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Neuropharmacology of Addiction > Psychedelics > Flashcards

Psychedelics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the serotonin related psychedelics?

A

LSD
Psilocybin
Lysergic acid amid
DMT
Bufotenine

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2
Q

what are acetylcholine related psychedelics?

A

Atropine
Scopolamine
Ibotenic Acid
Ibogaine

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3
Q

what are the glutamate related psychedelics

A

PCP
Ketamine

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4
Q

what are catecholamine related psychedelics

A

Mescaline
DOM (STP)
MDMA

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5
Q

why are psychedelics reinforcing

A

Reinforcing ability comes from their ability to alter consciousness and perceptual processes rather than their effects on the reward pathway

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6
Q

Describe the potency of LSD

A

Very potent, effects at doses low as 50 micrograms
Hard to detect in the body because of low doses

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7
Q

what are the pharmacokinetics of LSD

A

High lipid Solubility (absorbed in 30 to 60 minutes )
half life of 3 hours
metabolized in liver and excreted in urine

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8
Q

what the PNS effects of LSD

A

excites sympathetic activity
increased heart rate
increased BP
dilation of pupils
increased body temperature

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9
Q

what are the CNS effects of LSD

A
  • Religious feelings followed by sexual arousal, followed by sadness, followed by anxiety, followed by paranoia
  • breaks with reality
  • develop insights
  • perceptual alterations
  • higher doses = actual hallucinations
  • synesthesia
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10
Q

what are bad trips

A

usually occur with high doses; person feels loss of control over the experience and feel that they will not return back to normal

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11
Q

How does LSD cause its effects at a cellular level

A
  • Effects serotonin receptors
  • hallucinations = potent agonist of 5-HT2 receptors
  • activity influenced in forebrain and midbrain
  • activity altered in RAS causing arousal and alertness
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12
Q

why is it unlikely to develop dependence to LSD

A

1) hallucinations build up tolerance faster than any other class of drug
2) not an easy high
3) experience controls the user- cant come down at will (unpredictable effects)

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13
Q

what are the routes of administration of psilocybin

A

oral, eaten or brewed as tea

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14
Q

what dose of psilocybin produces halluncination

A

4-8 mg

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15
Q

what are the effects of psilocybin

A

pleasant mellow feeling with mental relaxation
increased heart rate and BP
increased body temperature
pupillary dilation

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of action of psilocybin

A

agonist of 5-HT2 receptors

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17
Q

describe tolerance to psilocybin

A

tolerance to psilcin develops as well as cross tolerance to LSD

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18
Q

what are the withdrawal symptoms of psilocybin

A

headache and fatigue

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19
Q

what is lysergic acid amine

A

active chemical in morning glory seeds
close to LSD with similar effects
1/10 to 1/30 as potent as LSD

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20
Q

what is DMT

A

usually inhaled as snuff
short duration, less potent
30 mg inhaled gives similar effect to LSD within 10 seconds peaks at 10-15 minutes and lasts an hour

21
Q

what is bufontenine

A

strong sympathetic activity (much greater than LSD)
unpopular street drug

22
Q

what is the mechanism of action of ibotenic acid and ibogaine

A

acetylcholine muscarinic receptor agonists

23
Q

what is ibotenic acid

A

found in amanita muscaria
believed vikings took it before battle

24
Q

what is ibogaine

A

found in iboga root in africa

25
Q

what is atropine and scopolamine

A

anticholinergic drugs (acetylcholine antagonists)
decreases parasympathetic activity
induce delirium, confusion, and amnesia

26
Q

what is glutamate

A

most common NT in brain
excitatory
receptors for glutamate on nearly every neuron in the brain

27
Q

what are the two types of glutamate receptors

A

ionotropic (fast, ligand gated)
-NMDA
-AMPA
-KAINATE
metabotropic ( G-protein coupled)

28
Q

what is phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP)

A

dissociative anesthetic (even though awake person appears disconnected from environment)
synthetic depressant

29
Q

what are the dose ranges of PCP

A
  • low doses (1-5 mg) produce drunken state/euphoria
  • 5-15 mg induce analgesia and anesthesia, confusion, impairment in ability to communicate
  • larger doses induces psychoses
30
Q

what are the PNS effects of PCP

A

insensitivity to pain
increases blood pressure
increases heart rate

31
Q

what are the CNS effects of PCP

A

distortions in body image
feelings of depersonalization
sense of timelessness
transient feelings of being in outer space, dead, or not having arms or legs

32
Q

what are the cellular effects of PCP

A

acts as a channel blocker for NMDA receptor
- prevents Ca and Na from flowing into neuron
Psychoses induced by prevention of DA reuptake

33
Q

how is LSD hallucinations different from schizophrenic hallucinations

A

LSD hallucinations are visual and viewed as pleasant while schizophrenic hallucinations are largely auditory and unpleasant

34
Q

How is PCP hallucination compared to schizophrenic hallucinations

A

very similar with global paranoia, auditory hallucinations, ambivalent towards friends, rigidity, delusions of persecution and grandeur

35
Q

what are the routes of administration for ketamine

A

oral
nasal
intravenous
intramuscular injection
powder

36
Q

what are the effects of ketamine

A

hallucinations
out of body experience
detachment from reality
paranoia
disorganized thinking
loss of motor control
memory loss
numbness
drowsiness
nausea

37
Q

what is the mechanism of action for ketamine

A

antagonist of NMDA
modulates AMPA/NMDA receptor ratio

38
Q

what is mescaline

A

derived from peyote plant
taken orally
peak response in 30 minutes to 2 hours
effects similar to LSD

39
Q

Describe the structure of DOM and MDMA

A

synthetic drugs which have structures similar to amphetamine and mescaline

40
Q

what is DOM

A

more potent than mescaline, less potent than LSD
far higher incidence panic attacks, acute psychoses
stimulant effects less than amphetamines

41
Q

what is MDMA

A

stimulant qualities of amphetamines and hallucinogenic qualities of mescaline
negative effects are mostly physiological

42
Q

what are the routes of administration for MDMA

A

orally
injected

43
Q

what is the tolerance to MDMA

A

acute tolerance to positive effects after multiple exposures in a short period of time

44
Q

what are the withdrawal symptoms of MDMA

A

insomnia
depression
fatigue
difficulty concentrating

45
Q

what is the toxicity of MDMA

A

destroys monoamine neurons
decreased global and regional brain serotonin transporter binding
decreases in monoamine transporter binding

46
Q

when does death result after MDMA

A

1) stimulant effect
- heart attack or brain hemorrhage
2) overheating
- combination of taking ecstasy with prolonged and vigorous dancing results in heat stroke
3) over drinking
- dilutional hypoatremia

47
Q

what are the cellular effects of MDMA

A

1) blocks reuptake of DA and serotonin
2) DA and serotonin releasing action
3) agonists at NE and DA receptors

48
Q

what are the PNS effects of Monoamine hallucinogens

A

increase sympathetic activity
-dilate pupils
- increases heart rate
-increases BP
-increases body temperature

49
Q

what is the tolerance to monoamine hallucinogens

A

fairly rapid tolerance to mental and sympathetic effects
tolerance complete after 3-4 daily exposures
cross tolerance to each other

Neuropharmacology of Addiction (15 decks)

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