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Cell Bio for Engineers > Tissues, Stem Cells, & Cancer > Flashcards

Tissues, Stem Cells, & Cancer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Multicellular organisms are built from organized collections of cells. (T or F)

A

True

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2
Q

Cells are organized into what?

A

tissues

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3
Q

Extracellular matrix is abundant in bone and other connective tissue. (T or F)

A

True

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4
Q

How are collagen fibrils organized in skin and other tissues?

A

bundles

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5
Q

Procollagen precursors are sliced to do what?

A

to form mature collagen outside the cell

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6
Q

What kind of pattern are collagen fibrils in the skin arranged into?

A

a plywood-like pattern (kind of striped)

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7
Q

What can cause skin to be hyper-extensible?

A

genetic defects resulting in incorrect collagen assembly

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8
Q

What two proteins help attach a cell to the extracellular matrix?

A

fibronectin and integrin proteins

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9
Q

What do fibronectin and integrin proteins bind to?

A

Fibronectin proteins bind to collagen fibril, and integrin proteins bind to the fibronectin to tether it to the cytoskeleton.

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10
Q

When is an integrin protein activated?

A

when is binds to molecules outside of the cell

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11
Q

Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans can form what?

A

large extracellular aggregates

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12
Q

List the 5 ways cells can be packed together to form epithelial tissues

A
  1. Simple - “buildings”
  2. Stratified - “brick wall”
  3. Columnar - “skinny towers”
  4. Cuboidal - “small cubes”
  5. Squamous - “flat pancakes”
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13
Q

multicellular sheets in which the cells are joined together

A

epithelia

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14
Q

free surface of sheet of epithelial cells

A

apical

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15
Q

surface sitting on specialized sheet of extracellular matrix

A

basal

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16
Q

thin, tough sheet of extracellular matrix

A

basal lamina

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17
Q

What is the function of a cadherin molecule?

A

to attach one cell to another

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18
Q

Inside the cell, the cadherin molecule is attached to the linker protein which is attached to the cytoskeletal filament. (T or F)

A

True

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19
Q

Adherens junctions form what?

A

adhesion belts around epithelial cells in the small intestine

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20
Q

Epithelial sheets cannot bend. (T or F)

A

False, they can bend to form a tube or vesicle

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21
Q

link the keratin intermediate filaments of one epithelial cell to another

A

desmosome

22
Q

provide neighboring cells with a direct channel of communication/ channels that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

A

gap junctions

23
Q

seals neighboring cells together to prevent leakage of extracellular molecules between them/ helps polarizes a cell

A

tight junction

24
Q

joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in neighboring cell

A

adherens junction

25
Q

anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

A

hemidesmosome

26
Q

undividing, stem cells divide and differentiate into specialized cells within the tissue

A

terminal differentiation

27
Q

A terminally differentiated cell usually does not divide any further. (T or F)

A

True

28
Q

provide replacement cells for damage repair or renewal of tissues

A

stem cells

29
Q

Stem cells divide to produce either…

A

additional stem cells or terminally differentiated cells

30
Q

What and where are the 2 main tissues skin is composed of?

A

epithelial tissue on the outside and connective tissue on the inside

31
Q

outermost layer of the epidermis

A

flat dead cells

32
Q

What does the connective tissue consist of? (2)

A
  1. Dermis - tough, dense
  2. Hypodermis - fatty
33
Q

Why do epithelial stem cells arise in crypts and migrate apically in the gut?

A

to repopulate dying epithelial cells

34
Q

What does the Wnt signaling pathway control?

A

the production of differentiated cells in the intestinal crypt

35
Q

deep pit that protrudes into connective tissue

A

crypt

36
Q

Epidermis of the skin is renewed from stem cells in its basal layer. (T or F)

A

True

37
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow is the end of blood cell differentiation. (T or F)

A

False, it is the beginning

38
Q

What are embryonic stem cells derived from?

A

an embryo

39
Q

Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all of the tissues and cell types in the body. (T or F)

A

True

40
Q

generated by transformation of cultured cells isolated from adult tissues

A

induced pluripotent stem cells

41
Q

a loss of normal regulation of cell proliferartion and invasion of bad cells into normal tissues

A

cancer

42
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities are common in cancer. (T or F)

A

True

43
Q

Dominant (Gain-of-Function) Cancer Mutation

A
  1. Proto-oncogene mutation creates oncogene
  2. Activating mutation enables oncogene to stimulate excessive cell survival
44
Q

Recessive (Loss-of-Function) Cancer Mutation

A
  1. Mutation inactivates one copy of tumor suppressor gene
  2. Second mutation inactivates second gene copy
  3. Both inactivated genes eliminates tumor suppressor gene to stimulate excessive cell survival
45
Q

Both copies of the tumor suppressor gene need to be inactive to eliminate the activity. (T or F)

A

True

46
Q

4 ways tumor suppressor gene can be inactive

A
  1. Whole chromosome lost
  2. Region containing gene deleted
  3. Loss-of-Function mutation
  4. Gene activity silenced by epigenetic changes
47
Q

How do tumors evolve? (3)

A
  1. Repeated rounds of mutation
  2. Proliferation
  3. Natural selection
48
Q

3 pathways altered in all human cancers

A
  1. Alterations in cell proliferations
  2. Alterations in DNA damage response
  3. Alterations in cell growth
49
Q

6 properties required for cells to
produce cancer

A
  1. Loss of regulation of cell proliferation
  2. Loss of susceptibility to cell death
  3. Avoid signaling pathways leading to
    differentiation
  4. Genetically unstable
  5. Invasiveness
  6. Survival and proliferation in foreign sites
50
Q

When is a tumor diagnosed?

A

when it has grown to contain 100s of millions of cells

51
Q

Cancer incidence increases with age. (T or F)

A

True

Cell Bio for Engineers (9 decks)

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