How do Salmon navigate both worlds? Part 2 Flashcards
What is energy?
The capacity to do work
(in biological systems: the capacity for change)
What are enzymes?
A catalytic protein that speed up a reaction without being consumed by it.
They work to help cells acquire and use energy by lowering activation energy
What is activation energy?
The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
What is the link between enzymes, activation energy and free energy?
It does not affect the change in free energy, but it hastens reactions that would occur eventually
How do enzymes lower activation energy?
They lower it by:
Orienting substrates correctly (putting substrates in correct orientation so they react with each other)
Straining substrate bonds (More strain=easier to break)
Providing. a favorable chemical microenvironment (Changing pH, making sure reactants and irons are close)
Covalently bonding to the substrate
What is the enzyme hallmark?
An enzyme always returns to its original state by the completion of the reaction and can therefore be used again.
What do enzymes work with?
Cofactors
Coenzymes
Prosthetic Groups
What are Cofactors?
Inorganic ions that reversibly interact with enzymes; can dissociate and are usually metals.
Zinc, Magnesium, Iron
What are Coenzymes?
Organic molecules that interact, where some are reversible and some are not.
NADH or FADH
What are Prosthetic Groups?
Non amino acid atoms or molecules permanently attached to proteins; do not associate
What conditions affect enzyme activity?
Temperature
pH
Modifications of primary structure
Interactions with other molecules
(Enzymes are super picky)
What are regulatory molecules?
They regulate cells enzymatic activity by:
- Changing enzyme structure
- Ability to bind to substrates and reactions
- May activate or inactivate the enzymes
What is the specific type of activity curve of an enzyme called?
Saturation Kinetics
What is saturation point?
The point where every enzyme is bound and working so you can no longer speed up the reaction
What is a competitive inhibitor?
A regulatory molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate.
