To Keto or not to Keto, is the question. Part 2 Flashcards
Where do we find Carbohydrates?
In grains, fruits and vegetables
What role do Carbs play?
Cell structure, cell identity and energy storage
What are the 3 main forms of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
How do monosaccharides differ?
- Position of the carboxyl groups (at the end=aldose, in the middle=ketose)
- Number of carbon atoms (3=triose, 5=pentose, 6=hexose)
- Spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl group (Alpha/Beta)
- Linear and alternative ring forms
Name 3 structural isomers of a hexose monosaccharides?
Glucode
Galactose
Fructose
What are Dissaccharies and give 3 examples?
Two sugars linked together by a covalent glycosidic bond.
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Polymers: What is starch used for, composed of and the 2 types of it?
It is used for energy storage in plant cells.
Composed of Glucose monomers of alpha glucose.
1. Amylose = unbranched with only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
2. Amylopectin = branched with both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
Polymers: What is sugar stored as, where is it stored and structure?
Sugar is stored as glycogen.
They are stored in liver and muscle cells and can be broken into glucose monomers for energy
Highly branched alpha glucose polymer with 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
Polymer: What is cellulose and what is it’s structure?
Cellulose are a more structural polymer that are a major component of the cell wall in plants
Made of B glucose monomers joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds flipping every other glucose.
Polymer: What is Chitin and what is it’s structure?
Chitin is a structural protein found in cell walls of fungi and insect exoskeleton
Made of B glucose monomers
What are lipids?
These are diverse group of non polar hydrocarbons and therefore hydrophobic
Types of Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes Steroids, Phospholipids
Functions of lipids:
Long term energy storage
Provide insulation from environment
Serve as building blocks for hormones
Important for cellular movement
Fats:
Name
2 main components
Role
Triglycerides
1. Glycerol- 3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each other
2. Carboxyl- group attached to a long carbon skeleton
Energy Storage
What are Saturated Fatty Acids?
Hydrocarbon chains consisting of only single bonds between carbons.
Has maximum number of number of hydrogen atoms.
Packed tightly and exist as solids at room temperature.
Associated with cardiovascular
What are Unsaturated Fatty Acids?
Hydrocarbon chains that have one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chains.
Most are liquids at room temperature.
Monounsaturated fats have on double bond and polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds
What are Trans-Fats?
Cis configuration - Hydrogens on the same side of chain
Trans configurations - Hydrogens on opposite sides of the chain
Properties of Cis acids?
Have a kink in the chain
They cannot be packed tightly
Liquid at room temperature
Properties of Trans acids?
Don’t have a kink
Can be created through processing
Food with trans fats increase cholesterol
What are Essential Fatty Acids AND EXAMPLES?
Fats required by the body but are not synthesized by it (part of a diet)
Omega 3 (in salmon, trout and tuna)
Omega 6
What is a type of Omega 3 acid?
Alpha linoleic acid
True or False: Essential fatty acids are unhealthy because they are fats.
False. They are healthy fats and actually reduce the risk of heart attacks and lower blood pressure
What are the properties of Waxes and where found?
Long fatty acids chains: Esterified to long chain alcohols
Hydrophobic: Prevent water from sticking to the surface
Found on the feathers of some aquatic birds and leaves on certain plants
Describe Phospholipids?
Two hydrocarbon chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol.
2 fatty acid chains are hydrophobic and the phosphate and glycerol are hydrophilic which makes a phospholipid an amphiphilic.
What is the role of Phospholipids?
Their primary role is to form cell membranes
They contribute to the dynamic nature of plasma membranes
What are Steroids?
Carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
What differs Steroids from one another?
The functional groups attached to carbon rings they possess.
Cholesterol is the most common steroid
What are the properties of Steroids?
Are hydrophobic
Insoluble to water
What are Proteins?
The most abundant and versatile macromolecule in life
Composed of 20 amino acids with unique side chains (R groups)
What is the Structure of Amino Acids
Composed of a central carbon atom bonded to:
H - Hydrogen atoms
NH2 - Amino functional group
COOH - Carboxyl functional group
R group - Variable side chain
How to determine a NON-IONIZED form of amino acid?
No charges and is a normal amino acid structure.
How to determine an IONIZED form of amino acid?
The amino group gains a hydrogen making a positive charge and the carboxyl group looses the H and becomes negatively charged
True or false: The R groups are all functional groups?
False. They have functional groups that can participate in chemical reactions and they have non-functional groups consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms
What 3 types of R groups are there?
Charged (acidic or basic), Uncharged polar and Uncharged non-polar
How do you determine a charged amino acid?
An acidic charge - has a negative side chain (group opposite the hydrogen of central carbon)
A basic charge - has a positive side chain (group opposite the hydrogen of central carbon)
How do you determine an uncharged amino acid?
Polar - has an oxygen atom on side chain (group opposite the hydrogen of central carbon)
Non-polar - doesn’t have any positive charges, negative charges, or oxygen groups on side chain (group opposite the hydrogen of central carbon)
Which ionized amino acids can form ionic bonds and interact with water?
Charged - Yes
Uncharged Polar - Yes
Uncharged Non-Polar - No
What is a peptide bond and what are the types of peptide bonds?
They are bonds formed between 2 amino acid’s amino group and carboxyl group
Oligopeptide - Chain of less than 50 amino acids
Polypeptide - Chain of more than 50 amino acids
What are the stages of protein structure?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartenary
What are the properties of the PRIMARY stage?
It is a unique sequence of amino acids
It is fundamental to all other stages
Amino acid R groups affects polypeptide’s properties
What are the properties of the SECONDARY stage?
The folding of the amino acids to either alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
Result from hydrogen bonding between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone
What are the properties of the TERTIARY stage?
Creates a 3D form of the polypeptide
Results of from interactions between R groups
What are the bonds made by R groups in order of strength?
- Ionic bonds
- Sulfur bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
- Hydrophobic interactions
- Van der Waals
What are the properties of the QUATERNARY stage?
Results from 2 or more polypeptides interacting to form a functional structure
Could be dimers being proteins with 2 subunits
What are the 2 types of dimers?
Homodimers - structure consists of 2 identical subunits
Heterodimers - structure consists of 2 different subunits
