Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The brain and spinal cord make up the ________ nervous system

A

central (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The ion that enters a cell to cause depolarization is ________

The ion that leaves a cell to cause repolarization is ________

A

sodium

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cells that carry impulses to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cells that carry impulses within the CNS

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cells that detect a stimulus

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cells that carry out a response to a stimulus

A

effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which part of the nervous system directly innervates skeletal muscles?

A

somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do afferent nerve fibers enter the spinal cord?

A

dorsal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells are involved in most nervous system tumors?

A

neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

axon vs. dendrite

A

An axon is a neuron fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body. A neuron has a single axon. Axons are of different lengths and may be branched.

A dendrite is a neuron fiber that carries impulses to the cell body. Most dendrites are highly branched.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gray matter vs white matter

A

gray matter is nervous tissue composed of unmyelinated dendrites, axons, and cell bodies

white matter is nervous tissue composed of myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nerve vs tract

A

a nerve is a bundle of axon fibers located within the PNS

a tract is a bundle of axon fibers located within the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dorsal vs ventral spinal nerve root

A

a dorsal spinal nerve root is the posterior branch of the spinal nerve that carries sensory impulses into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The ganglion contains the bodies of sensory neurons.

a ventral spinal nerve root is the anterior branch of the spinal nerve that carries motor impulses through the ventral horn of the spinal cord toward an effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

action potential

A

a.k.a. nerve impulse

a sudden change in the electric charge on a cell membrane, which is then conducted along the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the support cells of the nervous system, including astrocytes that support and protect neurons, oligodendrocytes that form the myelin sheath, microglia that are phagocytes, and ependymal cells that line the brain ventricles and produce CSF

A

neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in the peripheral nervous system, these neuroglia form the myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when you step on a tack?

A
  • receptors in the foot respond to the pain stimulus
  • a sensory neuron carries the impulse to the spinal cord, where it enters the dorsal horn of gray matter and stimulates an interneuron
  • the interneuron stimulates a motor neuron, which carries the impulse out of the ventral horn of the spinal cord toward effector muscles of the leg
  • when stimulated, the muscles lift the foot off the tack
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs, which attach to the spinal cord by a dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a collection of sensory neuron cell bodies found on each dorsal root of the spinal cord

A

dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a network of anterior branches of spinal nerves

A

plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the three main spinal nerve plexuses

A

cervical plexus

brachial plexus

lumbosacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a section of the skin supplied by a single sensory neuron

A

dermatome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the outermost layer of the Schwann cell wrapping

A

neurilemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tiny gaps that remain between the individual Schwann cells

A

nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

most of the cranial nerves and all of the spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers and are referred to as ______ ______

A

mixed nerves

26
Q

this type of conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where the action potential “jumps” from node to node along the sheath

A

saltatory conduction

27
Q

how are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?

A
  • it may slowly diffuse away from the synapse
  • it may by rapidly destroyed by enzymes in the synaptic cleft
  • it may be taken back into the presynaptic cell to be used again (reuptake)
  • it may be taken up by astrocytes
28
Q
A

reflex arc

29
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system pathways

A

sympathetic - pathways begin in the thoracolumbar area, nerves synapse in collateral ganglia, adrenergic (activated by adrenaline)

parasympathetic - pathways begin in the craniosacral areas, terminal ganglia, cholinergic (activated by ACh)

30
Q

the pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater are three connective tissue layers that make up the ______

A

meninges

31
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus are parts of the brain division named the ________.

A

diencephalon

32
Q

the third and fourth ventricles of the brain are connected by a small canal called the ______ ______

A

cerebral aqueduct

33
Q

Ooh, Ooh, Ooh, to touch and feel very good velvet. Such heaven!

A

O: olfactory nerve (CN I)

O: optic nerve (CN II)

O: oculomotor nerve (CN III)

T: trochlear nerve (CN IV)

T: trigeminal nerve(CN V)

A: abducens nerve (CN VI)

F: facial nerve (CN VII)

A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII)

G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

V: vagus nerve (CN X)

S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

H: hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

34
Q

What divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

35
Q

this neuronal network in the brain stem maintains wakefulness and screens out unimportant sensory stimuli

A

reticular formation

36
Q

this brain region:

  • plays in important role in homestasis negative feedback loops controlling body temp, food intake, and water balance
  • Controls sleep, the autonomic nervous system, pituitary gland
  • Plays a role in some emotions
A

hypothalamus

37
Q

this brain region has three centers (nuclei) that control vital functions:

respiration (respiratory)

the heartbeat (cardiac)

vasomotor activities

A

medulla oblongata

38
Q

what are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

39
Q

this brain region:

  • Helps coordinate voluntary muscles
  • Maintains balance and muscle tone
A

cerebellum

40
Q

this neuronal network is:

  • Involved in emotional states and behavior
  • The interface between the “thinking” brain of the prefrontal cortex and the “autonomic” brain that gathers sensory information and controls motor output
  • Is made up of the cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
A

limbic system

41
Q

this type of brain imaging:

  • places electrodes on the head that amplifies electrical signals and records them as tracings/waves
  • is used to study sleep patterns, diagnose disease (e.g. epilepsy), locate tumors, study drug effects, and determine brain death
A

EEG (electroencephalagraph)

42
Q

this lobe contains the:

  • primary motor area, which provides conscious control of the skeletal muscles
  • premotor cortex, which plans movements
  • prefrontal cortex, which is involved with memory, problem solving, and conscious thought
A

frontal

43
Q

this lobe contains the:

  • primary somatosensory area, which receives impulses regarding touch, pain, and temperature
  • somatosensory association area, which integrates sensory input with memories
A

parietal lobe

44
Q

this brain region:

  • receives sensory impulses and directs them to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex
A

thalamus

45
Q

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves are _____ nerves

A

sensory

46
Q

the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves are _______ nerves

A

motor (or mostly motor)

47
Q

the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves are _____ nerves

A

mixed

48
Q

feature that separates the frontal from the temporal lobe

A

lateral sulcus

49
Q

feature that separates the frontal from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

50
Q

area(s) where cerebrospinal fluid is made

A

choroid plexuses in the third and fourth ventricles

51
Q

what are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • protects and supports nervous tissue
  • carries nutrients to the cells and transports away from them
52
Q

the cerebral cortex is arranged in folds forming elevated portions known as _____ and shallow grooves known as _____

A

gyri; sulci

53
Q

brain region of the PFC also known as the motor speech area

A

Broca area

54
Q

this lobe contains the:

  • auditory receiving area, which detects sounds
  • auditory association area, which interprets sounds
  • Wernicke area - the speech comprehension area
  • olfactory area, which receives impulses from receptors in the nose
A

temporal lobe

55
Q

this lobe contains:

  • the visual receiving area, which collects sensory information
  • the visual association area, which interprets impulses into a mental picture
A

occipital lobe

56
Q

this region of the brain stem has four rounded masses of gray matter that act as centers for certain reflexes of the eye and ear and also white matter that conducts impulses between the cerebrum and the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

A

midbrain

57
Q
A
58
Q

this area of the brain stem is named “bridge” because it links the cerebellum with the rest of the nervous system and integrates certain reflexes

A

pons

59
Q

this portion of the cerebral cortex associates emotions with memories

A

cingulate gyrus

60
Q

these nuclei modulate motor inputs and facilitate practiced, routine motor tasks

they include three regions deep within the cerebrum, part of the midbrain called the substantia nigra, and a small collection of cell bodies in the diencephalon.

A

basal nuclei aka basal ganglia

61
Q

CT vs MRI

A

MRI can give a more detailed view of brain tissue and may reeval tumors, scar tissue, and hemorrhaging that may be missed on a CT scan

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions