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TN Biochemistry > TN Metabolic Integration > Flashcards

TN Metabolic Integration Flashcards

1
Q

RLE for catecholamine synthesis

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

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2
Q

Co enzyme needed for dopa de-carboxylase

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

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3
Q

End product of enzyme dopamine b oxidase

A

NorEpi

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4
Q

End product of enzyme PNMT

A

Epi

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5
Q

Formula for BMI

A

kg/m^2

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6
Q

Predominant hormone in WELL FED state

A

Insulin

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7
Q

What hormones maintain blood glucose levels during Starvation

A

Glucagon
Epi
Cortisol
GH

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8
Q

First 24h of starvation, what is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels

A

Glycogen-o-lysis

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9
Q

After 24h of starvation, what process is mainly responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels

A

Gluco-neo-genesis

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10
Q

Substrates most commonly used for gluco-neo-genesis

A

Amino Acids

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11
Q

The only ketogenic amino acids

A

Lysine

Leucine

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12
Q

Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids

A

1) Phenylalanine,
2) Iso-leucine
3) Tyrosine
4) Tryptophan
5) Threonine

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13
Q

Major fuel of the body

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Fuel used by the heart, brain and muscle during prolonged starvation

A

Ketone bodies

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15
Q

2 predominant ketone bodies

A

Aceto-acetate

B-hydroxy-butyrate

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16
Q

Ketone detected predominantly in urine tests

A

Aceto-acetate

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17
Q

Organ responsible for ketogenesis

A

Liver

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18
Q

Immediate precursor of ketones

A

Acetyl CoA

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19
Q

The liver is able to make ketone bodies but cannot utilize them due to absence of this enzyme

A

Beta Keto Acyl CoA Transferase (or Thiophorase)

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20
Q

Muscle is unable to provide free glucose from glycogenolysis d/t lack of this enzyme

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase

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21
Q

Considered the major fuel reserve of the body

A

Adipose tissue

Triglycerides

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22
Q

Predominant hormone active during glycolysis

A

Insulin

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23
Q

Storage form of lipids in the body

A

Triglycerides

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24
Q

Which entities require constant glucose supply to function

A

CNS

RBCs

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25
Q

What are the glucose transporters in the Brain and RBC

A 
GLUT 1 
GLUT 3 (main for brain)
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26
Q

Glucose transporters for insulin-dependent tissues

A

GLUT 4

Muscle, Adipose, Pancreas

27
Q

Insulin-dependent tissues

A

Muscle
Adipose
Pancreas

28
Q

Major metabolic intermediate that can NEVER be used for gluco-neo-genesis

A

Acetyl CoA

29
Q

Enzyme found in the liver that phosphorylates glucose for glycogen systhesis with high Km

A

Gluco-kinase

30
Q

What is the net effect of insulin on the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase is inhibited

Glycogen synthase is stimulated

31
Q

Coenzyme needed by glycogen phosphorylase

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

32
Q

What is the net effect of insulin on the key enzymes of FA metabolism

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase is STIMULATED

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 is INHIBITED

33
Q

Overall effect of insulin on protein synthesis

A

INCREASE

34
Q

Metabolic pathway in which lactate from ANAEROBIC metabolism in the muscle is converted to glucose in the liver and transported back to the muscle to be converted back into lactate

A

Cori Cycle

35
Q

Metabolic pathway where muscles degrade amino acids for energy needs, the resulting nitrogen is trans-aminated to pyruvate to form ALANINE which is shuttled to the liver where the nitrogen enters the urea cycle and the pyruvate is used to make glucose and shunted back to muscle

A

Glucose Alanine Cycle

36
Q

During prolonged fasting or starvation ketone bodies are utilized by the ff organs as a source of energy

A

Brain
Sk muscle
Heart

37
Q

2 major organs responsible for gluco-neo-genesis

A

Liver

Kidneys

38
Q

Main metabolic fuel source for the heart

A

Fatty acids

39
Q

Example of a drug used for myocardial ischemia which switches cardiac metabolism to glucose by inhibiting FA oxidation

A

Trimetazidine

40
Q

Usually the last source of fuel during a prolonged starvation phase

A

Protein/Amino acids

41
Q

State of ketoacidosis accompanied by high glucose levels

A

DKA

42
Q

State of ketoacidosis with HYPOglycemia

A

Alcoholism
Prolonged starvation
Pregnancy/Lactation

43
Q

Which metabolic fuel provides carbon skeletons for triglyceride synthesis and non-essential amino acid synthesis

A

Glucose

44
Q

Cellular organelle responsible for triglyceride synthesis and drug metabolism

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

Critical intermediate necessary to maintain TCA cycle activity usually depleted in prolonged starvation and alcohol intake

A

Oxalo-acetate

46
Q

Net effect of starvation on adipose tissue enzymes

A

Inactivation of Lipo-protein lipase
+ Activation of Hormone sensitive lipase
–> Net release of Free FA

47
Q

Prodominant hormone that has actions that are counter regulatory to insulin

A

Glucagon

48
Q

Effect of insulin on B oxidation

A

DECREASES B oxidation

49
Q

Effect of glucagon on glycolysis

A

Decrease Glycolysis

50
Q

Net effect of insulin on glycolysis

A

INC Glycolysis

51
Q

Effect of Epi/Catecholamine of the FF major metabolic pathway: Glycolysis

A

INC muscle glycolysis (fight/flight)

DEC liver glycolysis to provide glucose to brain and muscle

52
Q

Effect of Epi/Catecholamine of the FF major metabolic pathway: Gluco-neo-genesis and glyco-genolysis

A

INC production of Free glucose

53
Q

Effect of Epi/Catecholamine of the FF major metabolic pathway: Fat Metabolism

A

INC Beta oxidation of fats for energy

INC acetyl CoA

54
Q

Priority goals during starvation

A

Supply glucose to brain and RBCs

Conserve protein

55
Q

After 3 days of starvation, brain derives majority of energy from

A

Ketones

56
Q

The only components of fats that may be utilized for gluco-neo-genesis

A

Glycerol from triglycerides

Propionyl CoA from Odd Chain FA metabolism

57
Q

Energy Yield:

Net amount of ATP produced with anerobic glycolysis of 1 mol of glucose

A

2 ATP

58
Q

Energy Yield:

Products produced with 1 Acetyl-Coa in TCA cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 GTP

59
Q

Energy Yield:

Net yield of complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule via malate aspartate shuttle

A

32 (38)

60
Q

Energy Yield:

Net yield of complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule via GLYCERO-PHOSPHATE shuttle

A

30 (36)

61
Q

Energy Yield:

Net yield of complete oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitic acid

A

106 (129)

62
Q

Energy Yield:

ATP produced by 1 NADH in the ETC

A

2.5 (3)

63
Q

Energy Yield:

ATP produced by 1 FADH2 in the ETC

A

1.5 (2)

TN Biochemistry (9 decks)

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