Metabolic Concepts

Question 1

End product of aerobic glycolysis

Answer 1

Pyruvate

Question 2

End product of anerobic glycolysis

Answer 2

Lactic acid

Question 3

Precursor for FA and cholesterol

Answer 3

Acetyl CoA

Question 4

Parent compound of steroid hormones

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

Provide carbon skeletons for AA synthesis

Answer 5

Pyruvate and TCA intermediates

Question 6

Source of reducing equivalents like NADPH

Answer 6

Pentose phosphate Pathway

Question 7

Source of ribose for DNA synthesis

Answer 7

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 8

Majority of AA metabolism involves this reaction/process

Answer 8

Trans-Amination

Question 9

Co enzyme needed for trans-amination

Answer 9

Pyridoxal phosphate

Question 10

LARGEST lipo-protein

Answer 10

Chylomicron

Question 11

Major difference between triclycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL

Answer 11

VLDL typically contains endogenously secreted triglycerides

Question 12

Biochemical pathways that occur both in the cytosol and mitochondria

Answer 12

Heme synthesis,
Urea Cycle
Gluconeogenesis

Question 13

Biochemical pathways that occur in the mitochondria

Answer 13

FA Oxidation (B oxidation)
Acetyl CoA production
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 14

Major biochemical pathways that occur strictly in the CYTOPLASM

Answer 14

FA Synthesis 
Glycolysis 
Pentose phosphate pathway
Cholesterol synthesis 
Steroid synthesis (SER)
Protein synthesis (RER)

Question 15

The only 2 mechanisms how fats in the diet can be converted to glucose

FAT —?—> Glucose

Answer 15

Odd chain fatty acid via Propionyl CoA

Glyerol from Triglycerid breakdown

Question 16

Primary substrate/metabolic intermediate for gluco-neo-genesis

Answer 16

Oxalo-Acetate

Question 17

ONLY pathways available in RBCs

Answer 17

Anaerobic glycolysis

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 18

Term used to describe metabolic pathways that act as link between anabolic and catabolic pathways

Answer 18

Amphibolic-TCA cycle

Question 19

Equation used to compute for the concentration of weak acid and its conjugate base

Answer 19

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation

pH = pKa + log [unprotonated/protonated]

Question 20

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Answer 20

7 dehydro-cholesterol reductase deficiency

Question 21

Enzyme responsible for phosphorylating glucose in the liver and pancreatic Beta cells
High km, high vmax
Induced by insulin,
NOT inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate feedback

Answer 21

Gluco-kinase

Question 22

Enzyme from Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, or BOTH:

Pyruvate kinase

Answer 22

Glycolysis

Question 23

Enzyme from Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, or BOTH:

Phospho-fructo-kinase 1

Answer 23

Glycolysis

Question 24

Enzyme from Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, or BOTH:

Phospho-fructo-kinase 2

Answer 24

Glycolysis

Question 25

Enzyme from Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, or BOTH: | Hexokinase

Answer 25

Glycolysis

Question 26

Enzyme from Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, or BOTH: | Phospho-glycerate kinase

Answer 26

BOTH Glycolysis Gluco-neo-genesis

Question 27

Enzyme from Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, or BOTH: | Fructose 1 6 bis-phosphatase

Answer 27

Gluco neo genesis

Question 28

Enzyme from Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, or BOTH: | Glucose 6 phosphatase

Answer 28

Gluco neo genesis

Question 29

Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy-kinase

Answer 29

Gluco neo genesis

Question 30

RLE of TCA cycle

Answer 30

Iso-citrate dehydrogenase

Question 31

RLE of de novo PYRIMADINE synthesis

Answer 31

CPS-2 | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase 2

Question 32

RLE of urea cycle

Answer 32

CPS 1 | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase 1

Question 33

Positive allosteric regulator of Urea cycle and its RLE

Answer 33

N Acetyl Glutamate

Question 34

RLE of de novo PURINE synthesis

Answer 34

Glutamin PRPP Amido-transferase

Question 35

RLE of ketogenesis

Answer 35

HMG CoA synthase

Question 36

Predominant type of estrogen and source menopausally

Answer 36

Adipose tisse estr-ONE

Question 37

Most important pathway for cholesterol excretion

Answer 37

Excretion through the bile

Question 38

``` Which is NOT a mono-saccharide Glycerol Glucose Galactose Fructose ```

Answer 38

Glycerol

Question 39

``` Which is NOT a disaccharide Lactose Sucrose Maltose Amylose ```

Answer 39

Amylose

Question 40

Backbone of sphingomyelin

Answer 40

Ceramide

Question 41

Name the essential amino acids (9)

Answer 41

Histidine, Methionine, Iso-leucine, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine.

Question 42

Apo-lipo-protein that mediates remnant re-uptake

Answer 42

APO-E

Question 43

Apo-lipo-protein that activates lipo-protein lipase

Answer 43

APO-C2

Question 44

Apo-lipo-protein that binds to the LDL receptor

Answer 44

APO-B100

Question 45

Name secondary protein structures

Answer 45

``` Sheets Helices Bends Turns Loops ```

Question 46

Proteins that assist other proteins in the proper folding into their secondary structures and prevents aggregation

Answer 46

Chaperone proteins

Question 47

Neurological dse resulting from - mis-folding and accumulation of protein B amyloid and - reduction in acetyl-choline activity in the brain

Answer 47

Alzheimer's Dse

Question 48

Syndrome characterized by kinky hair and growth retardation. Reflects a deficiency of the copper which is required by lysyl oxidase, which catalyzes formation of the covalent cross links that strength collagen fibers

Answer 48

Menke's syndrome

Question 49

What are the hematologic adaptations to high altitude

Answer 49

Increase: - RBCs - Hemoglobin - 2,3 BPG

Question 50

Metabolic pathway involved in the synthesis of 2,3- BPG

Answer 50

Luebering Rapoport Shunt

Question 51

LDH-1 and LDH-5 are enzymes used as biomarkers in the

Answer 51

Heart (LDH 1) | Liver (LDH 5)

Question 52

Cariac biomarker for MI that appears - Within 4-6h of MI - 24h Peak - 48-72 back to Baseline

Answer 52

CK MB

Question 53

Newborns with Hyaline membrane disease are deficient in

Answer 53

Di-Palmitoyl Phospha-tidyl-choline

Question 54

21st AA present in the active site of glutathione peroxidase and deiodinase and other enzymes

Answer 54

Seleno-Cysteine

Question 55

Porphobilinogen de-aminase deficiency | + associated with predominant skin manifestations

Answer 55

Acute intermittent porphyria

Question 56

MC subtype of porphyria and cause by deficiency of uro-por-phrynogen decarboxylase

Answer 56

Porphyria cutanea tarda

Question 57

Anti-oxidant vitamins

Answer 57

Vit A Vit C Vit E

Question 58

Alcoholic man with blurring of vision, muscle weakness, incoordination, altered sensorium, dementia should be given what vitamin

Answer 58

Thiamine

Question 59

What does digestion of starch stop in the stomach

Answer 59

Acid pH deactivates salivary amylase

Question 60

MOA of tetano-spasmin

Answer 60

Cleaves synapto-brevin --> preventing GABA release