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HG&D > Toddler Physical Development > Flashcards

Toddler Physical Development Flashcards

1
Q

How to support the best possible physical development for infants?

A
  • Responsive care from loving adults
  • Proper nutrition
  • Appropriate and stimulating environments
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2
Q

When does physical development occur most rapidly?

A

First year of a child’s life

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3
Q

What are the factors that affect a child’s physical development?

A
  • Child’s unique characteristics
  • Family’s values and culture
  • Access to available resources
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4
Q

What is the normal developmental for children aged 1 to 3 years?

A
  • Gross motor: Walking, running, climbing
  • Fine motor: Feeding themselves, drawing
  • Sensory: Seeing, hearing, tasting, touching, smelling
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5
Q

What influences a child’s physical development?

A
  • Food (nutritious and age-appropriate)
  • Shelter (protection from harm)
  • Warmth (loving environment)
  • Clean air and environment
  • Health and dental care
  • Activity and rest
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6
Q

What are some other influences on infant and toddler physical physical growth and development?

A
  • Prenatal development (genetic inheritance, exposure to drugs, family growth patterns, birth experience)
  • Premature birth (low birth weight may result in vision, digestive, feeding problems and respiratory problems)
  • Temperament (personality)
  • Family’s composition (lifestyle, housing and level of education)
  • Maturation (genetic or biological development)
  • Developmental delays or disabilities (health and medical concerns)
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7
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Movements using large muscle groups and are fundamental for mobility and overall physical ability

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8
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Smaller actions using the hands and fingers, crucial for tasks like eating, dressing and drawing

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9
Q

How’s walking and running for kids aged 12 months - 15 months?

A

Most toddlers begin to walk independently

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10
Q

How’s walking and running for kids aged 18 months to 24 months?

A

Running starts to become more coordinated; toddlers can stop and start with better control

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11
Q

When do toddlers start climbing?

A

18 months - 24 months, they enjoy climbing on furniture and can navigate stairs with assistance. Some can climb up and down stairs alone with two feet on each step

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12
Q

When do toddlers start jumping?

A

24 months to 36 months, many toddlers can jump from a low step or on the ground. They start to jump forward and may begin hopping on one foot

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13
Q

How’s throwing and kicking for kids aged 18 months to 24 months?

A

Toddlers can throw balls, but with limited control over direction and power

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14
Q

How’s throwing and kicking for kids aged 24 months to 36 months?

A

They can kick balls in a forward direction and begin throwing with slightly more accuracy

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15
Q

How’s a child’s hand and finger use from 12 months to 18 months?

A

Toddlers can grasp small objects using a pincer grip (thumb and one finger)

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16
Q

How’s a child’s hand and finger use from 18 months to 24 months?

A

They begin to show preference for one hand over the other, turning pages in a book and can build towers of four or more blocks

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17
Q

How’s a child’s drawing and scribbling aged 18 months to 24 months?

A

Initial scribbles are uncontrolled; toddlers enjoy the act of marking on paper

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18
Q

How’s a child’s drawing and scribbling aged 24 months to 36 months?

A

Scribbles become more controlled; toddlers can draw simple shapes like circles and lines, and may start using crayons with better grip

19
Q

How does a toddler aged 24 months to 36 months use tools and objects?

A

Toddlers can use spoons and forks with more efficiency. They start attempting to use scissors and can perform simple puzzles (3 - 4 pieces)

20
Q

How to support and enhance motor skills development?

A
  • Structured and unstructured play
  • Safe spaces
  • Regular observation
  • Physical activities
  • Art and craft
21
Q

What is structured play?

A

Play with instructions

22
Q

What is unstructured play?

A

Free play

23
Q

How to ensure a safe space?

A
  • Choose playgrounds with wood chips or shredded rubber
  • Dress the child appropriately
  • Use the play equipment properly
  • Choose the right play equipment for child’s age and skills under adult supervision
24
Q

How is sensory and cognitive development related to physical development?

A

Improvements in physical abilities such as mobility and manipulation greatly influence their sensory perceptions and cognitive abilities

25
Q

How does sight develop in toddlers?

A
  • Toddlers’ vision continues to improve, allowing them to see long distances and detect subtle differences in shapes and colors
  • By around two years, most toddlers can recognise familiar objects and people from a distance
26
Q

How does hearing develop in toddlers?

A
  • Hearing sharpens, and toddlers begin to understand differences in tone and direction of sounds
  • This age group starts to follow verbal instructions more accurately and enjoys listening to and recognising familiar songs and stories
27
Q

How does taste and smell develop in toddlers?

A
  • Toddlers continue to develop their taste and smell, which can influence their dietary preferences and aversions
  • They often show clear preferences for certain foods and can express dislike for others
28
Q

How does touch develop in toddlers?

A
  • Enhanced touch perception helps toddlers to learn more about their environment through texture, temperature and shape
  • This is also the stage when they become more aware of bodily sensations, such as pain, cold or heat
29
Q

How do language skills develop in toddlers?

A
  • Rapid vocabulary expansion occurs; toddlers begin to form sentences and can follow more complex instructions
  • They start to use language to express needs, ask questions, and describe experiences
30
Q

How does a toddler’s problem-solving and reasoning develop?

A
  • Improved ability to solve simple problems, often through trial and error
  • They begin to understand cause and effect can predict outcomes of simple actions
31
Q

How does a toddler’s memory develop?

A

Enhanced memory skills allow toddlers to remember specific events and routines, recognise familiar faces and recall where objects belong

32
Q

How does a toddler’s social understanding develop?

A
  • Development of social cognition enables toddlers to start understanding others’ emotions and intentions
  • They engage in more complex social interactions and begin to learn social norms and behaviours
33
Q

How does physical development directly influence sensory and cognitive growth?

A
  • Motor skills and sensory feedback: Enhances exploration, stimulating sensory responses and cognitive processing. Touch and manipulation help build cognitive concepts like size, weight, and texture
  • Mobility and spatial awareness: Walking & running skills enhances their spatial awareness and cognitive understanding of various spaces and distances
  • Hand-eye coordination: Fine motor development aids in sight development, including tasks requiring coordination like stacking blocks or drawing improve visual and spatial cognition
34
Q

When does toilet training usually begin?

A

Between the ages of 18 months and 3 years

35
Q

Why is toilet training important?

A

It involves not only the physical ability to control bladder and bowel movements but also the cognitive and psychological readiness to recognise and respond to the need to use the toilet

36
Q

What are the physical signs showing readiness for toilet training?

A
  • Consistent dry periods of at least two hours, which suggest bladder control
  • Regular, predictable bowel movements
  • The ability to sit up, get up from and stay seated on the toilet
37
Q

What are the behavioural signs showing readiness for toilet training?

A
  • Expressing discomfort with dirty diapers
  • Showing interest in others’ bathroom habits, such as following parents to the bathroom
  • The desire for independence, such as wanting to perform other self-care tasks
38
Q

What are the cognitive signs showing readiness for toilet training?

A
  • Understanding and following basic instructions
  • Being able to communicate the need to go, either verbally or through gestures
  • Recognising the sensation of needing to urinate or defecate
39
Q

What are the 3 approaches to toilet training?

A
  • Child-oriented approach
  • Structured approach
  • Intensive method
40
Q

What is the child-oriented approach to toilet training?

A

Waiting until a child shows all signs of readiness. Toilet training is child-led and pressure-free, emphasising a positive and supportive environment

41
Q

What is the structured approach to toilet training?

A

A scheduled approach, where the child is encourage to sit on the toilet at regular intervals throughout the day. It may include rewards for successful toilet use

42
Q

What is the intensive method to toilet training?

A

Some programs involve condensing the training into a very short period. Like a few days, using frequent prompting and reinforcement. This can be effective but may be stressful for the child and parent

43
Q

How to teach and support toilet training?

A
  • Stay positive: Use praise and positive reinforcement to encourage the child
  • Be consistent: Keep routines to help the child feel secure and understand expectations
  • Prepare for setbacks: Remind them that setbacks are normal and part of the process

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