Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuropharmacology of Addiction > Intro to Neuro Review > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Review Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord; Protected inside bone (skull and spine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

cranial nervous and spinal nerves; exists outside of skull and vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is allostasis?

A

the process of achieving stability (homeostasis) through physiological or behavioral change; role of the visceral motor system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the targets of the autonomic nervous system

A

heart, organs, glands, smooth muscle, pupil and eyelid muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the role of the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the nerve organization of the sympathetic division of the nervous system

A

Short preganglionic neuron for fast activation, long lower motor neuron, Ach Ionotropic receptor between pre and post ganglion, Adrenergic (norepinephrine) receptor between motor neuron and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the nerve organization of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system

A

Long preganglionic neuron, short lower motor neuron, Ach ionotropic receptor between pre and post ganglion, muscarinic (Ach) receptor between motor neuron and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of the blood brain barrier

A

protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood; keeps blood cells, proteins, toxins, hormones, and bacteria out of brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the blood brain barrier formed

A

Formed by tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells within the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are tight junctions maintained in the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what gets through the blood brain barrier

A

anything that is small and lipid soluble or has a specific transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the medulla

A

includes neurons that maintain normal, rhythmic breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the pons region

A

includes axons that allow the cerebellum to communicate with the brainstem and cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the midbrain

A

localization of visual and auditory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

motor planning and motor learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

relays information going to and coming from the neocortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

regulates the autonomic nervous system and hormone release, sleep/wake cycle, controls pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the sulci

A

grooves in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the gyri

A

rounded regions between sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the brain fissures

A

deep sulci (grooves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the function of the gross structures (sulci, fissures, gyri)

A

processing of sensory input, initiation planning of movement, higher order functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the post central gyrus

A

contains the primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the precentral gyrus

A

contains the primary motor cortex

26
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

vision

27
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory (touch and pain), late stage vision

28
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

hearing, memory, language comprehension

29
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

planning and signaling movements, working memory, inhibition of inappropriate behavior, planning

30
Q

what is the function of the limbic system

A

assigns emotional value to sensory information, sexual behavior, reward and punishment centers, site where drugs produce euphoria

31
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus

A

involved in memory consolidation and provide the organisms context

32
Q

what is the function of the amygdala

A

matches emotions with the action of the autonomic nervous system

33
Q

what are the structures in the basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate/putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra

34
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

control voluntary smooth movement

35
Q

how do stimulants affect the basal ganglia

A

increases motor activity

36
Q

what is the primary reward synapse in the brain

A

ventral tegmental area releases dopamine to the nucleus acumens

37
Q

what is the feeling of euphoria caused by

A

dopamine release from VTA to the nucleus acumbens

38
Q

what is the function of the Na-K ATPase

A

uses ATP to move sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient

39
Q

how many Na ions are transported for every K ion in the Na-K ATPase

A

3 Na ions for every 2 K ions

40
Q

what does it mean that the Na-K pump is electrogenic

A

it causes a net transfer of one positive ion which ultimately affects the resting membrane potential

41
Q

what are the six features of an action potential

A

threshold, upstroke, downstroke, afterhyperpolarization, absolute refractory, relative refractory

42
Q

at what point does an action potential become all or nothing

A

when it reaches threshold (-55 mV)

43
Q

what is the absolute refractory period

A

time after an action potential when sodium channels are inactivated and another action potential can not occur

44
Q

what is the relative refractory period

A

time after an action potential when some sodium channels have recovered but K efflux is still active; requires a strong stimulus to evoke another action potential

45
Q

what is the function of the absolute refractory period

A

ensures one way propagation of signals

46
Q

what is the function of the relative refractory period

A

ensures the rate of firing is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus

47
Q

what cells cause myelination in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

48
Q

what cells are responsible for myelination in the central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes

49
Q

compare oligodendrocytes to schwann cells

A

one oligodendrocytes myelinates multiple axons in the CNS whereas one schwann cell myelinates one axon in the PNS

50
Q

what is the function of myelin

A

acts as an insulator to speed up propagation of action potentials; prevenets ion leakage

51
Q

what are the criteria for neurotransmitters

A
  1. NT is synthesized and stored in presynaptic neuron
  2. released in response to an action potential
  3. has post synaptic receptors
  4. has mechanism for synaptic cleft removal
52
Q

what triggers vesicle fusion to the membrane

A

calcium

53
Q

what is the function of synaptotagmin

A

senses calcium then binds to the SNARE complex to trigger release of vesicles

54
Q

what is an ionotropic receptor

A

ligand gated ion channel, NT binding directly opens/closes channel, fast

55
Q

what is a metabotropic receptor

A

G-protein coupled receptor, NT binding indirectly affects ion channel, slow

56
Q

what is spatial summation

A

multiple inputs firing in different locations at the same time

57
Q

what is a blue trace in spatial summation

A

one input firing alone causes a small depolarization but not enough to reach AP threshole

58
Q

what is a brown trace in spatial summation

A

multiple inputs fire simultaneously and their combined affects cause an action potential

59
Q

what is temporal summation

A

a single input fires at high frequency

60
Q

what is a blue trace in temporal summation

A

two firings with a pause in between does not cause an action potential

61
Q

what is a brown trace in temporal summation

A

three firings from the same input that occur in rapid succession cause the neuron to reach AP threshold

62
Q

how are NT removed from the synaptic cleft to terminate action

A

broken down by enzymes, transporters on neurons or glial cells

Neuropharmacology of Addiction (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions