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Gateway > TLC - L4 - Extracellular matrix > Flashcards

TLC - L4 - Extracellular matrix Flashcards

1
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Microscopic spaces between cells.

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2
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Extracellular environment.

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3
Q

What is the Basal Lamina?

A

Noncellular layer of ground substance lying just under epithelial surfaces.

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4
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A
  • Determines properties of connective tissues.
  • Provides ‘scaffold’ for tissue integrity.
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5
Q

What’s the difference between connective tissue and extracellular matrix?

A

Connective tissue contains extracellular matrix + cells.

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6
Q

How does the extracellular matrix influence cells?

A

By influencing:

  • Shape.
  • Migration.
  • Proliferation.
  • Function.
  • Behaviour.
  • pattern of development.
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7
Q

How do cells influence the extra cellular matrix?

A

By influencing:

  • Type of ECM produced.
  • ECM turnover.
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8
Q

What kind of relationship exists between cell and matrix?

A

Dynamic reciprocity.

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9
Q

What controls extra cellular matrix organisation?

A

Cytoskeletal orientation.

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10
Q

Is it possible for cells to both synthesize and degrade their own matrix?

A

Yes.

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11
Q

What are the 2 main components of extra cellular matrix?

A
  • Glysosaminoglycans (GAGs).
  • Fibrous proteins.
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12
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Type of proteoglycan - Polysacharides covalently linked to protein.

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13
Q

What are the main roles of fibrous proteins?

A
  • Structural.
  • Adhesive.
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14
Q

Name 3 features of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A
  • Un-branched.
  • Composed of repeated disaccharides.
  • Hydrophilic (negativeely charged).
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15
Q

What’s the function of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A
  • Produces turger.
  • Resist compression forces.
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16
Q

What 2 alternating molecules make up the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A
  • Uronic acid.
  • Amino sugar.
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17
Q

What’s the most simple form of glycosaminoglycan?

A

Hyaluronan.

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18
Q

In what tissues is hyaluronan present?

A

In all tissues at different concentrations.

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19
Q

What feature decides hyaluronans function?

A

Molecular weight.

20
Q

What are 3 functions of hyaluronan?

A
  • Space filler.
  • Facilitates cell shape-changes.
  • Lubricant.
21
Q

What are the 2 components of a proteoglycans?

A
  • Protein core.
  • Glycosaminoglycan side chains.
22
Q

What kind of linkage exists between hyaluronan and proteglycans?

A

Ionic Linkage.

23
Q

What enzyme was injected to degrade the protein core in the proteoglycans in rabbit ears?

A

Papain.

24
Q

What is the most abundant animal protein?

A

Collagens.

25
Q

Why do collagens have high tensile strength?

A
  • Long, inflexible triple helix.
  • Covalent cross-linked.
26
Q

How many different alpha-chains exist?

A

25

27
Q

What are collagen fibres core function?

A

Resist tension.

28
Q

What do fibril-associated molecules that are attached to collagen fibrils do?

A

Maintains random organisation of fibres.

29
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

A very adhesive glycoprotein used to pann for stem cells.

30
Q

What roles does fibronectin play?

A
  • Adhesion.
  • Migration.
  • Growth.
  • Differentiation.
31
Q

What kind of molecules regulate the activity of signalling molecules?

A

Proteoglycans.

32
Q

How do proteoglycans regulate the activity of signalling molecules?

A

Binding proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors

33
Q

What does syndecan do?

A

Increases cell proliferetion.

34
Q

What is syndecan?

A

Family of proteoglycans.

35
Q

What synthesizes the basal lamina?

A

Cells for which it forms a base.

36
Q

What’s the function of the basal lamina?

A
  • Seperates different cell layers.
  • ‘Scaffold’ for cell differentiation.
  • Molecular filter.
37
Q

What are the 2 main functions of cell junctions?

A
  • Act as a barrier to water, solutes and cells.
  • Create an integrated view of environment.
38
Q

What are the 3 classes of cell junction?

A
  • Tight junction.
  • Anchoring junction.
  • Gap junction.
39
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

Seal cells into a sheet and prevent leakage of molecules across sheet.

40
Q

What do anchoring junctions do?

A

Mechanically attach cells to their neighbours or to their extra cellular matrix.

41
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

Allow chemical and electrical signals (ions) to pass between communicating cells.

42
Q

Can tight junctions regulate their permeability?

A

Yes.

43
Q

What are the 2 classes of anchoring junctions?

A
  • Actin-dependant.
  • Intermediate filament-dependant.
44
Q

What is a connexon structure?

A

Controlled gap junction.

45
Q

How many connexin sub-units does a connexon structure contain?

A

6

46
Q

Why do electrically excitable cells have gap junctions?

A
  • Synchronise cell populations.
  • Spread electrical signals rapidly.
47
Q

Why do non-excitable cells have gap junctions?

A
  • Propagate responses (cAMP flow).
  • Supply positional information.
  • Coordinate development.

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