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Cell Bio for Engineers > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell-surface receptor binding/ endocrine and paracrine signaling

A

extracellular signaling

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2
Q

nuclear receptors

A

intracellular signaling

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3
Q

molecular switches, signal integration

A

signaling mechanisms

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4
Q

Intracellular signaling pathways can be activated by an extracellular signal molecule (T or F)

A

True

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5
Q

Extracellular signal molecules can bind to only cell-surface receptors (T or F)

A

False, can also bind to intracellular receptors

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6
Q

4 forms of intercellular signaling

A
  1. Endocrine - hormones into bloodstream
  2. Paracrine - into extracellular fluid locally
  3. Synaptic - NTs electronically along axon
  4. Contact-Dependent - cell-to-cell communication
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7
Q

adrenaline, cortisol, estradiol, insulin, testosterone, thyroid

A

example of hormones

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8
Q

epidermal GF, platelet-derived GF, nerve GF, histamine, nitric oxide

A

example of local mediators

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9
Q

acetylcholine, GABA

A

example of neurotransmitters

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10
Q

delta

A

example of contact-dependent signal molecule

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11
Q

Contact-dependent signaling controls nerve-cell production in the fruit fly Drosophila (T or F)

A

True

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12
Q

Extracellular signals always act fast (T or F)

A

False, can act slow too

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13
Q

Animal cells rely on multiple extracellular signals (T or F)

A

True

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14
Q

Various responses in various cells can be induced by the same signal molecule (T or F)

A

True

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15
Q

GABA triggers smooth muscle relaxation in a blood-vessel wall (T or F)

A

False, nitric oxide does this

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16
Q

Signal molecules that bind to nuclear receptors are usually small and hydrophobic (T or F)

A

True

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17
Q

The steroid hormone cortisol acts by activating a transcription regulator (T or F)

A

True

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18
Q

3 classes of cell-surface receptors

A
  1. Ion-Channel-Coupled
  2. G-Protein-Coupled
  3. Enzyme-Coupled
18
Q

Tasks done by intracellular signaling proteins (4)

A
  1. Relay
  2. Amplify
  3. Integrate
  4. Distribute the Incoming Signal
19
Q

What are the two types of intracellular signaling proteins that act as molecular switches?

A
  1. Signaling by protein phosphorylation
  2. Signaling by GTP-Binding proteins
20
Q

Positive and negative feedback mechanisms exist in biological switching networks (T or F)

A

True

21
Q

Structure of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

A

polypeptide chain that transverses the plasma membrane seven times with the cytoplasmic part of the receptor bind to a G protein inside the cell

22
Q

An activated G-protein disassembles into 2 signaling components (alpha and beta) (T or F)

A

True

23
Q

After activation, what happens to the G-protein alpha-subunit?

A

It switches itself off by hydrolyzing its bound GTP to GDP

24
Q

What happens in heart pacemaker cells?

A

A G Protein-linked receptor couples activation to K+ channel opening

25
Q

G Protein-linked receptors can cause release of second messenger signaling molecules (T or F)

A

True

26
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) increase rapidly in response to an intracellular signal in nerve cells (T or F)

A

False, an extracellular signal

27
Q

What synthesizes cyclic AMP?

A

adenylyl cyclase

28
Q

What degrades cyclic AMP?

A

cyclic AMP phoshodiesterase

29
Q

What does adrenaline stimulate?

A

Glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle cells

30
Q

What activates gene transcription?

A

A rise in cAMP concentration

31
Q

Phospholipase C activates two signaling pathways called?

A
  1. Diacylglycerol
  2. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
32
Q

Cell Responses Mediated by Phospholipase C Activation (3)

A
  1. Vasopressin
  2. Acetylcholine (pancreas and smooth muscle)
  3. Thrombin
33
Q

What does fertilization of an egg by a sperm trigger?

A

An increase in cytosolic Ca++

34
Q

What does calcium binding do?

A

Changes the shape of the calmodulin protein

35
Q

What activates the Ras protein?

A

Docking intracellular signaling proteins on an activated receptor tyrosine kinase

36
Q

What does Ras activate?

A

a MAP-kinase signaling pathway

37
Q

What does receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activate?

A

the PI-3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway

38
Q

Activated Akt promotes cell death (T or F)

A

False, cell survival

39
Q

Growth factor binding to enzyme receptor kinases can stimulate cells to grow (T or F)

A

True

40
Q

Both G Protein couples receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways (T or F)

A

True

41
Q

The Notch receptor is NOT a transcription regulator (T or F)

A

False, it is

42
Q

In plants, the ethylene signaling pathway turns on genes by removing what?

A

inhibition

43
Q

Intracellular signaling proteins can integrate multiple signals (T or F)

A

True

Cell Bio for Engineers (9 decks)

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