Toddler

Question 1

Age of Toddlers

Answer 1

1-3 years

Question 2

Biologic Growth

Answer 2

Weight: 5-6lbs/year
Height: 5in/year
Head Cir: 2.5 cm growth during 2nd year

Fontanels: closes 12-18M

Teeth:

Overall look: Potbelly, lordosis, bow-legged, waddle

*at 2 (27lbs avg) height is 50% of what t will be as an adult

Question 3

Motor Development: Gross

Answer 3

• walks without help by 15M
• Overhand throw by 18M
• Goes up stairs well by 24M
• Runs fairly well by 24M
• By 2.5Y can jump using both feet
• Begins kicking ball
• *should be able to pedal a bike by 3Y

Question 4

Motor Development: Fine

Answer 4

• Uses cup well by 15M
• Round peg in board (not square) and scribble (full hand motion) by 15M

Builds a tower of cubes

• 2 cubes by 15M
• 3-4 cubes by 18M
• 6-7 cubes by 24M
• Holds crayon with fingers by 24-30M
• Good hand-finger coordination by 30M
• Copies a circle and line by 2 years

Question 5

Motor Development: Fine 2

Answer 5

Learn to dress themselves

Holds spoon by 15M (spills)

18M uses spoon well

Question 6

Toddler 1-3 years is all about?

Answer 6

Autonomy and doing for themselves

Question 7

Sensory Development

Answer 7

Visual acuity is 20/40

• 12M: knows own name
• 2Y: follows simple directions
• 3Y: remembers and repeats 3 numbers
• 19-24M: uses short sentences
• 18M: identifies geometric forms
• 2Y: able to speak 300 words
• Combines at least 2 words together for speaking
• Object permanence fully developed by 2Y
• Ritualism: continue in hospital setting

Question 8

Stress and Coping

Answer 8

Sources of stress:

• Separation from parents, the dark
• Loud noises, certain persons or situations
• Violence, loss of security object

Signs of stress:

• Negativism, regress (back to wearing diapers), rigidity
• Lack of sociability, tantrums, self-centeredness

Question 9

Sexuality

Answer 9

• Explore body and body arts
• Masturbation and self-stimulation
• Parental reactions very important
• Learning vocabulary
• Sex role differences evident, may imitate what they see from adults

Question 10

Individuation and Separation

Answer 10

• Differentiation between self and other, especially mother
• Toddler assumes individual characteristics
• Able to be away from parents for short times
• Less fear of strangers when parents are present
• Parents need to help children when separated
• Need to help child prepare for events
• Between 2-3 years, able to do simple tasks (put away toys)

Question 11

Language development

Answer 11

Understand more than they can say

• Increasing levels of comprehension
• About 300 words by age 2
• By age 2: multiword sentences
• About 65% is understandable at age 3

**air on side of caution when speech difficulty

-read, sing, talk to child to promote language development

Question 12

Parallel play

Answer 12

Parallel play: playing alongside other but not really with them

Question 13

Play

Answer 13

• Focus on increasing control of body
• Gross motor development
• Multiple use of senses to play
• Parallel play
• Imitation play (trucks, dress-up, dishes. cleaning)
• Danger in toys

Question 14

Psychosocial Development

Answer 14

• Differentiation of self from others
• Toleration of separation from parents
• Ability to withstand delayed gratification
• Control over bodily fluids
• Acquisition of socially acceptable behavior
• Verbal means of communication
• Ability to interact with others in a less egocentric manner (its not ok to steal a toy)

Question 15

We want child to be potty trained by…

Answer 15

3 years old

Question 16

Toddlers 1-3: Erikson

Answer 16

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

• most important time to begin limit setting
• Negativism and ritualism very important

-If allowed to do things for themselves, be autonomous, and not told NO all the time they will become confident and feel good.

Question 17

Toddlers 1-3: Kohlberg

Answer 17

Preconventionalism

• Basic level
• Little concern for why something is wrong, they behave because of the boundaries of freedoms they are given
• Action is considered good or bad depending on whether the action is rewarded or punished

Question 18

Toddlers 1-3: Piaget

Answer 18

Sensiomotor (0-2 years)
-Intelligence takes the form of motor actions

5th stage: (13-18M) tertiary circular reactions (applies knowledge and experience to new situations)

• Reciprocal responses
• Toddlers are aware that things are still existing even when they cannot see them (object permanence)

Egocentrism

• sees the world from their own eyes (taking toys away)
• Difficulty sharing

Pre-operational Phase (2-7Y)

• Egocentric speech- repeating over and over
• Concerned with why and how
• Animism: table has consciousness (bad table)
• They think everyone is thinking like them

Question 19

Temperament

Answer 19

Temperament in infancy carries over to toddlerhood

However, the negativism is present in all developmentally normal toddlers

Interventions:

• Discipline depends on temperament
• Children need “warnings” and clearly communicated limits on behavior (so they know that to expect)

Question 20

Negativism

Answer 20

“Mine” and “NO” from toddler (want to feel in control)

Question 21

Potty Training

Answer 21

Physical factors

• developmental ability to control sphincters at 18-24 months
• Bladder capacity increases (at 14-18 months can retain for 2 hours)

Psychophysiological factors needed:

• Must be able to recognize the urge to go and then hold it (and be able to communicate this to someone)
• Motivation to please parents and others

Question 22

Toddler Common Concerns

Answer 22

1. Sibling rivalry
   - another baby causes issues
2. Temper tantrums
   - Do not give in
3. Negativism
   - Give them choices so they feel in control, do not give them the option of NO