Animal Models Flashcards
What is self administration in an animal model
the animal presses a lever/nose poke to receive an intravenous injection of a drug; paired with a light or cue
What is an Operandum
the response apparatus
what is a reinforcement schedule
prescribed contingency between instrumental responding and reinforcements
what is a schedule demand
number of response(s) required to receive reinforcing stimulus
what is schedule completion
performance of the set of responses required for delivery of reinforcer
what is a fixed ratio
constant number of times the animal must complete the behavior to receive the drug on successive trials
what is a progressive ratio
the number of times the animal must complete the behavior increases with each drug administration
what is the breaking point
the maximum amount of work the animal is willing to do to get the drug
what is extinction
instrumental responses are no longer reinforced or the CS-US relationship is eliminated
what “yoked” administration
drug given passively at the same time increments as animals who are self administering the drug; unpredictable for the animal
what is pavlovian classical conditioning
pairing cue light with cocaine infusion
what is the unconditioned stimulus of pavlovian conditions in terms of drug research
the drug
what is the conditioned stimulus of pavlovian conditioning in terms of drug research
cue light
what is operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
an association between actions and the consequence of those actions
What is necessary for models of addiction and why
volitional drug exposure; involves different neurochemical responses and adaptions than passive drug exposure
why is passive drug expose useful for addiction models
studying effects of prenatal and early adolescent drug use on propensity for drug seeking/ taking in adulthood; facilitate acquisition of self administration by prompting development of tolerance to adverse effects
What are the pros of pavlovian models
demonstrate rewarding/adverse effects
high predictive validity for detecting drugs with abuse potential
time efficient and convenient for assessing hedonic effects and drug withdrawal
what are the cons of pavlovian models
limited to passive drug use
rewarding effects of drugs that do not produce euphoria can be masked by anxiogenic or adverse effects
What is CPP
conditioned place preference
what is CPA
conditioned place aversion
What is a sign tracker
maintain more contact with a reward predictive CS
what is a goal tracker
tend to orient towards the reward location
What is intracranial self stimulation paradigm used for
assessing the animals hedonic state
How is intracranial stimulation paradigm conducted
instrumental responses reinforced with brief electrical stimulation of brain tissue
What does the intracranial stimulation paradigm measure
measures the reward threshold (the minimum frequency at which it reinforces instrumental responding)
what is intracranial stimulation limited by
rate altering effects of drugs (stimulant or sedative effects on behavior)
what is intracranial stimulation though to mimic
anhedonia in chronic drug users
what is the runaway paradigm
drug exposure is contingent upon entry into the goal box; measures the motivational effects of the drug
how is the runaway paradigm conducted
olfactory stimuli in the start box is conditioned to signal drug availability in the goal box
why is the runaway paradigm used in experiments
procedure can detect reinforcing and aversive effects of DOA and the development of tolerance to anxiogenic and other aversive drug effects
what is the pros of a fixed ratio
easy for subjects to acquire
identify reinforcing property of self administered drug
produce strong response-drug associations and high drug intake
what are the cons of a fixed ratio
generate U shape dose-effect curve
Descending limb of DR curve indicated decrease in instrumental responding due to aversive and/or rate altering effects of drugs at high doses
what is the limitations of a progressive ratio
there may be drug induced performance impairments early in the session
What are concurrent schedules useful for
can be optimized to compare the relative reinforcing effect of different drugs
what is a chain schedule useful for
can be used to study the difference between drug seeking and drug taking
what is the escalation effect
increase in drug intake during extended-access drug self administration
how is concurrent schedules conducted
2 or more reinforcing schedules are implemented simultaneously via distinct operanda
how are chain schedules conducted
2 or more reinforcement schedules implemented in a fixed sequence
How is cue induced drug seeking modeled
second order reinforcement schedule involves extended periods of drug seeking maintained by drug associated conditioned stimuli
what is the forced abstinence model
animals kept in alternative context without access to the operandum
what are the animal models for binge/intoxication
self administration
brain stimulation reward
place preference
what are the animal models for withdrawal
brain stimulation reward
place aversion
what are the animal models for the transition to addiction
dependence induced drug taking
escalation in drug self administration with prolonged access
drug taking despite aversive consequences
