To Keto or not to Keto, is the question. Part 2 Flashcards
Where do we find Carbohydrates?
In grains, fruits and vegetables
What role do Carbs play?
Cell structure, cell identity and energy storage
What are the 3 main forms of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
How do monosaccharides differ?
- Position of the carboxyl groups (at the end=aldose, in the middle=ketose)
- Number of carbon atoms (3=triose, 5=pentose, 6=hexose)
- Spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl group (Alpha/Beta)
- Linear and alternative ring forms
Name 3 structural isomers of a hexose monosaccharides?
Glucode
Galactose
Fructose
What are Dissaccharies and give 3 examples?
Two sugars linked together by a covalent glycosidic bond.
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Polymers: What is starch used for, composed of and the 2 types of it?
It is used for energy storage in plant cells.
Composed of Glucose monomers of alpha glucose.
1. Amylose = unbranched with only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
2. Amylopectin = branched with both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
Polymers: What is sugar stored as, where is it stored and structure?
Sugar is stored as glycogen.
They are stored in liver and muscle cells and can be broken into glucose monomers for energy
Highly branched alpha glucose polymer with 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
Polymer: What is cellulose and what is it’s structure?
Cellulose are a more structural polymer that are a major component of the cell wall in plants
Made of B glucose monomers joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds flipping every other glucose.
Polymer: What is Chitin and what is it’s structure?
Chitin is a structural protein found in cell walls of fungi and insect exoskeleton
Made of B glucose monomers
What are lipids?
These are diverse group of non polar hydrocarbons and therefore hydrophobic
Types of Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes Steroids, Phospholipids
Functions of lipids:
Long term energy storage
Provide insulation from environment
Serve as building blocks for hormones
Important for cellular movement
Fats:
Name
2 main components
Role
Triglycerides
1. Glycerol- 3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each other
2. Carboxyl- group attached to a long carbon skeleton
Energy Storage
What are Saturated Fatty Acids?
Hydrocarbon chains consisting of only single bonds between carbons.
Has maximum number of number of hydrogen atoms.
Packed tightly and exist as solids at room temperature.
Associated with cardiovascular
What are Unsaturated Fatty Acids?
Hydrocarbon chains that have one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chains.
Most are liquids at room temperature.
Monounsaturated fats have on double bond and polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds
What are Trans-Fats?
Cis configuration - Hydrogens on the same side of chain
Trans configurations - Hydrogens on opposite sides of the chain
Properties of Cis acids?
Have a kink in the chain
They cannot be packed tightly
Liquid at room temperature
Properties of Trans acids?
Don’t have a kink
Can be created through processing
Food with trans fats increase cholesterol
What are Essential Fatty Acids AND EXAMPLES?
Fats required by the body but are not synthesized by it (part of a diet)
Omega 3 (in salmon, trout and tuna)
Omega 6
What is a type of Omega 3 acid?
Alpha linoleic acid
True or False: Essential fatty acids are unhealthy because they are fats.
False. They are healthy fats and actually reduce the risk of heart attacks and lower blood pressure
What are the properties of Waxes and where found?
Long fatty acids chains: Esterified to long chain alcohols
Hydrophobic: Prevent water from sticking to the surface
Found on the feathers of some aquatic birds and leaves on certain plants
Describe Phospholipids?
Two hydrocarbon chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol.
2 fatty acid chains are hydrophobic and the phosphate and glycerol are hydrophilic which makes a phospholipid an amphiphilic.
