Tissues, Glands, & Membranes

Question 1

histology

Answer 1

the study of tissues

Question 2

a group of cells similar in structure, arranged in a characteristic pattern, which perform a specific task

Answer 2

tissue

Question 3

Which tissues have the most stem cells? The least?

Answer 3

Tissues subject to wear and tear, such as the skin and the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, have the most. These tissues can repair themselves relatively easily.

Other tissues, especially nervous tissue and muscle tissue, maintain few stem cells that divide infrequently, so these tissues repair themselves slowly, if at all. Brain tissue injured by a stroke or heart muscle tissue injured by a heart attack has limited regenerative ability.

Between these two extremes are organs, such as the liver, that maintain enough stem cells to replace the entire organ within months or years.

Question 4

Stem cells

Answer 4

Young, actively dividing cells that differentiate into mature cells that make up different tissues

Question 5

Name the four main groups of tissues

Answer 5

epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

Question 6

Name and describe the 3 different types of epithelial tissue

Answer 6

Squamous—flat and irregular

Cuboidal—square

Columnar—long and narrow

Question 7

Describe the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, and give examples of each.

Answer 7

Exocrine glands produce secretions that are carried out of the body, usually through ducts or tubes. Examples: glands in the stomach and intestine that secrete digestive juices, salivary glands, sweat and sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin, and lacrimal glands that produce tears.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into surrounding tissue fluid (i.e. not through ducts). Secretions are usually absorbed into and then distributed by the bloodstream to target tissues. Examples: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands.

Question 8

List five different types of connective tissue in order of increasing hardness.

Answer 8

1) Circulating connective tissue (fluid)
ex: blood, lymph

2) Loose connective tissue (like jelly):
ex: areolar, adipose

3) Dense connective tissue (like canvas, strong & fibrous)
4) Cartilage
5) Bone tissue (solid)

Question 9

List the 3 kinds of epithelial membranes

Answer 9

1) serous membranes (a.k.a. serosa) line the walls of body cavities
2) mucous membranes line tubes and spaces open to the outside of the body
3) cutaneous membrane aka skin

Question 10

List four types of connective tissue membranes

Answer 10

1) Synovial membranes
2) The meninges
3) Fascia (superficial and deep)
4) Ones that surround organs/bone/cartilage (fibrous pericardium, periosteum, perichondrium)

Question 11

epithelial and connective tissues often form thin sheets of tissues called ____ that line and cover organs

Answer 11

membranes

Question 12

Contrast simple vs. stratified epithelium

Answer 12

Epithelial cells may be in a single layer (simple) to allow for easy absorption (e.g. in the digestive tract) or in mutliple layers (stratified) to offer more protection to tissues subject to wear and tear.

Question 13

transitional epithelium

Answer 13

Lines organs that expand (e.g. urinary bladder)

Question 14

gland

Answer 14

an organ or cell specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of the body

Question 15

Epithelial tissue produces the many secretions necessary for health. Name several examples.

Answer 15

mucus, digestive juice, sweat, hormones

Question 16

Single-celled exocrine glands that are scattered among epithelial cells lining the respiratory and digestive passageways and secrete mucus

Answer 16

Goblet cells

Question 17

What does mucus do?

Answer 17

Lubricates passageways and protects underlying tissue

Question 18

Where is Interstitial fluid / tissue fluid found? What is it made up of?

Answer 18

• Exists between blood vessels and cells

- Contains nutrients and waste products from metabolism

Question 19

The nonliving, intercellular material in connective tissue

Answer 19

Matrix

Question 20

The main cell of areolar tissue and dense connective tissue, which produces collagen

Answer 20

fibroblast

Question 21

The most common type of connective tissue. Its main cell is the fibroblast.

Answer 21

Areolar tissue

Question 22

The most abundant protein in the body, which forms fibers in connective tissue

Answer 22

Collagen. There are at least 19 types of collagen

Question 23

Tendons and ligaments are examples of ____ _____ connective tissue. They are arranged in parallel alignment like the strands of a cable, and can stretch and return to original dimensions

Answer 23

regular; dense

Question 24

Because of its strength and flexibility, this type of connective tissue provides reinforcement, acts as shock absorber, reduces friction between moving parts, as at joints. It is produced by cells called chondrocytes.

Answer 24

Cartilage

Question 25

These cells form bones and mature into osteocytes

Answer 25

osteoblasts

Question 26

This tissue is much like cartilage, and gradually becomes impregnated with salts of calcium and phosphorus that make it characteristically solid and hard

Answer 26

osseous tissue (bone tissue)

Question 27

Describe the three kinds of muscle tissue

Answer 27

VOLUNTARY MUSCLE:
1) Skeletal muscle (a.k.a. striated muscle). Made of long, large cells with mutiple nuclei and a pattern of light and dark bands called striations.

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE:
2) Cardiac mucsle (a.k.a. myocardium). Produces heartbeats. Cells branch out in networks. Striated. Intercalated discs.

3) Smooth muscle (a.k.a. visceral muscle) Forms walls of the viscera (ventral body cavities, including the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder. Also found in vessles, and is attached to the base of each body hair (contraction of these muscles causes goosebumps)

Question 28

Muscle tissue is capable of producing movement by contraction of its cells, which are called ____

Answer 28

muscle fibers

Question 29

What do neuroglia do?

Answer 29

Neuroglia are like the brain’s security officers

• protect the brain from harmful substances
• get rid of foreign organisms and cellular debris
• form the myelin sheath around axons

They do NOT transmit nerve impulses like neurons

Question 30

membrane

Answer 30

Thin sheet of tissue with varying properties

Question 31

Describe the structure, location, and function of serous membranes

Answer 31

Made up of a top layer of epithelium called mesothelium + underlying areolar tissue.

Three serous membranes: pleurae (lungs), serous pericardium (heart), & the peritoneum (abdominal cavity).

Serous membranes enclose organs like a fist punching a balloon. The outer layer of the ballon is the parietal layer. The portion of the membrane attached to the organ is the visceral layer. Normally the visceral layer and parietal layer are in direct contact, except when substances accumulate between them (as during inflammation).

Question 32

Several membranous layers of connective tissue covering the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 32

meninges (men-IN-jeze)

Question 33

Thin layers of areolar tissue that line the joint cavities. They secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the ends of bones, thus permitting free movement of the joints. They also line small cushioning sacs near the joints called bursae (BUR-se).

Answer 33

Synovial membranes

Question 34

Type of connective tissue membrane that is made of fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place.

Superficial layer ( made of areolar and adipose tissue) under the skin

Deep layer (made of dense connective tissue) that protects muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.

Answer 34

Fascia

Question 35

This type of tissue forms barriers, covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. Tightly packed. Separates internal/external environment. Repairs itself quickly.

Answer 35

Epithelial tissue

Question 36

This type of tissue supports and forms the framework of all parts of the body.

Answer 36

Connective tissue

Question 37

This type of tissue contracts and produces movement

Answer 37

Muscle tissue

Question 38

This type of tissue conducts nerve impulses. Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body.

Answer 38

Nervous tissue

Question 39

These cells are found in early embryos are the source of all body cells and can potentially differentiate into any cell type

Answer 39

Embryonic stem cells

Question 40

These cells can differentiate into different cell types. They assist with tissue growth and repair. Babies, children, and adults all have them.

Answer 40

Postnatal stem cells / adult stem cells