Tolerance

Question 1

what is tolerance

Answer 1

repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug results in a lesser effect

Question 2

What is cross tolerance

Answer 2

development of tolerance to one drug results in a decreased sensitivity to another type of drug

Question 3

What are the types of drug tolerance

Answer 3

Pharmacokinetic (metabolic) tolerance
Pharmacodynamic (physiological) tolerance
Context-specific tolerance

Question 4

what is pharmacokinetic tolerance

Answer 4

involves adaptions in the way the body acts on the drug ex. liver produces more of a certain enzyme to combat drug use

Question 5

what is unique about metabolic tolerance

Answer 5

ALL of a drug’s effects will develop tolerance because it is due to overall decrease in the concentration of the drug

Question 6

What is pharmacodynamic tolerance

Answer 6

involves adaptions in the way individual neurons respond to the drug; viewed as the brain’s attempt to maintain its level of functioning within normal limits

Question 7

how does pharmacodynamic tolerance counteract drugs that mimic or amplify the actions of a neurotransmitter

Answer 7

down-regulation and desensitization

Question 8

how does pharmacodynamic tolerance counteract drugs that act as antagonists or dampen the actions of neurotransmitters

Answer 8

up-regulation and sensitization

Question 9

What is context specific/behavioral tolerance

Answer 9

when a drug is taken in one environment and displays tolerance within that environment but loses tolerance when taken in another environment

Question 10

how is classical conditioning related to drug use

Answer 10

The drug paraphernalia used to get high becomes the conditioned stimulus after repeated drug use; eventually just the drug paraphernalia will elicit a small euphoric response

Question 11

how does tolerance affect the safety margin

Answer 11

as tolerance increases the safety margin of a drug decreases as the dose gets closer to a lethal amount

Question 12

what is sensitization

Answer 12

increased response to same dose with repeated exposure or less drug needed to achieve same effect

Question 13

How is homeostasis related to drug use

Answer 13

the body will implement changes that are opposite to those produced by the drug

Question 14

what is physical dependence

Answer 14

defined by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome

Question 15

what is withdrawal syndrome

Answer 15

set of defined symptoms associated with a decrease in the blood levels of a particular drug

Question 16

what causes withdrawal symptoms

Answer 16

due to changes in the nervous system that are in place in response to the chronic presence of the drug; when the drug is removed, the compensatory mechanisms are exposed and an imbalance results

Question 17

How does withdrawal syndrome vary from drug to drug

Answer 17

the duration and intensity of withdrawal syndrome is highly correlated with the duration and intensity of drug’s direct effects

Question 18

what is the risk of abstinence

Answer 18

loss of tolerance during period of abstinence causes an increased risk of overdose

Question 19

what is PAWS

Answer 19

post acute withdrawal syndrome is withdrawal symptoms after the immediate withdrawal period