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PMP Exam Prep > Tools & Techniques > Flashcards

Tools & Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Benchmarking

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- compare your project goal w/ already established projects/products

PROCESSES:

  • Collect Requirements
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Plan Stakeholder Engagement
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2
Q

Brainstorming

BONUS: What is Brain Writing?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- facilitator leads group to generate ideas in short period of time

BONUS:
- brainstorming that allows participants time

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Project Charter
  • Develop Project Management Plan
  • Collect Requirements
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Identify Risks
  • Identify Stakeholders
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3
Q

Check Sheets

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- tally sheet gathering data to identify defects/quality problem

PROCESSES:
- Control Quality

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4
Q

Checklists

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- reminder list used as a reminder for items, actions, or steps

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Project Management Plan
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Control Quality
  • Identify Risks
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5
Q

Focus Groups

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- moderator guides interactive discussion w/ stakeholder’s to learn expectations about product/service/result.

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Project Chart
  • Develop Project Management Plan
  • Collect Requirements
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6
Q

Interviews

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- Formal or Informal, typically one-on-one, conversation eliciting information from stakeholder

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Project Charter
  • Develop Project Management Plan
  • Collect Requirements
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Identify Risks
  • Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
  • Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
  • Plan Risk Responses
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7
Q

Market Research

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- examination of industry and seller capabilities

PROCESSES:
- Plan Procurement Management

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8
Q

Questionnaires and Surveys

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:

  • set of questions to quickly gather information from large number of respondents
  • good for varied audiences, quick turnaround, geographically dispersed, statistical analysis

PROCESSES:

  • Collect Requirements
  • Identify Stakeholders
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9
Q

Statistical Sampling

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Gathering

DESCRIPTION:
- testing random sample, not entire population

PROCESSES:
- Control Quality

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10
Q

Alternatives Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- evaluate options and selecting the best

PROCESSES:

  • Monitor and Control Project Work
  • Perform Integrated Change Control
  • Plan scope Management
  • Define Scope
  • Plan Schedule Management
  • Estimate Activity Durations
  • Plan Cost Management
  • Estimate Costs
  • Manage Quality
  • Estimate Activity Resources
  • Control Resources
  • Plan Risk Responses
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
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11
Q

Assessment of other Risk Parameters

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- considering other factors such as urgency, manageability, controllability, etc.

PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis

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12
Q

Assumption and Constraint Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- validating assumptions and constraints to determine which pose as risk

PROCESSES:

  • Identify Risks
  • Plan Stakeholder Engagement
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13
Q

Cost of Quality

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:

  • Cost of Conformance (to avoid failures)
  • –Prevention Costs (build quality product)
  • –Appraisal Costs (Assess the quality)
  • Cost of Nonconformance (b/c of failures)
  • –Internal Failure Costs (failure found by project)
  • –External Failure Costs (failure found by customer)

PROCESSES:

  • Estimate Costs
  • Plan Quality Management
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14
Q

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Benefits should be more than the cost

PROCESSES:

  • Monitor and Control Project Work
  • Perform Integrated Change Control
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Control Resources
  • Plan Risk Responses
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15
Q

Decision Tree Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- probabilistic method to select best of several alternative courses based off of their Expected Monetary Value (EMV)

PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis

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16
Q

Document Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- review and assess relevant document information

PROCESSES:

  • Close Project or Phase
  • Collect Requirements
  • Manage Quality
  • Identify Risks
  • Identify Stakeholders
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17
Q

Earned Value Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- compare Performance Measurement Baseline to Actual Schedule and Cost Performance

PROCESSES:

  • Monitor and Control Project Work
  • Control Schedule
  • Control Costs
  • Control Procurements
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18
Q

Influence Diagrams

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- graphical aid to decision making under uncertainty

PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis

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19
Q

Iteration Burndown Chart

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- tracks work remaining to be completed in iteration backlog

PROCESSES:
- Control Schedule

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20
Q

Make-or-Buy Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Assessing factors to determine to make internally or buy externally

PROCESSES:
- Plan Procurement Management

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21
Q

Performance Reviews

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Compare actual performance against baseline

PROCESSES:

  • Control Schedule
  • Control Quality
  • Control Resources
  • Control Procurements
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22
Q

Process Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- identifies opportunities for process improvement

PROCESSES:
- Mange Quality

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23
Q

Proposal Evaluation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Ensure proposals are complete and response to the full bid package, source selection criteria, etc.

PROCESSES:
- Conduct Procurements

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24
Q

Regression Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Interrelationships between variables that contributed to project outcomes (to improve future projects)

PROCESSES:
- Close Project or Phase

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25
Q

Reserve Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- technique to determine amount of reserve required

PROCESSES:

  • Estimate Activity Durations
  • Estimate Costs
  • Determine Budget
  • Control Costs
  • Monitor Risks
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26
Q

Risk Data Quality Assessment

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- evaluating risk data for accuracy, sometimes by sending questionnaires to stakeholders to generate a quality score

PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis

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27
Q

Risk Probability and Impact Assessment

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- assesses likelihood of a particular risk occurrence and impact

PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis

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28
Q

Root Cause Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- determine underlying reason that causes a variance, defect, or risk.

PROCESSES:

  • Monitor and Control Project Work
  • Manage Quality
  • Control Quality
  • Identify Risks
  • Plan Stakeholder Engagement
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
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29
Q

Sensitivity Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- determine which risks have most impact by correlating variations

PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis

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30
Q

Simulation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- gauge probability of particular outcomes by running a large number of scenarios with varying parameters

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Schedule
  • Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
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31
Q

Stakeholder Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- determine whose interest should be taken into account throughout the project

PROCESSES:

  • Plan Risk Management
  • Identify Stakeholders
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
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32
Q

SWOT Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats of an organization, project, or option

PROCESSES:
- Identify Risks

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33
Q

Technical Performance Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Comparing Technical Achievement with schedule of Technical Achievement

PROCESSES:
- Monitor Risks

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34
Q

Trend Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:

  • forecast future performance based upon past trends
  • e.g. stock market

PROCESSES:

  • Monitor and Control Project Work
  • Close Project or Phase
  • Control Scope
  • Control Schedule
  • Control Costs
  • Control Resources
  • Control Procurements
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35
Q

Variance Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- compare planned/baseline versus actual performance

PROCESSES:

  • Monitor and Control Project Work
  • Close Project or Phase
  • Control Scope
  • Control Schedule
  • Control Costs
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36
Q

What-if Scenario Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Analysis

DESCRIPTION:
- Evaluate possible scenarios

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Schedule
  • Control Schedule
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37
Q

Affinity Diagrams

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:

  • grouping large number of ideas for review and analysis
  • e.g. Sticky Notes/Post-Its on wall

PROCESSES:

  • Collect Requirements
  • Manage Quality
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38
Q

Cause-and-Effect Diagrams

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:

  • Decomposition technique identifying underlying causes of problem
  • E.g. Fishbone, Ishikawa, or Why-Why Diagrams

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Quality
  • Control Quality
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39
Q

Control Charts

BONUS:

1) What is Rule of 7?
2) What are Specification Limits?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Determines if a process is “stable” or “out of control”

BONUS:

1) Process is “out of control” when 7+ consecutive data points lie on one side of mean
2) Customer-defined Control Limits, typically greater than the project’s Control Limits

PROCESSES:
- Control Quality

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40
Q

Flowcharts

BONUS:
1) What is SIPOC Model?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Process Maps displaying sequence of steps and branching possibilities

BONUS:
1) Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Customer

PROCESSES:

  • Plan Quality Management
  • Manage Quality
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41
Q

Hierarchical Charts

BONUS: Three Hierarchical Charts (Breakdown Structures)

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Graphical top-down chart to show position and relationship

BONUS:

1) Work BS - assigning work packages
2) Organizational BS - project activity/work packages under organization’s department
3) Resource BS - resources by category and type

PROCESSES:

  • Plan Resource Management
  • Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
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42
Q

Histograms

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Bar Chart representing numerical data

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Quality
  • Control Quality
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43
Q

Logical Data Model

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Visual representation of data described in business language that helps identify data or quality issues

PROCESSES:
- Plan Quality Management

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44
Q

Matrix Diagrams

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:

  • Represents the strength of relationships between factors existing between rows and columns.
  • Common type is roof-shaped

PROCESSES:

  • Plan Quality Management
  • Manage Quality
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45
Q

Mind Mapping

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Visual representation used in Brainstorming session to explaining commonalities and differences to generate ideas

PROCESSES:

  • Collect Requirements
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Plan Stakeholder Engagement
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46
Q

Prioritization/Ranking

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- prioritizing/ranking stakeholders and their requirements

PROCESSES:
- Plan Stakeholder Engagement

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47
Q

Probability and Impact Matrix

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Grid for mapping probability and impact of each risk

PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis

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48
Q

Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Illustration of work packages or activities and who is assigned

PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management

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49
Q

Scatter Diagrams

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Graph showing statistical relationship between two variables

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Quality
  • Control Quality
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50
Q

Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Visual showing stakeholders Current and Desired engagement level

PROCESSES:

  • Plan Communications Management
  • Monitor Communications
  • Plan Stakeholder Engagement
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
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51
Q

Stakeholder Mapping/Representation

BONUS:

1) What is Salience Model?
2) What is Stakeholder Cube
3) Four responses to Power/Influence

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:
- Grid of either (A) Power/Interest, (B) Power/Influence, (C) Impact/Influence.

BONUS:

1) Classifies stakeholders based on their POWER, URGENCY, and LEGITIMACY
2) Three-dimensional model of the grids listed above
3) See below:
- HP/LI = Keep Satisfied
- HP/HI = Manage Closely
- LP/LI = Monitor
- LP/HI = Keep Informed

PROCESSES:
- Identify Stakeholders

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52
Q

Text-oriented Formats

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Data Representation

DESCRIPTION:

  • Detailed description including responsibilities, authority, competencies, and qualifications.
  • E.g. Position Description; Role-Responsibility-Authority Forms

PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management

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53
Q

Multicriteria Decision Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Decision-Making

DESCRIPTION:
- Prioritizing and weighing criteria to obtain a mathematical score for available alternatives to then rank

PROCESSES:

  • Perform Integrated Change Control
  • Collect Requirements
  • Define Scope
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Manage Quality
  • Acquire Resources
  • Plan Risk Responses
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
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54
Q

Voting

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Decision-Making

DESCRIPTION:

  • Unanimity = 100% group agree
  • Majority = 50%+ group agree
  • Plurality = idea w/ most vote wins

PROCESSES:

  • Monitor and Control Project Work
  • Perform Integrated Change Control
  • Collect Requirements
  • Validate Scope
  • Estimate Activity Durations
  • Estimate Costs
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
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55
Q

Autocratic Decision Making

BONUS: Also known as…

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Decision-Making

DESCRIPTION:
- One person makes decision

BONUS:
- Dictatorship

PROCESSES:

  • Perform Integrated Change Control
  • Collect Requirements
56
Q

Communication Competence

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Communication Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- considering factors such as purpose of message, leadership behaviors, effective relationships, and information sharing

PROCESSES:
- Manage Communications

57
Q

Feedback

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Communication Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- Reactions to communications, a deliverable, or a situation.

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Communications
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
58
Q

Nonverbal

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Communication Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- body language transmitting meaning through gestures, tone of voice, facial expression, mirroring, and eye contact.

PROCESSES:
- Manage Communications

59
Q

Presentations

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Communication Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- formal delivery of important information

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Communications
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
60
Q

Active Listening

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- Acknowledging, clarifying, confirming, understanding, and removing barriers

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Project Knowledge
  • Manage Communications
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
61
Q

Communication Styles Assessment

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- Identifying stakeholders preferred communication method, format, etc.

PROCESSES:
- Plan Communications Management

62
Q

Conflict Management

BONUS:

1) Three primary sources of conflict
2) Five resolution techniques

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- Team grounds rules, group norms, and solid PM practices reduce the amount of conflict

BONUS:
1) Scare Resources, Scheduling Priorities, Resources
2)
- Force/Direct [WIN-LOSE] Force viewpoint on others
- Smooth/Accommodate - downplay problem; focus on positive
- Compromise/Reconcile [LOSE-LOSE] Mutual sacrifice to achieve results
- Withdraw/Avoid - avoid or remove yourself from the situation
Collaborate/Problem Solve - [WIN-WIN] Confront head-on to resolve root cause

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Project Charter
  • Develop Project Management Plan
  • Develop Team
  • Manage Team
  • Manage Communications
  • Manage Stakeholder Engagement
63
Q

Cultural Awareness

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- awareness and sensitivity of cultural differences

PROCESSES: 10.1 10.2 13.3 13.4

  • Plan Communications Management
  • Manage Communications
  • Manage Stakeholder Engagement
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
64
Q

Decision Making

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- expertise in negotiating and influencing the PM team and organization

PROCESSES:
- Manage Team

65
Q

Emotional Intelligence

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- ability to identify, assess, and manage the emotions of self and others

PROCESSES:
- Manage Team

66
Q

Facilitation

BONUS:
Three Facilitation examples

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- effectively guide group toward decision/agreement w/ full contribution

BONUS:

  • Joint Application Design/Development (JAD)
  • Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
  • User Stories

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Project Charter
  • Develop Project Management Plan
  • Manage Project Knowledge
  • Collect Requirements
  • Define Scope
  • Identify Risks
  • Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
  • Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
  • Plan Risk Responses
67
Q

Influencing

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- persuade, articulate, listen, aware, resolve.

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Team
  • Manage Team
  • Control Resources
  • Implement Risk Responses
68
Q

Leadership

BONUS:
Leadership progression with timeline

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
-Establishing direction/vision, aligning others to that, inspiring them

BONUS:
- Direction -> Coaching -> Facilitating -> Supporting

PROCESSES: 4.4 9.5 13.4

69
Q

Meeting Management

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- ensure objectives met effectively and efficiently

PROCESSES:4.1 4.2 10.2

  • Develop Project Charter
  • Develop Project Management Plan
  • Manage Communications
70
Q

Motivation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- providing a reason for someone to act

PROCESSES:
- Develop Team

71
Q

Negotiation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

PROCESSES:

  • Acquire Resources
  • Develop Team
  • Control Resources
  • Conduct Procurements
  • Manage Stakeholder Engagement
72
Q

Networking

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- interacting with others to exchange information and develop contacts

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Project Knowledge
  • Manage Communications
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
73
Q

Nominal Group Technique

BONUS: What are the four steps?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- brainstorming + voting to rank/prioritize ideas

BONUS:

1) individuals silently write down ideas/solution
2) document all ideas on flip chart
3) discuss all ideas for clear understanding
4) Vote and prioritize using scale of 1-5

PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements

74
Q

Observation/Conservation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- job shadowing

PROCESSES:

  • Collect Requirements
  • Monitor Communications
  • Manage Stakeholder Engagement
75
Q

Political Awareness

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- recognition of power relationships (formal and informal) and willingness to operate within these structures

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Project Knowledge
  • Plan Communications Management
  • Manage Communications
  • Manage Stakeholder Engagement
  • Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
76
Q

Team Building

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Interpersonal and Team Skills

DESCRIPTION:
- conducting activities that enhance team’s social relations and build a collaborative and cooperative working environment

PROCESSES:
- Develop Team

77
Q

Advertising

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- communicating with users, potential users, or sellers of a product, service, result, or RFQ (if seller)

PROCESSES:
- Conduct Procurements

78
Q

Agile Release Planning

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- High-level timeline of release schedule (3-6 months) based on product roadmap/vision/evolution. Determines number of iterations or sprints in the release.

PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule

79
Q

Analogous Estimating

BONUS:
- Keyword on exam?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

  • estimate using historical data from similar project/activity.
  • Less cost, time, accurate

BONUS:
- “previous similar projects”

PROCESSES:

  • Estimate Activity Durations
  • Estimate Costs
  • Estimate Activity Resources
80
Q

Audits

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- External Team to project (internal or external to org) conducts an audit to ensure alignment to organization policies, procedures, and processes.

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Quality
  • Monitor Risks
  • Control Procurements
81
Q

Bidder Conferences

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- ensures equal access to information by all potential sellers; no secret meetings

PROCESSES:
- Conduct Procurements

82
Q

Bottom-Up Estimating

BONUS: Used when?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- cost aggregation using lower-levels of WBS

BONUS:
- cannot be estimated with reasonable degree of confidence

PROCESSES:

  • Estimate Activity Durations
  • Estimate Costs
  • Estimate Activity Resources
83
Q

Change Control Tools

BONUS: What is Configuration Management?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- focused on identifying, documenting, approving/rejecting, and tracking changes.

BONUS:
- focused on the specification of both deliverables and processes (e.g. 5MB –> 12MB)

PROCESSES:
- Perform Integrated Change Control

84
Q

Claims Administration

BONUS:

1) evolution of a claim
2) resolutions of a claim

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- buyer and seller cannot agree that a change in agreement has occurred

BONUS:

1) Claim –> Dispute –> Appeal
2)
- MEDIATOR intervenes but cannot make decision
- ABRITRATOR intervenes and can impose a decision
- LITIGATION route available if not satisfied with mediator or arbitrator

PROCESSES:
- Control Procurements

85
Q

Colocation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- placing many or all team members in the same physical location to enhance performance, communication, and sense of community.

PROCESSES:
- Develop Team

86
Q

Communication Methods

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

  • INTERACTIVE = 2+ parties exchanging information in real time.
    (e. g. meetings, phone, instant messaging, social media, videoconferencing)
  • PUSH = ensures information is sent/distributed directly to specific recipients, but does not ensure it was read or understood.
    (e. g. letters, memos, reports, emails, faxes, voice mails, blogs, press releases)
  • PULL = Used for large audiences requiring recipient to access content at their own discretion
    (e. g. web portals, intranet sites, e-learning, lessons learned databases, knowledge repositories)
  • INTERPERSONAL = between individuals, typically face-to-face
  • SMALL GROUP = 3-6 people
  • PUBLIC = single speaker addressing group
  • MASS = minimal connection between sender and the large (sometimes anonymous) receivers

PROCESSES:

  • Plan Communication Management
  • Manage Communications
87
Q

Communications Models

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
BASIC Sender/Receiver:
- Encode, Transmit, Decode (INTERACTIVE = +feedback/acknowledgement)

PROCESSES:
- Plan Communication Management

88
Q

Communications Requirements Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- WHICH stakeholders will get WHAT information and HOW

PROCESSES:
- Plan Communication Management

89
Q

Communication Technology

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Team
  • Plan Communication Management
  • Manage Communications
90
Q

Context Diagram

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Helps display HOW SYSTEMS and PEOPLE interact by showing inputs and outputs to/from the system

PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements

91
Q

Contingent Response Strategies

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- CONTINGENCY PLAN = step by step procedures responding to an event that may or may not happen

  • FALLBACK PLAN = backup if Contingency Plan fails

PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses

92
Q

Cost Aggregation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Work packages cost estimates aggregated to Control Accounts (and ultimately entire project)

PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget

93
Q

Critical Path Method

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Used to determine shortest duration a project will take

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Schedule
  • Control Schedule
94
Q

Decomposition

BONUS:

1) What is the 100% Rule?
2) What is the 8/80 Rule?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Breaking down scope into progressively smaller and more manageable components

BONUS:
1) No scope is left out of the WBS and no extra work is performed

2) Work package should be no less than 8 hours and no more than 80 hours of work

PROCESSES:

  • Create WBS
  • Define Activities
95
Q

Dependency Determination and Integration

BONUS:

1) Which dependencies does the Project Team identify?
2) Which dependencies does the Project Manager indetnify?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Mandatory = hard logic; cannot be broken

  • Discretionary = soft logic; preference
  • External = cannot be broken; outside of project’s control scope
  • Internal = Inside the project team’s control

BONUS:
1) Mandatory and Discretionary

2) External and Internal

PROCESSES:
- Sequence Activities

96
Q

Design for X

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- technical guidelines that help/control a specific design aspect of the product characteristics

  • improves cost, quality, performance, and customer satisfaction.
  • X = reliability; deployment; assembly; manufacturing; cost; service; usability; safety; quality; etc.

PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality

97
Q

Expert Judgement

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- judgement provided based upon expertise

PROCESSES:
- Nearly All (Common Tool and Technique)

98
Q

Financing

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- acquiring funding for the project

PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget

99
Q

Funding Limit Reconciliation

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Funding requirements to align with organization’s ability to provide cashflow, and schedule may be delayed if constrained

PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget

100
Q

Ground Rules

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- located in Team Charter defining expected behavior for project team members and stakeholders

PROCESSES:
- Manage Stakeholder Engagement

101
Q

Historical Information Review

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- reviewing historical information to develop parametric or analogous estimating

PROCESSES:
- Determine Budget

102
Q

Individual and Team Assessments

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- tools giving insight to PM and team the areas of strengths and weaknesses. Team members voice preferences, aspirations, how they process and organize information, make decisions, and interact with people

  • (e.g. attitudinal surveys, specific assessments, structured interviews, ability tests, focus groups)

PROCESSES:
- Develop Team

103
Q

Information Management

BONUS: What is Explicit Knowledge?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Sharing of Explicit Knowledge (e.g. Schedule, Lessons Learned, Issue Log, etc.)

BONUS:
- Factual and easily communicated

PROCESSES:
- Manage Project Knowledge

104
Q

Inspection

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- examination of work product to determine if it conforms to documented standards

PROCESSES:

  • Validate Scope
  • Control Quality
  • Manage Stakeholder Engagement
105
Q

Knowledge Management

BONUS: What is Tacit Knowledge?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Sharing of Tacit Knowledge (e.g. collaborating, sharing how others do their work, how they’ve solved problems, etc.)

BONUS:
- Difficult to communicate; primarily from emotions and experience; and trust is required to share this.

PROCESSES:
- Manage Project Knowledge

106
Q

Leads and Lags

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

  • LEAD = a jump-start in an activity
  • LAG = waiting period to start activity

PROCESSES:

  • Sequence Activities
  • Develop Schedule
  • Control Schedule
107
Q

Meetings

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Plan Communications Management process requires discussion with team to determine most appropriate way to update and communicate information

PROCESSES:
- Nearly All (Common Tool and Technique)

108
Q

Organizational Theory

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- using information of organization’s behavior to problem solve, maximize efficiency and productivity

PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management

109
Q

Parametric Estimating

BONUS:
- Keyword on exam?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- estimate using historical data and statistical variables (e.g. square footage) for high levels of accuracy

BONUS:
- “per” (e.g. per day, per hour, per foot)

PROCESSES:

  • Estimate Activity Durations
  • Estimate Costs
  • Estimate Activity Resources
110
Q

Pre-Assignment

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- physical or team resources determined in advance

PROCESSES:
- Acquire Resources

111
Q

Precedence Diagramming Method

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

  • Finish-to-Start (FS) most common
  • Finish-to-Finish (FF)
  • Start-to-Start (SS)
  • Start-to-Finish (SF) least common

PROCESSES:
- Sequence Activities

112
Q

Problem Solving

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- finding solutions for issues or challenges

PROCESSES:

  • Manage Quality
  • Control Resources
113
Q

Product Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- team asks questions about product/services to help define deliverable scope in much more detail

  • (e.g. Product Breakdown; Requirements Analysis; Systems Analysis/Engineering; Value Analysis/Engineering)

PROCESSES:
- Define Scope

114
Q

Project Management Information System

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- REPOSITORY containing various scheduling tools, work authorization system, configuration management system, corporate knowledge base, etc.

PROCESSES:
- Common Tool and Technique

115
Q

Project Reporting

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality

116
Q

Prompt Lists

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- predetermined list of risk categories that is used to identify risks. Lowest level of Risk Breakdown Structure can be used as Risk Categories.

  • PESTLE = Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal Environment
  • TECOP = Technical, Environmental, Commercial, Operational, Political
  • VUCA = Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity

PROCESSES:
- Identify Risks

117
Q

Prototypes

BONUS: What is Storyboarding?

(Tool and Technique)

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- early feedback on requirements by providing a model of expected product before building it

BONUS:
- prototyping showing sequence or navigation through a series of images or illustrations.

PROCESSES:
- Collect Requirements

118
Q

Quality Improvement Methods

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- PDCA and Six Sigma are two most common quality improvement tools used to analyze and evaluate opportunities for improvement

PROCESSES:
- Manage Quality

119
Q

Recognition and Rewards

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- recognizing and rewarding desirable behavior per Resource Management Plan

PROCESSES:
- Develop Team

120
Q

Representations of Uncertainty

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- If for a planned activity, duration, cost, or resource requirement is uncertain, then it is always best to represent it as probability distribution ranges

  • Most common probability distribution ranges are triangular, normal, lognormal, beta, uniform, or discrete

PROCESSES:
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis

121
Q

Resource Optimization

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
Resource LEVELING
- Balancing the demand for resources to equal resource availability (may affect Critical Path)

Resource SMOOTHING
- Activities with free/total float are delayed so that end date is not delayed, so that Critical Path is not delayed (may not optimize all resources)

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Schedule
  • Control Schedule
122
Q

Risk Categorization

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Categorizing risk using the Risk Breakdown Structure builds a better “big-picture” of risk and leads to focusing attention and effort appropriately.

PROCESSES:
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis

123
Q

Rolling Wave Planning

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- iterative planning technique planning near term in detail, while future work is planned high-level.

  • Form of Progressive Elaboration

PROCESSES:
- Define Activities

124
Q

Schedule Compression

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
Both examples below may increase Cost and Risk

CRASHING

  • Increasing resources to Critical Path activities to shorten schedule
  • NOTE: Law of Diminishing Return

FAST TRACKING
- Performing activities in parallel (can be used to shorten Critical Path)

PROCESSES:

  • Develop Schedule
  • Control Schedule
125
Q

Schedule Network Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

PROCESSES:
- Develop Schedule

126
Q

Source Selection Analysis

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
- Evaluation methods in procurement documents for sellers to bid accordingly

EXAMPLES:

  • Least Cost
  • Qualifications Only
  • Quality Based/Highest Technical Proposal Score
  • Quality and Cost Based
  • Sole Source
  • Fixed Budget

PROCESSES:
- Plan Resource Management

127
Q

Strategies for Opportunities

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
ESCALATE = reach out to appropriate party who can easily handle the risk

EXPLOIT = change risk probability to 100% so that opportunity is definitely realized.

SHARE = improve probability or impact of an identified risk by partnering with another party.

ENHANCE = increase either the probability and/or impact of an opportunity.

ACCEPT = use no strategy and accept risk

PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses

128
Q

Strategies for Threats

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
ESCALATE = reach out to appropriate party who can easily handle the risk

AVOID = plan the project in such a way as to eliminate this risk

TRANSFER = place the risk responsibility on another party. (e.g. insurance)

MITIGATE = reduce the probability and/or impact of that risk

ACCEPT = use no strategy and accept risk

PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses

129
Q

Test and Inspection Planning

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

PROCESSES:
- Plan Quality Management

130
Q

Testing/Product Evaluations

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:c

PROCESSES:
- Control Quality

131
Q

Three-Point Estimating

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

PROCESSES:

132
Q

To-Complete Performance Index

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

PROCESSES:

133
Q

Training

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

PROCESSES:

134
Q

Virtual Teams

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:

PROCESSES:

135
Q

Strategies for Overall Project Risk

Tool and Technique

A

GROUP: Ungrouped

DESCRIPTION:
AVOID = if the overall project threat is simply unacceptable.
(e.g. cancelling the project if it is too risky to handle)

EXPLOIT = if overall project opportunity is significantly positive
(e.g. maximize customer benefit by adding game changing features)

TRANSFER/SHARE = improve probability or impact of an overall project risk by partnering with another party.
(e.g. joint venture)

MITIGATE/ENHANCE = ensure project objectives are met
(e.g. changing project’s overall scope)

ACCEPT = use no strategy and accept risk

PROCESSES:
- Plan Risk Responses

PMP Exam Prep (12 decks)

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