To Keto or not to Keto, is the question. Part 1 Flashcards
What is Energy?
Energy is the ability to do work. There is no life without it.
Fill in the blank: In systems, energy is the capacity for change
Biological
What are the 2 types of energy?
Kinetic and Potential
What is Kinetic energy?
It is energy in motion.
What does Kinetic Energy produce?
Thermal energy; which is associated with random movement of atoms or molecules.
What is Potential energy?
Stored energy that matter possesses because of its position relative to others or structures.
What is a type of potential energy?
Chemical energy; stored in chemical bonds
Where do we see HIGH potential energy in chemical reactions?
Shared electrons are far from atom’s nuclei: Bonds are long and weak
Where do we see LOW potential energy in chemical reactions? QUESTION
Electrons are shifted closer to one or both nuclei: Bonds become shorter and stronger
What is Entropy?
The measure of randomness or disorder within a system
What letter symbolizes Entropy?
‘S’
What is disorder?
Number of states (configurations) a system can take
What is HIGH Entropy?
High disorder and low energy
What is LOW Entropy?
Low disorder and high energy
True or False: Living things aren’t ordered and don’t require constant energy
False; Living things are highly ordered and require constant energy
What is Enthalpy?
Total energy in a system
What letter symbolizes Enthalpy?
‘H’
What does Enthalpy include?
Includes potential energy in bonds of molecules and effect of molecules kinetic energy on surrounding pressure
What is Enthalpy a measure of?
Enthalpy is a measure of the amount of energy taken in or released of a system during a chemical reaction as bonds are broken and new bonds form.
What happens during an Endothermic Enthalpy Reaction?
Heat energy is taken up (used). Reactants have lower enthalpy than the products that have higher enthalpy. Change in H is positive.
What happens during an Exothermic Enthalpy Reaction?
Heat is released. Products have a lower enthalpy than the reactants that have a higher enthalpy. Change in H is negative
What are changes in H primarily based on?
Potential Energy
What is Gibbs Free Energy?
It determines whether reactions are spontaneous or requires added energy to proceed
What letter symbolizes Gibbs Free Energy?
‘G’
What is the equation for Gibbs Free Energy?
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
What does ΔG>0 mean?
A chemical reaction requires an input of energy (Positive correlation on graph)
What does Endergonic mean?
Products of these reactions will have more free energy than reactants
What does ΔG<0 mean?
A chemical reaction releases energy (Negative correlation on graph)
What does Exergonic mean?
Reactants of these reactions will have more free energy than products
What are spontaneous reactions?
Exergonic reactions are spontaneous because they do not need any added energy. Though spontaneous doesn’t mean that it happens quickly
Why doesn’t glucose spontaneously combust as it doesn’t need added energy when oxidation occurs?
Due to activation energy
What is Activation Energy?
The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
What is the Transition State?
It is the unstable state where reactions happen very quickly, that activation energy causes reactants to become contorted and unstable and allows the bonds to be broken or made
What is the main source fro activation energy?
Heat energy; as it helps reactants reach transition state
What 3 directions can chemical reactions result in?
- Lower Potential Energy
- ncreased entropy
- Or both
What are Thermodynamics?
The study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter
What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is conserved. “The same energy on Earth 200 million years ago is the same energy today.”
What does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state?
During every energy transfer some energy is unusable and is dissipated as heat
