Endocrine System

Question 1

hormone

Answer 1

• chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain cells or organs
• released from endocrine glands, not through ducts, but directly into surrounding tissue fluids. Most then diffuse into the bloodstream, which carries them throughout the body to target tissues where they bind with receptors either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm

Question 2

what are the two categories of hormones?

Answer 2

• Steroids, which are produced by the adrenal cortex and the sex glands (end in “sterone”)
• Amino acid compounds, which is everything else

Question 3

this portion of the pituitary gland stores ADH and oxytocin

Answer 3

posterior lobe (aka posterior pituitary)

Question 4

this hormone:

• raises blood pressures
• mechanism: promotes the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules and thus decreases water excretion and stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls

Answer 4

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)

Question 5

this hormone causes uterine contractions and triggers milk ejection from the breasts

Answer 5

Oxytocin

Question 6

The hormone-producing cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by secretions called _____ ______ produced in the hypothalamus. These releasing hormones travel to the anterior pituitary by way of a special type of circulatory pathway called a _____ ______.

Answer 6

releasing hormones (RH)

portal system

Question 7

Hormones that stimulate other glands may be recognized by this suffix

Answer 7

-tropin

Question 8

What part of the brain controls the pituitary?

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 9

often called the master gland because it releases hormones that affect the working of other glands, such as the thyroid, gonads (ovaries and testes), and adrenal glands:

• Growth hormone (GH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ad-re-no-kor-tih-ko-TRO-pik) (ACTH)
• Prolactin (pro-LAK-tin) (PRL) stimulates milk production in the breasts
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the development of ovarian follicles in which egg cells mature and the development of sperm cells in the testes.
• Luteinizing (LU-te-in-i-zing) hormone (LH)

Question 10

this hormone:

• acts directly on most body tissues, promoting protein manufacture that is essential for growth
• causes increases in size and height to occur in youth, before the closure of long bone epiphyses
• stimulates protein synthesis need for cellular maintenance and repair
• stimulates the liver to release fatty acids and glucose for energy in time of stress.

Answer 10

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 11

this hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

Answer 11

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin

Question 12

this hormone stimulates hormone production in the cortex of the adrenal glands

Answer 12

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 13

this hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts

Answer 13

Prolactin (pro-LAK-tin) (PRL)

Question 14

this hormone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles in which egg cells mature and the development of sperm cells in the testes

Answer 14

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 15

this hormone causes ovulation in females and promotes progesterone secretion in females and testosterone secretion in males

Answer 15

Luteinizing (LU-te-in-i-zing) hormone (LH)

Question 16

FSH and LH are classified as______, hormones that act on the gonads to regulate growth, development, and reproductive function in both males and females

Answer 16

gonadotropins

Question 17

Which two hormones work together to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood?

Answer 17

PTH and calcitriol

Question 18

this hormone increases intestinal absorption of calcium to raise blood calcium levels

Answer 18

calcitriol

Question 19

this hormone promotes calcium release from bone tissue and calcium retention by the kidney

Answer 19

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 20

What is the effect of thyroid hormones on cells?

Answer 20

Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate in body cells.

In other words, they increase the rate at which cells use nutrients to generate ATP and heat

Question 21

What mineral is needed for the production of thyroid hormones?

Answer 21

Iodine

Question 22

What three categories of hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 22

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

Androgens

Question 23

this group of hormones:

• maintain blood glucose levels in times of stress by stimulating the liver to convert amino acids into glucose instead of protein (as indicated by gluco in the name)
• raise the levels of other nutrients in the blood, including amino acids from tissue proteins and fatty acids from fats stored in adipose tissue.
• can suppress the inflammatory response

Answer 23

glucocortisoids

Question 24

this group of hormones:

• helps regulate electrolyte balance
• control sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidney tubules.

Answer 24

Mineralocorticoids

Question 25

this group of hormones promote some bone and muscle growth and stimulate libido (sexual desire)

Answer 25

androgens

Question 26

What is the main hormone produced by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 26

epinephrine/adrenaline

Question 27

epinephrine vs norepinephrine

Answer 27

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for fight-or-flight responses during emergency situations.

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter active in the sympathetic nervous system, while epinephrine is generally considered to be a hormone because it is released into the bloodstream instead of being released locally at synapses.

Question 28

What are the effects of the flight-or-flight response?

Answer 28

• Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction in the walls of some arterioles, causing them to constrict, and blood pressure to rise accordingly.
• Increase in the heart rate
• Increase in the metabolic rate of body cells
• Conversion of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose; the glucose enters the blood and travels throughout the body, allowing the voluntary muscles and other tissues to do an increased amount of work.
• Dilation of the bronchioles through relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls

Question 29

this hormone:

• is secreted by beta cells of the islets in the pancreas
• stimulates glucose uptake and use by body cells
• also promotes overall tissue building by stimulating tissues to store fatty acids as triglycerides and to use amino acids to build proteins

Answer 29

insulin

Question 30

this hormone:

• is produced by alpha (α) cells of the islets of pancreas
• raises blood glucose levels

Answer 30

glucagon

Question 31

this group of hormone-like substances:

• are derived from fatty acids and are produced throughout the body
• have many functions, including dilation and constriction of blood vessels, broncial tubes, and intestines
• promote inflammation (aspirin works by blocking their production)
• their overproduction in the uterine lining (endometrium) can cause menstrual cramps

Answer 31

prostaglandins

Question 32

What are four hormones released in times of stress?

Answer 32

Epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla facilitates the fight-or-flight response.

Cortisol released from the adrenal gland helps deal with the stress of starvation, increasing nutrient availability in blood, and inhibiting inflammation.

ADH released from the posterior pituitary promotes water conservation.

GH released from the anterior pituitary also increases nutrient availability and helps repair damaged tissues. GH is only released in response to physical stress, such as exercise.