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BIO 101 > How can a bear sleep for 6 months? Part 1 > Flashcards

How can a bear sleep for 6 months? Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens when glucose is burnt to CO2?

A

Energy is released as heat and light

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2
Q

What is the formula for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O2 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + light and heat

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3
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Reactions that may include the loss of electrons (oxidizing) or gaining electrons (reducing)

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4
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration?

A

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from glucose

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5
Q

What are the 4 processes of Aerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate Processing
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation

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6
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

A 6 carbon glucose is broken down into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

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7
Q

What goes into Glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C)
2 ATP
2 NAD
2 ADP

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8
Q

What comes out of Glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate (3C each)
2 ATP
2 NADH + H
4 ATP

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9
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Occurs in the cytosol

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10
Q

What happens during Glycolysis?

A
  1. Glycolysis starts by using 2 ATP in energy investment phase
  2. During the energy payoff phase, NADH is made and ATP is produced
  3. The net yield is 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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11
Q

How much energy is released as ATP is broken down?

A

The phosphates release 30.5 kg/mol
The last phosphate releases 46.5 kg/mol

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12
Q

How is Glycolysis regulated?

A

Regulated by feedback inhibition by Phosphofructokinase which has 2 binding sites for ATP

When ATP is high: ATP binds to a regulatory site and inhibits PFK from catalyzing rate if ATP production

When ATP is low: ATP binds to the active site and decreases the inhibition of PFK and catalyzes rate of ATP production

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13
Q

What is Processing Pyruvate?

A

Each pyruvate from glycolysis is oxidized to form Acetyl CoA

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14
Q

What goes into Pyruvate Processing?

A

2 Pyruvate
2 NAD+
2 CoA

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15
Q

What comes out of Pyruvate Processing?

A

2 CO2 (1C)
2 NADH + H
2 Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

Where does Pyruvate Processing occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

What happens during Pyruvate Processing?

A
  1. One of its carbons is oxidized to CO2 and NADH is produced
  2. The remaining 2 carbon unit is attached to Coenzyme A, producing acetyl CoA.
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18
Q

How is Pyruvate Processing regulated?

A

Regulated by feedback inhibition by pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is shut down when it is phosphorylated
The rate of phosphorylation increases when levels of NADH, acetyl CoA and ATP are high

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19
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

A

Each acetyl CoA from Pyruvate Processing is oxidized to CO2

20
Q

What goes into the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA
6 NAD+
2 FAD
2 ADP + Pi

21
Q

What comes out of the Krebs Cycle?

A

4 CO2
6 NADH + H
2 FADH2
2 ATP

22
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

Eukaryotes: In the mitochondrial matrix
Prokaryotes: In the cytosol

23
Q

What happens during the Krebs Cycle?

A

Reduces 3 NAD to NADH
Reduces 1 FAD to FADH
Phosphorylates ADP (or GDP) to form ATP (or GTP)

24
Q

How is the Krebs Cycle regulated?

A

Regulated by feedback inhibition at multiple points

Reaction rates are high when ATP and NADH are scarce
Rates are low when ATP and NADH are abundant

25
Q

What is produced for each glucose molecule at this point?

A

6 CO2
10 NADH
2 FADH
4 ATP

26
Q

Where do the electron carriers go?

A

Transformed to the Electron Transport Chain?

27
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Electrons move through a transport chain and their energy is used to set up a proton gradient, which is used to make ATP

28
Q

What goes into the Electron Transport Chain?

A

6 NADH + H
2 FADH2

29
Q

What comes out of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

2 H2O
NAD
FAD

30
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

Eukaryotes: In the inner membrane of mitochondria
Prokaryotes: The plasma membrane

31
Q

What happens during Electron Transport Chain?

A

The ETC is organized into 4 protein complexes (i-iv), with different ability to accept electrons, called their redox potential

As electrons move from one molecule to another, they are held more tightly, a small amount of energy is released in each reaction and each successive bond holds less potential energy

At the end, low energy electrons are passed to oxygen with H protons and form water.

32
Q

What is Chemiosmosis / Oxidative Phsphorylation?

A

Chemiosmosis: The energy from the redox reactions is sued to pump protons from the matrix into the inter-membrane space establishing a proton gradient

Oxidative Phosphorylation: The proton gradient allows the chain to make ATP with ATP Synthesis

33
Q

What is the ATP yield from Cellular Respiration?

A

About 29 ATP is produced from each glucose molecule

Most of it is made from Oxidative Phosphorylation

34
Q

What happens when there is no Electron acceptor?

A

The electrons have no place to go so the ETC stops

NADH will build up if there is no NAD available thus stopping glycolysis, pyruvate processing and Krebs cycle causing a life threatening situation

35
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

The respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen

36
Q

What is fermentation?

A

A metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD from NADH and serves as an emergency backup

37
Q

True or False: Glycolysis still occurs during anaerobic respiration

A

True

38
Q

How does Glycolysis happen during fermentation?

A

By substrate level phosphorylation

39
Q

What is the Lactic Acid Pathway?

A

When our muscle cells cannot get enough oxygen. Is temporary until we get oxygen again

Pyruvate produced by glycolysis accepts electrons from NADH producing Lactate and NAD

40
Q

What is the Alcohol Fermentation Pathway?

A

What yeast cells perform

Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2. The acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH and ethanol (a by-product) and NAD are produced

41
Q

How much ATP does fermentation produce compared to aerobic respiration?

A

It is less efficient and yields about 2 ATP whilst aerobic yields 29

42
Q

What is the name of organisms that can switch between fermentation and aerobic respiration?

A

Facultative anaerobes (bacteria)

43
Q

What other pathways does cellular respiration interact with?

A

Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways

44
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Involve the breakdown of molecules

Often harvest stored chemical energy to produce ATP (Digestion)

45
Q

What are anabolic pathways?

A

Result in the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components

Often use energy in the form of ATP (DNA synthesis)

46
Q

What can substitute for substrates in cellular respiration?

A

First carbs are used
then fats
then proteins

BIO 101 (9 decks)

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