Collect Requirements
6
Q
Interviews
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- Formal or Informal, typically one-on-one, conversation eliciting information from stakeholder
PROCESSES:
- Develop Project Charter
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Collect Requirements
- Plan Quality Management
- Identify Risks
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
- Plan Risk Responses
7
Q
Market Research
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- examination of industry and seller capabilities
PROCESSES:
- Plan Procurement Management
8
Q
Questionnaires and Surveys
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- set of questions to quickly gather information from large number of respondents
- good for varied audiences, quick turnaround, geographically dispersed, statistical analysis
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
- Identify Stakeholders
9
Q
Statistical Sampling
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Gathering
DESCRIPTION:
- testing random sample, not entire population
PROCESSES:
- Control Quality
10
Q
Alternatives Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- evaluate options and selecting the best
PROCESSES:
- Monitor and Control Project Work
- Perform Integrated Change Control
- Plan scope Management
- Define Scope
- Plan Schedule Management
- Estimate Activity Durations
- Plan Cost Management
- Estimate Costs
- Manage Quality
- Estimate Activity Resources
- Control Resources
- Plan Risk Responses
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
11
Q
Assessment of other Risk Parameters
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- considering other factors such as urgency, manageability, controllability, etc.
PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
12
Q
Assumption and Constraint Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- validating assumptions and constraints to determine which pose as risk
PROCESSES:
- Identify Risks
- Plan Stakeholder Engagement
13
Q
Cost of Quality
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Cost of Conformance (to avoid failures)
- –Prevention Costs (build quality product)
- –Appraisal Costs (Assess the quality)
- Cost of Nonconformance (b/c of failures)
- –Internal Failure Costs (failure found by project)
- –External Failure Costs (failure found by customer)
PROCESSES:
- Estimate Costs
- Plan Quality Management
14
Q
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Benefits should be more than the cost
PROCESSES:
- Monitor and Control Project Work
- Perform Integrated Change Control
- Plan Quality Management
- Control Resources
- Plan Risk Responses
15
Q
Decision Tree Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- probabilistic method to select best of several alternative courses based off of their Expected Monetary Value (EMV)
PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
16
Q
Document Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- review and assess relevant document information
PROCESSES:
- Close Project or Phase
- Collect Requirements
- Manage Quality
- Identify Risks
- Identify Stakeholders
17
Q
Earned Value Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- compare Performance Measurement Baseline to Actual Schedule and Cost Performance
PROCESSES:
- Monitor and Control Project Work
- Control Schedule
- Control Costs
- Control Procurements
18
Q
Influence Diagrams
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- graphical aid to decision making under uncertainty
PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
19
Q
Iteration Burndown Chart
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- tracks work remaining to be completed in iteration backlog
PROCESSES:
- Control Schedule
20
Q
Make-or-Buy Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Assessing factors to determine to make internally or buy externally
PROCESSES:
- Plan Procurement Management
21
Q
Performance Reviews
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Compare actual performance against baseline
PROCESSES:
- Control Schedule
- Control Quality
- Control Resources
- Control Procurements
22
Q
Process Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- identifies opportunities for process improvement
PROCESSES:
- Mange Quality
23
Q
Proposal Evaluation
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Ensure proposals are complete and response to the full bid package, source selection criteria, etc.
PROCESSES:
- Conduct Procurements
24
Q
Regression Analysis
Tool and Technique
A
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Interrelationships between variables that contributed to project outcomes (to improve future projects)
PROCESSES:
- Close Project or Phase
25
Reserve Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- technique to determine amount of reserve required
PROCESSES:
- Estimate Activity Durations
- Estimate Costs
- Determine Budget
- Control Costs
- Monitor Risks
26
Risk Data Quality Assessment
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- evaluating risk data for accuracy, sometimes by sending questionnaires to stakeholders to generate a quality score
PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
27
Risk Probability and Impact Assessment
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- assesses likelihood of a particular risk occurrence and impact
PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
28
Root Cause Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- determine underlying reason that causes a variance, defect, or risk.
PROCESSES:
- Monitor and Control Project Work
- Manage Quality
- Control Quality
- Identify Risks
- Plan Stakeholder Engagement
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
29
Sensitivity Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- determine which risks have most impact by correlating variations
PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
30
Simulation
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- gauge probability of particular outcomes by running a large number of scenarios with varying parameters
PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
31
Stakeholder Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- determine whose interest should be taken into account throughout the project
PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Management
- Identify Stakeholders
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
32
SWOT Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats of an organization, project, or option
PROCESSES:
- Identify Risks
33
Technical Performance Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Comparing Technical Achievement with schedule of Technical Achievement
PROCESSES:
- Monitor Risks
34
Trend Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- forecast future performance based upon past trends
- e.g. stock market
PROCESSES:
- Monitor and Control Project Work
- Close Project or Phase
- Control Scope
- Control Schedule
- Control Costs
- Control Resources
- Control Procurements
35
Variance Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- compare planned/baseline versus actual performance
PROCESSES:
- Monitor and Control Project Work
- Close Project or Phase
- Control Scope
- Control Schedule
- Control Costs
36
What-if Scenario Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Analysis
DESCRIPTION:
- Evaluate possible scenarios
PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule
- Control Schedule
37
Affinity Diagrams
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- grouping large number of ideas for review and analysis
- e.g. Sticky Notes/Post-Its on wall
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
- Manage Quality
38
Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Decomposition technique identifying underlying causes of problem
- E.g. Fishbone, Ishikawa, or Why-Why Diagrams
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
- Control Quality
39
Control Charts
BONUS:
1) What is Rule of 7?
2) What are Specification Limits?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Determines if a process is "stable" or "out of control"
BONUS:
1) Process is "out of control" when 7+ consecutive data points lie on one side of mean
2) Customer-defined Control Limits, typically greater than the project's Control Limits
PROCESSES:
- Control Quality
40
Flowcharts
BONUS:
1) What is SIPOC Model?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Process Maps displaying sequence of steps and branching possibilities
BONUS:
1) Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Customer
PROCESSES:
- Plan Quality Management
- Manage Quality
41
Hierarchical Charts
BONUS: Three Hierarchical Charts (Breakdown Structures)
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Graphical top-down chart to show position and relationship
BONUS:
1) Work BS - assigning work packages
2) Organizational BS - project activity/work packages under organization's department
3) Resource BS - resources by category and type
PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
42
Histograms
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Bar Chart representing numerical data
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
- Control Quality
43
Logical Data Model
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Visual representation of data described in business language that helps identify data or quality issues
PROCESSES:
- Plan Quality Management
44
Matrix Diagrams
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Represents the strength of relationships between factors existing between rows and columns.
- Common type is roof-shaped
PROCESSES:
- Plan Quality Management
- Manage Quality
45
Mind Mapping
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Visual representation used in Brainstorming session to explaining commonalities and differences to generate ideas
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
- Plan Quality Management
- Plan Stakeholder Engagement
46
Prioritization/Ranking
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- prioritizing/ranking stakeholders and their requirements
PROCESSES:
- Plan Stakeholder Engagement
47
Probability and Impact Matrix
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Grid for mapping probability and impact of each risk
PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
48
Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Illustration of work packages or activities and who is assigned
PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management
49
Scatter Diagrams
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Graph showing statistical relationship between two variables
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
- Control Quality
50
Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Visual showing stakeholders Current and Desired engagement level
PROCESSES:
- Plan Communications Management
- Monitor Communications
- Plan Stakeholder Engagement
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
51
Stakeholder Mapping/Representation
BONUS:
1) What is Salience Model?
2) What is Stakeholder Cube
3) Four responses to Power/Influence
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Grid of either (A) Power/Interest, (B) Power/Influence, (C) Impact/Influence.
BONUS:
1) Classifies stakeholders based on their POWER, URGENCY, and LEGITIMACY
2) Three-dimensional model of the grids listed above
3) See below:
- HP/LI = Keep Satisfied
- HP/HI = Manage Closely
- LP/LI = Monitor
- LP/HI = Keep Informed
PROCESSES:
- Identify Stakeholders
52
Text-oriented Formats
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Data Representation
DESCRIPTION:
- Detailed description including responsibilities, authority, competencies, and qualifications.
- E.g. Position Description; Role-Responsibility-Authority Forms
PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management
53
Multicriteria Decision Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Decision-Making
DESCRIPTION:
- Prioritizing and weighing criteria to obtain a mathematical score for available alternatives to then rank
PROCESSES:
- Perform Integrated Change Control
- Collect Requirements
- Define Scope
- Plan Quality Management
- Manage Quality
- Acquire Resources
- Plan Risk Responses
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
54
Voting
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Decision-Making
DESCRIPTION:
- Unanimity = 100% group agree
- Majority = 50%+ group agree
- Plurality = idea w/ most vote wins
PROCESSES:
- Monitor and Control Project Work
- Perform Integrated Change Control
- Collect Requirements
- Validate Scope
- Estimate Activity Durations
- Estimate Costs
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
55
Autocratic Decision Making
BONUS: Also known as...
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Decision-Making
DESCRIPTION:
- One person makes decision
BONUS:
- Dictatorship
PROCESSES:
- Perform Integrated Change Control
- Collect Requirements
56
Communication Competence
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Communication Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- considering factors such as purpose of message, leadership behaviors, effective relationships, and information sharing
PROCESSES:
- Manage Communications
57
Feedback
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Communication Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- Reactions to communications, a deliverable, or a situation.
PROCESSES:
- Manage Communications
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
58
Nonverbal
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Communication Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- body language transmitting meaning through gestures, tone of voice, facial expression, mirroring, and eye contact.
PROCESSES:
- Manage Communications
59
Presentations
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Communication Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- formal delivery of important information
PROCESSES:
- Manage Communications
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
60
Active Listening
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- Acknowledging, clarifying, confirming, understanding, and removing barriers
PROCESSES:
- Manage Project Knowledge
- Manage Communications
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
61
Communication Styles Assessment
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- Identifying stakeholders preferred communication method, format, etc.
PROCESSES:
- Plan Communications Management
62
Conflict Management
BONUS:
1) Three primary sources of conflict
2) Five resolution techniques
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- Team grounds rules, group norms, and solid PM practices reduce the amount of conflict
BONUS:
1) Scare Resources, Scheduling Priorities, Resources
2)
- Force/Direct [WIN-LOSE] Force viewpoint on others
- Smooth/Accommodate - downplay problem; focus on positive
- Compromise/Reconcile [LOSE-LOSE] Mutual sacrifice to achieve results
- Withdraw/Avoid - avoid or remove yourself from the situation
Collaborate/Problem Solve - [WIN-WIN] Confront head-on to resolve root cause
PROCESSES:
- Develop Project Charter
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Develop Team
- Manage Team
- Manage Communications
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement
63
Cultural Awareness
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- awareness and sensitivity of cultural differences
PROCESSES: 10.1 10.2 13.3 13.4
- Plan Communications Management
- Manage Communications
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
64
Decision Making
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- expertise in negotiating and influencing the PM team and organization
PROCESSES:
- Manage Team
65
Emotional Intelligence
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- ability to identify, assess, and manage the emotions of self and others
PROCESSES:
- Manage Team
66
Facilitation
BONUS:
Three Facilitation examples
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- effectively guide group toward decision/agreement w/ full contribution
BONUS:
- Joint Application Design/Development (JAD)
- Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
- User Stories
PROCESSES:
- Develop Project Charter
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Manage Project Knowledge
- Collect Requirements
- Define Scope
- Identify Risks
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
- Plan Risk Responses
67
Influencing
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- persuade, articulate, listen, aware, resolve.
PROCESSES:
- Develop Team
- Manage Team
- Control Resources
- Implement Risk Responses
68
Leadership
BONUS:
Leadership progression with timeline
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
-Establishing direction/vision, aligning others to that, inspiring them
BONUS:
- Direction -> Coaching -> Facilitating -> Supporting
PROCESSES: 4.4 9.5 13.4
69
Meeting Management
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- ensure objectives met effectively and efficiently
PROCESSES:4.1 4.2 10.2
- Develop Project Charter
- Develop Project Management Plan
- Manage Communications
70
Motivation
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- providing a reason for someone to act
PROCESSES:
- Develop Team
71
Negotiation
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- discussion aimed at reaching an agreement
PROCESSES:
- Acquire Resources
- Develop Team
- Control Resources
- Conduct Procurements
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement
72
Networking
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- interacting with others to exchange information and develop contacts
PROCESSES:
- Manage Project Knowledge
- Manage Communications
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
73
Nominal Group Technique
BONUS: What are the four steps?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- brainstorming + voting to rank/prioritize ideas
BONUS:
1) individuals silently write down ideas/solution
2) document all ideas on flip chart
3) discuss all ideas for clear understanding
4) Vote and prioritize using scale of 1-5
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
74
Observation/Conservation
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- job shadowing
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
- Monitor Communications
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement
75
Political Awareness
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- recognition of power relationships (formal and informal) and willingness to operate within these structures
PROCESSES:
- Manage Project Knowledge
- Plan Communications Management
- Manage Communications
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement
- Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
76
Team Building
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills
DESCRIPTION:
- conducting activities that enhance team's social relations and build a collaborative and cooperative working environment
PROCESSES:
- Develop Team
77
Advertising
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- communicating with users, potential users, or sellers of a product, service, result, or RFQ (if seller)
PROCESSES:
- Conduct Procurements
78
Agile Release Planning
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- High-level timeline of release schedule (3-6 months) based on product roadmap/vision/evolution. Determines number of iterations or sprints in the release.
PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule
79
Analogous Estimating
BONUS:
- Keyword on exam?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- estimate using historical data from similar project/activity.
- Less cost, time, accurate
BONUS:
- "previous similar projects"
PROCESSES:
- Estimate Activity Durations
- Estimate Costs
- Estimate Activity Resources
80
Audits
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- External Team to project (internal or external to org) conducts an audit to ensure alignment to organization policies, procedures, and processes.
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
- Monitor Risks
- Control Procurements
81
Bidder Conferences
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- ensures equal access to information by all potential sellers; no secret meetings
PROCESSES:
- Conduct Procurements
82
Bottom-Up Estimating
BONUS: Used when?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- cost aggregation using lower-levels of WBS
BONUS:
- cannot be estimated with reasonable degree of confidence
PROCESSES:
- Estimate Activity Durations
- Estimate Costs
- Estimate Activity Resources
83
Change Control Tools
BONUS: What is Configuration Management?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- focused on identifying, documenting, approving/rejecting, and tracking changes.
BONUS:
- focused on the specification of both deliverables and processes (e.g. 5MB --> 12MB)
PROCESSES:
- Perform Integrated Change Control
84
Claims Administration
BONUS:
1) evolution of a claim
2) resolutions of a claim
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- buyer and seller cannot agree that a change in agreement has occurred
BONUS:
1) Claim --> Dispute --> Appeal
2)
- MEDIATOR intervenes but cannot make decision
- ABRITRATOR intervenes and can impose a decision
- LITIGATION route available if not satisfied with mediator or arbitrator
PROCESSES:
- Control Procurements
85
Colocation
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- placing many or all team members in the same physical location to enhance performance, communication, and sense of community.
PROCESSES:
- Develop Team
86
Communication Methods
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- INTERACTIVE = 2+ parties exchanging information in real time.
(e. g. meetings, phone, instant messaging, social media, videoconferencing)
- PUSH = ensures information is sent/distributed directly to specific recipients, but does not ensure it was read or understood.
(e. g. letters, memos, reports, emails, faxes, voice mails, blogs, press releases)
- PULL = Used for large audiences requiring recipient to access content at their own discretion
(e. g. web portals, intranet sites, e-learning, lessons learned databases, knowledge repositories)
- INTERPERSONAL = between individuals, typically face-to-face
- SMALL GROUP = 3-6 people
- PUBLIC = single speaker addressing group
- MASS = minimal connection between sender and the large (sometimes anonymous) receivers
PROCESSES:
- Plan Communication Management
- Manage Communications
87
Communications Models
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
BASIC Sender/Receiver:
- Encode, Transmit, Decode (INTERACTIVE = +feedback/acknowledgement)
PROCESSES:
- Plan Communication Management
88
Communications Requirements Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- WHICH stakeholders will get WHAT information and HOW
PROCESSES:
- Plan Communication Management
89
Communication Technology
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
-
PROCESSES:
- Develop Team
- Plan Communication Management
- Manage Communications
90
Context Diagram
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Helps display HOW SYSTEMS and PEOPLE interact by showing inputs and outputs to/from the system
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
91
Contingent Response Strategies
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- CONTINGENCY PLAN = step by step procedures responding to an event that may or may not happen
- FALLBACK PLAN = backup if Contingency Plan fails
PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses
92
Cost Aggregation
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Work packages cost estimates aggregated to Control Accounts (and ultimately entire project)
PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget
93
Critical Path Method
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Used to determine shortest duration a project will take
PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule
- Control Schedule
94
Decomposition
BONUS:
1) What is the 100% Rule?
2) What is the 8/80 Rule?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Breaking down scope into progressively smaller and more manageable components
BONUS:
1) No scope is left out of the WBS and no extra work is performed
2) Work package should be no less than 8 hours and no more than 80 hours of work
PROCESSES:
- Create WBS
- Define Activities
95
Dependency Determination and Integration
BONUS:
1) Which dependencies does the Project Team identify?
2) Which dependencies does the Project Manager indetnify?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Mandatory = hard logic; cannot be broken
- Discretionary = soft logic; preference
- External = cannot be broken; outside of project's control scope
- Internal = Inside the project team's control
BONUS:
1) Mandatory and Discretionary
2) External and Internal
PROCESSES:
- Sequence Activities
96
Design for X
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- technical guidelines that help/control a specific design aspect of the product characteristics
- improves cost, quality, performance, and customer satisfaction.
- X = reliability; deployment; assembly; manufacturing; cost; service; usability; safety; quality; etc.
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
97
Expert Judgement
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- judgement provided based upon expertise
PROCESSES:
- Nearly All (Common Tool and Technique)
98
Financing
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- acquiring funding for the project
PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget
99
Funding Limit Reconciliation
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Funding requirements to align with organization's ability to provide cashflow, and schedule may be delayed if constrained
PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget
100
Ground Rules
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- located in Team Charter defining expected behavior for project team members and stakeholders
PROCESSES:
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement
101
Historical Information Review
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- reviewing historical information to develop parametric or analogous estimating
PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget
102
Individual and Team Assessments
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- tools giving insight to PM and team the areas of strengths and weaknesses. Team members voice preferences, aspirations, how they process and organize information, make decisions, and interact with people
- (e.g. attitudinal surveys, specific assessments, structured interviews, ability tests, focus groups)
PROCESSES:
- Develop Team
103
Information Management
BONUS: What is Explicit Knowledge?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Sharing of Explicit Knowledge (e.g. Schedule, Lessons Learned, Issue Log, etc.)
BONUS:
- Factual and easily communicated
PROCESSES:
- Manage Project Knowledge
104
Inspection
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- examination of work product to determine if it conforms to documented standards
PROCESSES:
- Validate Scope
- Control Quality
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement
105
Knowledge Management
BONUS: What is Tacit Knowledge?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Sharing of Tacit Knowledge (e.g. collaborating, sharing how others do their work, how they've solved problems, etc.)
BONUS:
- Difficult to communicate; primarily from emotions and experience; and trust is required to share this.
PROCESSES:
- Manage Project Knowledge
106
Leads and Lags
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- LEAD = a jump-start in an activity
- LAG = waiting period to start activity
PROCESSES:
- Sequence Activities
- Develop Schedule
- Control Schedule
107
Meetings
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Plan Communications Management process requires discussion with team to determine most appropriate way to update and communicate information
PROCESSES:
- Nearly All (Common Tool and Technique)
108
Organizational Theory
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- using information of organization's behavior to problem solve, maximize efficiency and productivity
PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management
109
Parametric Estimating
BONUS:
- Keyword on exam?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- estimate using historical data and statistical variables (e.g. square footage) for high levels of accuracy
BONUS:
- "per" (e.g. per day, per hour, per foot)
PROCESSES:
- Estimate Activity Durations
- Estimate Costs
- Estimate Activity Resources
110
Pre-Assignment
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- physical or team resources determined in advance
PROCESSES:
- Acquire Resources
111
Precedence Diagramming Method
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Finish-to-Start (FS) most common
- Finish-to-Finish (FF)
- Start-to-Start (SS)
- Start-to-Finish (SF) least common
PROCESSES:
- Sequence Activities
112
Problem Solving
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- finding solutions for issues or challenges
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
- Control Resources
113
Product Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- team asks questions about product/services to help define deliverable scope in much more detail
- (e.g. Product Breakdown; Requirements Analysis; Systems Analysis/Engineering; Value Analysis/Engineering)
PROCESSES:
- Define Scope
114
Project Management Information System
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- REPOSITORY containing various scheduling tools, work authorization system, configuration management system, corporate knowledge base, etc.
PROCESSES:
- Common Tool and Technique
115
Project Reporting
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
-
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
116
Prompt Lists
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- predetermined list of risk categories that is used to identify risks. Lowest level of Risk Breakdown Structure can be used as Risk Categories.
- PESTLE = Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal Environment
- TECOP = Technical, Environmental, Commercial, Operational, Political
- VUCA = Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity
PROCESSES:
- Identify Risks
117
Prototypes
BONUS: What is Storyboarding?
(Tool and Technique)
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- early feedback on requirements by providing a model of expected product before building it
BONUS:
- prototyping showing sequence or navigation through a series of images or illustrations.
PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements
118
Quality Improvement Methods
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- PDCA and Six Sigma are two most common quality improvement tools used to analyze and evaluate opportunities for improvement
PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality
119
Recognition and Rewards
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- recognizing and rewarding desirable behavior per Resource Management Plan
PROCESSES:
- Develop Team
120
Representations of Uncertainty
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- If for a planned activity, duration, cost, or resource requirement is uncertain, then it is always best to represent it as probability distribution ranges
- Most common probability distribution ranges are triangular, normal, lognormal, beta, uniform, or discrete
PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
121
Resource Optimization
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
Resource LEVELING
- Balancing the demand for resources to equal resource availability (may affect Critical Path)
Resource SMOOTHING
- Activities with free/total float are delayed so that end date is not delayed, so that Critical Path is not delayed (may not optimize all resources)
PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule
- Control Schedule
122
Risk Categorization
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Categorizing risk using the Risk Breakdown Structure builds a better "big-picture" of risk and leads to focusing attention and effort appropriately.
PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
123
Rolling Wave Planning
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- iterative planning technique planning near term in detail, while future work is planned high-level.
- Form of Progressive Elaboration
PROCESSES:
- Define Activities
124
Schedule Compression
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
Both examples below may increase Cost and Risk
CRASHING
- Increasing resources to Critical Path activities to shorten schedule
- NOTE: Law of Diminishing Return
FAST TRACKING
- Performing activities in parallel (can be used to shorten Critical Path)
PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule
- Control Schedule
125
Schedule Network Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
-
PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule
126
Source Selection Analysis
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
- Evaluation methods in procurement documents for sellers to bid accordingly
EXAMPLES:
- Least Cost
- Qualifications Only
- Quality Based/Highest Technical Proposal Score
- Quality and Cost Based
- Sole Source
- Fixed Budget
PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management
127
Strategies for Opportunities
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
ESCALATE = reach out to appropriate party who can easily handle the risk
EXPLOIT = change risk probability to 100% so that opportunity is definitely realized.
SHARE = improve probability or impact of an identified risk by partnering with another party.
ENHANCE = increase either the probability and/or impact of an opportunity.
ACCEPT = use no strategy and accept risk
PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses
128
Strategies for Threats
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
ESCALATE = reach out to appropriate party who can easily handle the risk
AVOID = plan the project in such a way as to eliminate this risk
TRANSFER = place the risk responsibility on another party. (e.g. insurance)
MITIGATE = reduce the probability and/or impact of that risk
ACCEPT = use no strategy and accept risk
PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses
129
Test and Inspection Planning
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
PROCESSES:
- Plan Quality Management
130
Testing/Product Evaluations
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:c
PROCESSES:
- Control Quality
131
Three-Point Estimating
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
PROCESSES:
132
To-Complete Performance Index
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
PROCESSES:
133
Training
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
PROCESSES:
134
Virtual Teams
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
PROCESSES:
135
Strategies for Overall Project Risk
| Tool and Technique
GROUP: Ungrouped
DESCRIPTION:
AVOID = if the overall project threat is simply unacceptable.
(e.g. cancelling the project if it is too risky to handle)
EXPLOIT = if overall project opportunity is significantly positive
(e.g. maximize customer benefit by adding game changing features)
TRANSFER/SHARE = improve probability or impact of an overall project risk by partnering with another party.
(e.g. joint venture)
MITIGATE/ENHANCE = ensure project objectives are met
(e.g. changing project's overall scope)
ACCEPT = use no strategy and accept risk
PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses
