Animal Models

Question 1

What is self administration in an animal model

Answer 1

the animal presses a lever/nose poke to receive an intravenous injection of a drug; paired with a light or cue

Question 2

What is an Operandum

Answer 2

the response apparatus

Question 3

what is a reinforcement schedule

Answer 3

prescribed contingency between instrumental responding and reinforcements

Question 4

what is a schedule demand

Answer 4

number of response(s) required to receive reinforcing stimulus

Question 5

what is schedule completion

Answer 5

performance of the set of responses required for delivery of reinforcer

Question 6

what is a fixed ratio

Answer 6

constant number of times the animal must complete the behavior to receive the drug on successive trials

Question 7

what is a progressive ratio

Answer 7

the number of times the animal must complete the behavior increases with each drug administration

Question 8

what is the breaking point

Answer 8

the maximum amount of work the animal is willing to do to get the drug

Question 9

what is extinction

Answer 9

instrumental responses are no longer reinforced or the CS-US relationship is eliminated

Question 10

what “yoked” administration

Answer 10

drug given passively at the same time increments as animals who are self administering the drug; unpredictable for the animal

Question 11

what is pavlovian classical conditioning

Answer 11

pairing cue light with cocaine infusion

Question 12

what is the unconditioned stimulus of pavlovian conditions in terms of drug research

Answer 12

the drug

Question 13

what is the conditioned stimulus of pavlovian conditioning in terms of drug research

Answer 13

cue light

Question 14

what is operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

Answer 14

an association between actions and the consequence of those actions

Question 15

What is necessary for models of addiction and why

Answer 15

volitional drug exposure; involves different neurochemical responses and adaptions than passive drug exposure

Question 16

why is passive drug expose useful for addiction models

Answer 16

studying effects of prenatal and early adolescent drug use on propensity for drug seeking/ taking in adulthood; facilitate acquisition of self administration by prompting development of tolerance to adverse effects

Question 17

What are the pros of pavlovian models

Answer 17

demonstrate rewarding/adverse effects
high predictive validity for detecting drugs with abuse potential
time efficient and convenient for assessing hedonic effects and drug withdrawal

Question 18

what are the cons of pavlovian models

Answer 18

limited to passive drug use
rewarding effects of drugs that do not produce euphoria can be masked by anxiogenic or adverse effects

Question 19

What is CPP

Answer 19

conditioned place preference

Question 20

what is CPA

Answer 20

conditioned place aversion

Question 21

What is a sign tracker

Answer 21

maintain more contact with a reward predictive CS

Question 22

what is a goal tracker

Answer 22

tend to orient towards the reward location

Question 23

What is intracranial self stimulation paradigm used for

Answer 23

assessing the animals hedonic state

Question 24

How is intracranial stimulation paradigm conducted

Answer 24

instrumental responses reinforced with brief electrical stimulation of brain tissue

Question 25

What does the intracranial stimulation paradigm measure

Answer 25

measures the reward threshold (the minimum frequency at which it reinforces instrumental responding)

Question 26

what is intracranial stimulation limited by

Answer 26

rate altering effects of drugs (stimulant or sedative effects on behavior)

Question 27

what is intracranial stimulation though to mimic

Answer 27

anhedonia in chronic drug users

Question 28

what is the runaway paradigm

Answer 28

drug exposure is contingent upon entry into the goal box; measures the motivational effects of the drug

Question 29

how is the runaway paradigm conducted

Answer 29

olfactory stimuli in the start box is conditioned to signal drug availability in the goal box

Question 30

why is the runaway paradigm used in experiments

Answer 30

procedure can detect reinforcing and aversive effects of DOA and the development of tolerance to anxiogenic and other aversive drug effects

Question 31

what is the pros of a fixed ratio

Answer 31

easy for subjects to acquire identify reinforcing property of self administered drug produce strong response-drug associations and high drug intake

Question 32

what are the cons of a fixed ratio

Answer 32

generate U shape dose-effect curve Descending limb of DR curve indicated decrease in instrumental responding due to aversive and/or rate altering effects of drugs at high doses

Question 33

what is the limitations of a progressive ratio

Answer 33

there may be drug induced performance impairments early in the session

Question 34

What are concurrent schedules useful for

Answer 34

can be optimized to compare the relative reinforcing effect of different drugs

Question 35

what is a chain schedule useful for

Answer 35

can be used to study the difference between drug seeking and drug taking

Question 36

what is the escalation effect

Answer 36

increase in drug intake during extended-access drug self administration

Question 37

how is concurrent schedules conducted

Answer 37

2 or more reinforcing schedules are implemented simultaneously via distinct operanda

Question 38

how are chain schedules conducted

Answer 38

2 or more reinforcement schedules implemented in a fixed sequence

Question 39

How is cue induced drug seeking modeled

Answer 39

second order reinforcement schedule involves extended periods of drug seeking maintained by drug associated conditioned stimuli

Question 40

what is the forced abstinence model

Answer 40

animals kept in alternative context without access to the operandum

Question 41

what are the animal models for binge/intoxication

Answer 41

self administration brain stimulation reward place preference

Question 42

what are the animal models for withdrawal

Answer 42

brain stimulation reward place aversion

Question 43

what are the animal models for the transition to addiction

Answer 43

dependence induced drug taking escalation in drug self administration with prolonged access drug taking despite aversive consequences