Psychedelics Flashcards
What are the serotonin related psychedelics?
LSD
Psilocybin
Lysergic acid amid
DMT
Bufotenine
what are acetylcholine related psychedelics?
Atropine
Scopolamine
Ibotenic Acid
Ibogaine
what are the glutamate related psychedelics
PCP
Ketamine
what are catecholamine related psychedelics
Mescaline
DOM (STP)
MDMA
why are psychedelics reinforcing
Reinforcing ability comes from their ability to alter consciousness and perceptual processes rather than their effects on the reward pathway
Describe the potency of LSD
Very potent, effects at doses low as 50 micrograms
Hard to detect in the body because of low doses
what are the pharmacokinetics of LSD
High lipid Solubility (absorbed in 30 to 60 minutes )
half life of 3 hours
metabolized in liver and excreted in urine
what the PNS effects of LSD
excites sympathetic activity
increased heart rate
increased BP
dilation of pupils
increased body temperature
what are the CNS effects of LSD
- Religious feelings followed by sexual arousal, followed by sadness, followed by anxiety, followed by paranoia
- breaks with reality
- develop insights
- perceptual alterations
- higher doses = actual hallucinations
- synesthesia
what are bad trips
usually occur with high doses; person feels loss of control over the experience and feel that they will not return back to normal
How does LSD cause its effects at a cellular level
- Effects serotonin receptors
- hallucinations = potent agonist of 5-HT2 receptors
- activity influenced in forebrain and midbrain
- activity altered in RAS causing arousal and alertness
why is it unlikely to develop dependence to LSD
1) hallucinations build up tolerance faster than any other class of drug
2) not an easy high
3) experience controls the user- cant come down at will (unpredictable effects)
what are the routes of administration of psilocybin
oral, eaten or brewed as tea
what dose of psilocybin produces halluncination
4-8 mg
what are the effects of psilocybin
pleasant mellow feeling with mental relaxation
increased heart rate and BP
increased body temperature
pupillary dilation
what is the mechanism of action of psilocybin
agonist of 5-HT2 receptors
describe tolerance to psilocybin
tolerance to psilcin develops as well as cross tolerance to LSD
what are the withdrawal symptoms of psilocybin
headache and fatigue
what is lysergic acid amine
active chemical in morning glory seeds
close to LSD with similar effects
1/10 to 1/30 as potent as LSD
what is DMT
usually inhaled as snuff
short duration, less potent
30 mg inhaled gives similar effect to LSD within 10 seconds peaks at 10-15 minutes and lasts an hour
what is bufontenine
strong sympathetic activity (much greater than LSD)
unpopular street drug
what is the mechanism of action of ibotenic acid and ibogaine
acetylcholine muscarinic receptor agonists
what is ibotenic acid
found in amanita muscaria
believed vikings took it before battle
what is ibogaine
found in iboga root in africa
what is atropine and scopolamine
anticholinergic drugs (acetylcholine antagonists)
decreases parasympathetic activity
induce delirium, confusion, and amnesia
what is glutamate
most common NT in brain
excitatory
receptors for glutamate on nearly every neuron in the brain
what are the two types of glutamate receptors
ionotropic (fast, ligand gated)
-NMDA
-AMPA
-KAINATE
metabotropic ( G-protein coupled)
what is phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP)
dissociative anesthetic (even though awake person appears disconnected from environment)
synthetic depressant
what are the dose ranges of PCP
- low doses (1-5 mg) produce drunken state/euphoria
- 5-15 mg induce analgesia and anesthesia, confusion, impairment in ability to communicate
- larger doses induces psychoses
what are the PNS effects of PCP
insensitivity to pain
increases blood pressure
increases heart rate
what are the CNS effects of PCP
distortions in body image
feelings of depersonalization
sense of timelessness
transient feelings of being in outer space, dead, or not having arms or legs
what are the cellular effects of PCP
acts as a channel blocker for NMDA receptor
- prevents Ca and Na from flowing into neuron
Psychoses induced by prevention of DA reuptake
how is LSD hallucinations different from schizophrenic hallucinations
LSD hallucinations are visual and viewed as pleasant while schizophrenic hallucinations are largely auditory and unpleasant
How is PCP hallucination compared to schizophrenic hallucinations
very similar with global paranoia, auditory hallucinations, ambivalent towards friends, rigidity, delusions of persecution and grandeur
what are the routes of administration for ketamine
oral
nasal
intravenous
intramuscular injection
powder
what are the effects of ketamine
hallucinations
out of body experience
detachment from reality
paranoia
disorganized thinking
loss of motor control
memory loss
numbness
drowsiness
nausea
what is the mechanism of action for ketamine
antagonist of NMDA
modulates AMPA/NMDA receptor ratio
what is mescaline
derived from peyote plant
taken orally
peak response in 30 minutes to 2 hours
effects similar to LSD
Describe the structure of DOM and MDMA
synthetic drugs which have structures similar to amphetamine and mescaline
what is DOM
more potent than mescaline, less potent than LSD
far higher incidence panic attacks, acute psychoses
stimulant effects less than amphetamines
what is MDMA
stimulant qualities of amphetamines and hallucinogenic qualities of mescaline
negative effects are mostly physiological
what are the routes of administration for MDMA
orally
injected
what is the tolerance to MDMA
acute tolerance to positive effects after multiple exposures in a short period of time
what are the withdrawal symptoms of MDMA
insomnia
depression
fatigue
difficulty concentrating
what is the toxicity of MDMA
destroys monoamine neurons
decreased global and regional brain serotonin transporter binding
decreases in monoamine transporter binding
when does death result after MDMA
1) stimulant effect
- heart attack or brain hemorrhage
2) overheating
- combination of taking ecstasy with prolonged and vigorous dancing results in heat stroke
3) over drinking
- dilutional hypoatremia
what are the cellular effects of MDMA
1) blocks reuptake of DA and serotonin
2) DA and serotonin releasing action
3) agonists at NE and DA receptors
what are the PNS effects of Monoamine hallucinogens
increase sympathetic activity
-dilate pupils
- increases heart rate
-increases BP
-increases body temperature
what is the tolerance to monoamine hallucinogens
fairly rapid tolerance to mental and sympathetic effects
tolerance complete after 3-4 daily exposures
cross tolerance to each other
