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TN Metabolic Integration Flashcards

1
Q

RLE for catecholamine synthesis

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

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2
Q

Co enzyme needed for dopa de-carboxylase

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

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3
Q

End product of enzyme dopamine b oxidase

A

NorEpi

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4
Q

End product of enzyme PNMT

A

Epi

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5
Q

Formula for BMI

A

kg/m^2

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6
Q

Predominant hormone in WELL FED state

A

Insulin

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7
Q

What hormones maintain blood glucose levels during Starvation

A

Glucagon
Epi
Cortisol
GH

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8
Q

First 24h of starvation, what is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels

A

Glycogen-o-lysis

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9
Q

After 24h of starvation, what process is mainly responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels

A

Gluco-neo-genesis

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10
Q

Substrates most commonly used for gluco-neo-genesis

A

Amino Acids

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11
Q

The only ketogenic amino acids

A

Lysine

Leucine

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12
Q

Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids

A

1) Phenylalanine,
2) Iso-leucine
3) Tyrosine
4) Tryptophan
5) Threonine

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13
Q

Major fuel of the body

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Fuel used by the heart, brain and muscle during prolonged starvation

A

Ketone bodies

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15
Q

2 predominant ketone bodies

A

Aceto-acetate

B-hydroxy-butyrate

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16
Q

Ketone detected predominantly in urine tests

A

Aceto-acetate

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17
Q

Organ responsible for ketogenesis

A

Liver

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18
Q

Immediate precursor of ketones

A

Acetyl CoA

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19
Q

The liver is able to make ketone bodies but cannot utilize them due to absence of this enzyme

A

Beta Keto Acyl CoA Transferase (or Thiophorase)

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20
Q

Muscle is unable to provide free glucose from glycogenolysis d/t lack of this enzyme

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase

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21
Q

Considered the major fuel reserve of the body

A

Adipose tissue

Triglycerides

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22
Q

Predominant hormone active during glycolysis

A

Insulin

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23
Q

Storage form of lipids in the body

A

Triglycerides

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24
Q

Which entities require constant glucose supply to function

A

CNS

RBCs

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25
What are the glucose transporters in the Brain and RBC
``` GLUT 1 GLUT 3 (main for brain) ```
26
Glucose transporters for insulin-dependent tissues
GLUT 4 | Muscle, Adipose, Pancreas
27
Insulin-dependent tissues
Muscle Adipose Pancreas
28
Major metabolic intermediate that can NEVER be used for gluco-neo-genesis
Acetyl CoA
29
Enzyme found in the liver that phosphorylates glucose for glycogen systhesis with high Km
Gluco-kinase
30
What is the net effect of insulin on the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism
Glycogen Phosphorylase is inhibited Glycogen synthase is stimulated
31
Coenzyme needed by glycogen phosphorylase
Pyridoxal Phosphate
32
What is the net effect of insulin on the key enzymes of FA metabolism
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase is STIMULATED Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 is INHIBITED
33
Overall effect of insulin on protein synthesis
INCREASE
34
Metabolic pathway in which lactate from ANAEROBIC metabolism in the muscle is converted to glucose in the liver and transported back to the muscle to be converted back into lactate
Cori Cycle
35
Metabolic pathway where muscles degrade amino acids for energy needs, the resulting nitrogen is trans-aminated to pyruvate to form ALANINE which is shuttled to the liver where the nitrogen enters the urea cycle and the pyruvate is used to make glucose and shunted back to muscle
Glucose Alanine Cycle
36
During prolonged fasting or starvation ketone bodies are utilized by the ff organs as a source of energy
Brain Sk muscle Heart
37
2 major organs responsible for gluco-neo-genesis
Liver | Kidneys
38
Main metabolic fuel source for the heart
Fatty acids
39
Example of a drug used for myocardial ischemia which switches cardiac metabolism to glucose by inhibiting FA oxidation
Trimetazidine
40
Usually the last source of fuel during a prolonged starvation phase
Protein/Amino acids
41
State of ketoacidosis accompanied by high glucose levels
DKA
42
State of ketoacidosis with HYPOglycemia
Alcoholism Prolonged starvation Pregnancy/Lactation
43
Which metabolic fuel provides carbon skeletons for triglyceride synthesis and non-essential amino acid synthesis
Glucose
44
Cellular organelle responsible for triglyceride synthesis and drug metabolism
Endoplasmic reticulum
45
Critical intermediate necessary to maintain TCA cycle activity usually depleted in prolonged starvation and alcohol intake
Oxalo-acetate
46
Net effect of starvation on adipose tissue enzymes
Inactivation of Lipo-protein lipase + Activation of Hormone sensitive lipase --> Net release of Free FA
47
Prodominant hormone that has actions that are counter regulatory to insulin
Glucagon
48
Effect of insulin on B oxidation
DECREASES B oxidation
49
Effect of glucagon on glycolysis
Decrease Glycolysis
50
Net effect of insulin on glycolysis
INC Glycolysis
51
Effect of Epi/Catecholamine of the FF major metabolic pathway: Glycolysis
INC muscle glycolysis (fight/flight) DEC liver glycolysis to provide glucose to brain and muscle
52
Effect of Epi/Catecholamine of the FF major metabolic pathway: Gluco-neo-genesis and glyco-genolysis
INC production of Free glucose
53
Effect of Epi/Catecholamine of the FF major metabolic pathway: Fat Metabolism
INC Beta oxidation of fats for energy INC acetyl CoA
54
Priority goals during starvation
Supply glucose to brain and RBCs Conserve protein
55
After 3 days of starvation, brain derives majority of energy from
Ketones
56
The only components of fats that may be utilized for gluco-neo-genesis
Glycerol from triglycerides Propionyl CoA from Odd Chain FA metabolism
57
Energy Yield: | Net amount of ATP produced with anerobic glycolysis of 1 mol of glucose
2 ATP
58
Energy Yield: | Products produced with 1 Acetyl-Coa in TCA cycle
3 NADH 1 FADH2 2 CO2 1 GTP
59
Energy Yield: | Net yield of complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule via malate aspartate shuttle
32 (38)
60
Energy Yield: | Net yield of complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule via GLYCERO-PHOSPHATE shuttle
30 (36)
61
Energy Yield: | Net yield of complete oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitic acid
106 (129)
62
Energy Yield: | ATP produced by 1 NADH in the ETC
2.5 (3)
63
Energy Yield: | ATP produced by 1 FADH2 in the ETC
1.5 (2)

TN Biochemistry (9 decks)

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