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Neuropharmacology of Addiction > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What class of drug is alcohol

A

sedative hypnotic; CNS depressant

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2
Q

What is the legal intoxication limit in most states

A

0.08-0.1%

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3
Q

what is the relationship between BAL and probability of getting in a traffic accident

A

Higher levels of BAL = Higher probability of traffic accident

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4
Q

Describe the Ethyl alcohol molecule

A

Small
No net charge but strongly polar
Absorbed easily in GI tract

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5
Q

What is the oil/water coefficent of Ethyl

A

Just high enough to cross BBB but low enough to NOT be stored in fatty tissue

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6
Q

What is the pharmacokinetics of alcohol

A

Quick Onset
short duration

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7
Q

How is the BAC effected across male and females

A

Females tend to have higher BAC due to less water volume (ethyl has low fat solubility)

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8
Q

Describe the absorption rate of alcohol

A

it takes 1 hour for 90% of EtOH to reach the blood stream

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9
Q

what factors can effect the absorption rate of alcohol

A

Full stomach slows absorption rate
Carbonation speeds absorption rate

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10
Q

How is alcohol metabolized

A

Rate of metabolism is independent of concentration
90% in liver
10% evaporates via lungs

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11
Q

what is first order kinetics

A

A constant proportion of drug is removed in a given amount of time so that with a high blood level the amount metabolized is high (most drugs)

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12
Q

what is zero order kinetics

A

Rate of metabolism is constant over time and independent of concentration (alcohol)

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13
Q

what is the rate of alcohol metabolism

A

0.25-0.3 oz/hour

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14
Q

What is the main factor that determines alcohol metabolism

A

activity of alcohol dehydrogenase

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15
Q

What is the difference of alcohol dehydrogenase between men and women

A

Men have higher amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase

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16
Q

What is the pathway of alcohol metabolism

A

Ethanol –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetic Acid –> CO2 + H20

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17
Q

What is the pathway of alcohol metabolism

A

Ethanol –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetic Acid –> CO2 + H2O

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18
Q

what is the rate limiting factor of alcohol metabolism

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

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19
Q

what is step 1 of alcohol metabolism catalyzed by

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

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20
Q

what is step 2 of alcohol metabolism catalyzed by

A

aldehyde dehydrogenase

21
Q

what is the most likely contributing factor of physiological symptoms of alocohol

A

build up of acetaldehyde (toxic)
i.e sweating, flushing, nausea

22
Q

What are gene differences in metabolism

A

genetic variability in aldehyde dehydrogenase; can result in higher levels of acetaldehyde when drinking

23
Q

what is phase A of a single drink

A

Absorption taking place more rapidly than excretion

24
Q

what is phase B and C of a single drink

A

absorption tapers off and excretion starts to lower BAL

25
Q

what is phase D of a single drink

A

absorption is complete and alcohol is eliminated at a constant rate

26
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

severe hardening and contraction of the liver

27
Q

what does chronic drinking do to the liver

A

reduces rate at which the liver forms glucose, oxidizes fats, and releases complex fats; fat accumulates causing cell death and fibrosis

28
Q

what is the lethal dose of alcohol

A

0.5% BAC

29
Q

why is it hard to reach the lethal dose of alcohol hard reach

A

physiological safe guards:
0.12% –> vomiting
0.35% –> Pass out

30
Q

what are the pharmacodynamics of alcohol

A

effects membrane fluidity (more fluid) which interrupts channel activity and inhibits movement of Na and K ions

31
Q

How does alcohol effect neuronal activity

A

increases GABA functioning (positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A)
Decreases glutamate functioning

32
Q

What happens with greater GABA activity

A

inhibition of neurons
greater Cl- influx

33
Q

what happens with less glutamate activity

A

less excitation of neurons

34
Q

What are opioid peptides

A

Alcohol causes release of alcohol endogenous opioid (endorphins) which acts on mu-opioid receptors to limit GABA release on VTA which increases dopamine onto the NAc

35
Q

How does alcohol act on serotonin receptors

A

alcohol acts on 5HT3 receptors to depolarize VTA terminals leading to increased DA release

36
Q

what are the physiological effects of alcohol

A

vasodilation, increasing heat loss, decreases levels of ADH (dehydration), increases stomach acid (hunger)

37
Q

what are the psychological effects of alcohol

A

CNS depressant
more assertive
relieves tension
reduces anxieties
enhances social interaction

38
Q

why is alcohol no longer used as an anesthetic

A

slow metabolism
low therapeutic index
slows blood clotting

39
Q

what are the three mechanisms of overall depression of the CNS

A

reduces release of inhibitory NT
reduces firing of inhibitory pathways
decreases excitatory NT

40
Q

what is interesting about the peak effects of alcohol and BAC

A

effects of alcohol are more serious when BAC is rising than when falling

41
Q

what does chronic alcohol use due to the brain

A

enlargement of ventricles and changes in cortex surface

42
Q

what is wernike-korsakoff syndrome

A

lack of thiamine (B12)
psychosis characterized by inability to remember recent events and learn new information

43
Q

describe tolerance to alcohol

A

upregulation of NMDA receptors
Downregulation of GABA
behavior compensation

44
Q

what is hyperexcitability

A

upregulation of glutamate receptors with chronic exposure to alcohol

45
Q

what is a hangover related to

A

high levels of acetaldehyde
lack of sleep
dehydration
low blood sugar

46
Q

what are the four stages of alcohol withdrawal

A

minor symptoms
alcoholic hallucinosis
withdrawal seizures
delirium tremens

47
Q

what are genetic polymorphisms that were identified to increase risk of alcoholism

A

GABA-a receptors
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
D2 and D4

48
Q

what is disulfiram

A

aversion based pharmacotherapy
inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase to allow acetaldehyde accumulation

49
Q

what are some genetic predispositions for alcohol abuse

A

altered levels of ADH or ALDH
5-HT transporter (more rapid uptake, decreasing levels of serotonin which minimizes effect of alcohol in NAc)
GABA-A receptor (decrease effects of alcohol on balance, speech, and coordination)

Neuropharmacology of Addiction (15 decks)

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