List the functions of bones: - form ______ for the entire body - protect delicate structures, such as the brain and the spinal cord - work as levers with attached muscles to produce movement - store ____ salts, which may be resorbed into the blood if needed - produce blood cells (in the ____)

- a sturdy framework - calcium - red marrow

Skeletal System: Bones & Joints Flashcards by Rosie Cannistraci

List the functions of bones:

form ______ for the entire body
protect delicate structures, such as the brain and the spinal cord
work as levers with attached muscles to produce movement
store ____ salts, which may be resorbed into the blood if needed
produce blood cells (in the ____)

a sturdy framework
calcium
red marrow

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Describe the structure of a long bone:

The long narrow shaft is called the _____

At the center is a ____ cavity, which contains bone marrow.

The long bone also has two irregular ends, a proximal and a distal _____

diaphysis (di-AF-ih-sis)

medullary (MED-u-lar-e)

epiphysis

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Name the three different types of cells in bone, and describe the functions of each:

______ build bone tissue.

______ are mature osteoblasts that become trapped in the bone matrix. They maintain bone tissue.

______ are large, multinucleated cells responsible for the process of resorption, which is the breakdown of bone tissue. They develop from a type of white blood cell (monocyte).

Osteoblasts (OS-te-o-blasts)(You can use the mnemonic “Blasts Build” to remember the role of these cells.)

Osteocytes (OS-te-o-sites)

Osteoclasts (OS-te-o-klasts) (You can use the mnemonic “Clasts Cleave.”)

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Compact vs. spongy bone:

Compact bone consists of rings of bone cells around a central canal (aka haversian canal) of nerves and blood vessels. Each ring + central canal = one _____. Perforating canals go across the bone.

Spongy bone is made up of a meshwork of small, bony plates of ____ .

osteon

red marrow

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Explain how a long bone grows:

Before birth, cartilage starts to ossify into bone. Osteoclasts form the medullar cavity. Secondary bone-forming centers, called _____ develop across the ends of the bones

epiphyseal (ep-ih-FIZ-e-al) plates

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Rank three categories of joints based on degree of movement, and give examples of each.

1) Synarthrosis (sin-ar-THRO-sis).

Not movable
Usually connected by ______
Ex: sutures in skull.

2) Amphiarthrosis (am-fe-ar-THRO-sis).

Slightly moveable
Usually connected by ____
Ex: the pubic bones of the pelvis and joints between vertebrae

3) Diarthrosis (di-ar-THRO-sis).

Freely moveable joints
Contain a joint cavity, which secretes _____
Most joints are this type (elbows, knees, fingers)

Synarthrosis –> fibrous tissue

Amphiarthrosis –> cartilage (“cartilaginous joints”)

Diarthrosis –> synovial fluid

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Name six types of synovial joints, and give an example of each.

1) ____ : two relatively flat bone surfaces slide over each other with little change in the joint angle
2) ____ : flexion and extension only (ex: elbow joint, joints between phalanges)
3) ____ : rotation only (ex: between atlas and axis)
4) _____ : flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
5) _____ : flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.
6) . _____—greatest range of motion- circumduction.

Gliding (wrist)

Hinge (elbow)

Pivot (atlas/axis)

Condyloid (knuckles)

Saddle (thumb)

Ball-and-socket (shoulder; hips)

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The ____ skeleton includes the bones of the head and torso, and the ____ skeleton includes the bones of the extremities.

axial; appendicular

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Yellow marrow is found chiefly in the _____ and is composed mostly of _____

central cavities of the long bones

fat

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What are the two kinds of bone membranes?

The ____ is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. This membrane’s inner layer contains osteoblasts that build bone tissue and osteoclasts that break down bone tissue. The coordinated actions of these cells build, repair, and maintain bone throughout life. It contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.

A thinner membrane, the _____, lines the bone’s marrow cavity; it too contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

periosteum

endosteum

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What are the three steps of fracture repair?

First, reaction, involving hemostasis and an inflammatory response; second, the repair of the damage; and finally, remodeling of new tissue into compact bone (which happens over several years).

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Which hormone stimulates osteoclast activity and regulates blood calcium concentration?

parathyroid hormone

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Uniting the skull bones is a type of flat, immovable joint known as a ______

suture (SU-chur)

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On one on each side
Form the prominences of the cheeks
Each one forms an arch over the cheek with a process of the temporal bone

Zygomatic

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Forms the skull’s posterior portion and a part of its base
At its base, there is a large opening called the foramen where spinal cord attaches to the brain

Occipital

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These two bones contribute to the sides and the base of the skull.

Temporal

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These two bones fuse in the midline to form the upper jaw bone, including the anterior part of the hard palate

Maxilla

(pl. maxillae)

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These two bones form most of the top and the side walls of the cranium.

Parietal

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The lower jaw bone
The skull’s only movable bone

Mandible

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Forms the forehead, the anterior of the skull’s roof, and the roof of the eye orbit
The ___ sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities. These sinuses and others near the nose are described as paranasal sinuses.

Frontal

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Lies at the base of the skull anterior to the temporal bones and forms part of the eye orbit
It contains the sphenoid sinuses. It also contains a depression called the sella turcica (SEL-ah TUR-sih-ka), literally “Turkish saddle,” that holds and protects the pituitary gland like a saddle.

Sphnenoid

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A light, fragile bone located between the eyes
Part of the eye orbit, cranial floor, nasal cavity roof
The superior and middle nasal conchae are part of this bone (KON-ke)

Ethmoid

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These two slender bones lie side by side, forming the bridge of the nose

Nasal

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These two bones, each about the size of a fingernail, form the anterior medial wall of each orbital cavity.

Lacrimal

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When seen from a superior view, it resembles a bat wing

Sphenoid

bony plates that extend into the nasal cavity (superior, middle, inferior) -superior and middle are part of the ethmoid

nasal conchae (KON-ke)

These paired bones form the posterior part of the hard palate

Palentine

Group of three tiny bones in the ear

Ossicles

Just below the mandible (lower jaw), this U-shaped bone attaches to tongue and other muscles but no other bones

Hyoid

Nasal Septum

The infant’s skull has areas in which the bone formation is incomplete, leaving these membranous “soft spots"

fontanels

In the center of each vertebra is a large hole, the \_\_\_\_\_ ## Footnote Projecting posteriorly (toward the back) from the bony arch that encircles the spinal cord is the \_\_\_\_\_, which can be felt just under the skin of the back. Projecting laterally is a _____ on each side. These processes are attachment points for muscles. Other processes form joints with adjacent vertebrae. A lateral view of the vertebral column shows a series of intervertebral foramina, formed between the vertebrae as they join together.

vertebral foramen spinous process transverse process

The first cervical vertebra, called the \_\_\_\_, supports the head. The second, the \_\_\_\_\_, serves as a pivot when you turn your head from side to side. It has an upright toothlike part, the dens, that acts pivot point. The absence of a body in these vertebrae allows for the extra movement. Only the cervical vertebrae have a hole in the transverse process on each side. These ____ accommodate blood vessels and nerves that supply the neck and head.

Atlas (This vertebra is named for the mythologic character who was able to support the world in his hands.) Axis transverse foramina

The thoracic vertebrae, 12 in number (T1 to T12), are located in the chest. Compared to the cervical vertebrae, they are\_\_\_\_ and ____ than the cervical vertebrae and have a longer spinous ___ that points downward. The posterior ends of the 12 pairs of _____ are attached to the transverse processes of these vertebrae.

larger; stronger spinous process ribs

The lumbar vertebrae, five in number (L1 to L5), are located in the small of the back. Compared to the vertebrae superior to them, they are ____ and _____ and can support more weight All of their processes are ____ and \_\_\_\_\_

larger and heavier shorter and thicker

Five separate bones in the child fuse to form this bone in an adult Wedged between the two hip bones, it forms the posterior part of the bony pelvis.

Sacrum

The coccygeal vertebrae consist of four or five tiny bones in the child. These later fuse to form a single bone, the ____ , or tail bone, in the adult.

coccyx

When viewed from the side, the adult vertebral column shows four curves, corresponding to the four vertebral groups The ___ and ____ curves remain the two primary concave curves.

thoracic sacral

Where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum, there is a slight elevation, called the \_\_\_\_\_\_, which easily can be felt as a surface landmark.

Sternal Angle

The inferior end of the sternum consists of a small tip that is made of cartilage in youth but becomes bone in the adult It is used as a landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to locate the region for chest compression

Xiphoid Process

The superior portion of the sternum is a roughly triangular bone that joins laterally with each clavicle

Manubrium

These pairs of ribs (8, 9, 10) attach to the cartilage of the rib above

False Ribs

- The first seven pairs of ribs - Attach directly to the sternum with costal cartilages

True Ribs

The spaces between the ribs that contain muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.

intercostal spaces

The clavicle (KLAV-ih-kl), or collarbone, is a slender bone with two shallow curves. It joins the sternum ____ and the scapula ____ and helps to support the shoulder. Because it often receives the full force of falls on outstretched arms or of blows to the shoulder, it is the most frequently broken bone.

anteriorly laterally

**Markings of the Scapula** The ____ process connects the scapula to the clavicle. The ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder has the ___ cavity. The arm and chest muscles and ligaments attach to the ___ process and to fossae (depressions).

acromion glenoid coracoid

When the palm is supine (facing up or forward), the radius and ulna are parallel. When the palm is prone (facing down or to the rear), the radius crosses over the ulna.

The proximal bone of the upper extremity is the _____ , or arm bone Tendons attach to the the medial and lateral \_\_\_\_. The _____ forms a joint with the ulna of the forearm

humerus epicondyles (ep-ih-KON-diles) trochlea (TROK-le-ah)

Where is compact bone found?

In main shaft of long bone and outer layer of other bones

Where is spongy bone found?

- the end of long bones - lines the medullar cavity of long bones - at the center of other bones

**The hip bone, or os coxae, begins its development as three separate bones that later fuse:** ## Footnote 1) The ___ forms the upper, flared portion. 2) The ____ is the lowest and strongest part. 3) The ____ forms the anterior part of the os coxae.

ileum ischium (IS-ke-um) pubis

Portions of all three pelvic bones contribute to the formation of the ______ , the deep socket that holds the head of the femur (thigh bone) to form the hip joint

acetabulum (as-eh-TAB-u-lum)

**What is the largest foramen in the entire body?**

obturator (OB-tu-ra-tor) foramen

**The female pelvis is adapted for pregnancy and childbirth.** The ___ are wider and more flared. The ___ and ___ are shorter and less curved.

ilia sacrum; coccyx

**Femur** The large lateral projection near the head of the femur is the \_\_\_\_\_, used as a surface landmark. A smaller elevation, the ______ , a is located on the medial side. On the posterior surface, there is a long central ridge, the _____ (literally “rough line”), which is a point for attachment of hip muscles.

greater trochanter (tro-KAN-ter) lesser trochanter linea aspera

The patella is an example of a ______ bone, a type of bone that develops within a tendon or a joint capsule.

sesamoid (SES-ah-moyd)

**Leg Bones** Medially (on the great toe side), the \_\_\_\_\_\_, or shin bone, is the longer, weight-bearing bone. It has sharp anterior crest that can be felt as the shin bone. Laterally, the slender ______ does not reach the knee joint; thus, it is not a weight-bearing bone.

**tibia** *(The Tibia is big like a Tuba.)* **fibula** *(The Fibula is small like a Flute.)*

**Foot** There are seven _____ bones associated with the ankle and foot. The largest of these is the ____ or heel bone. The ___ above it forms the ankle joint with the tibia.

**tarsal** **calcaneus** **talus**

What are the four regions of the appendicular skeleton?

Upper Extremity Shoulder Girdle Pelvis Lower Extremity

**Synovial Joints** ## Footnote Bones in freely movable joints are held together by bands of dense regular connective tissue called\_\_\_\_\_. For strength and protection, a ____ \_\_\_\_ of fibrous connective tissue encloses each joint and connects to the periosteum of the bones. A smooth layer of hyaline cartilage called the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ protects the bone surfaces in synovial joints.

**ligaments** **joint capsule** **articular cartilage**

Near some joints are small sacs called \_\_\_\_, which are filled with synovial fluid. These lie in areas subject to stress and help ease movement over and around the joints.

bursae (BER-se)

**Flexion vs. Extension** ## Footnote \_\_\_\_\_ is a bending motion that decreases the angle between bones away from the anatomic position. Ex: closing fingers; raising your hand \_\_\_ is a straightening motion that increases the angle between bones and returns the joint toward the anatomic position. Ex: opening fingers; lowering the raised hand In ____ , a part is extended beyond its anatomic position. Ex: moving your leg behind you before you kick a ball

**Flexion** = decrease angle **Extension** = increase angle between bones/return to anatomic **Hyperextension** = extend beyond anatomic

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is movement away from the midline of the body, as in moving the arm straight out to the side. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_is movement toward the midline of the body, as in bringing the arm back to its original position beside the body.

Abduction Adduction

**Specialized terms describe flexion at the ankle:** ## Footnote \_\_\_\_\_ bends the foot upward at the ankle, narrowing the angle between the leg and the top of the foot. \_\_\_\_\_ bends the foot so that the toes point downward, as in toe dancing.

Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion (**p**lantar = **p**oint)

**Specialized terms describe movements of the foot in the lateral plane:** \_\_\_\_ is the act of turning the sole inward, so that it faces the opposite foot. \_\_\_\_ turns the sole outward, away from the body.

**Inversion** **Eversion**

Specialized terms describe rotation of the forearm: \_\_\_\_ is the act of turning the palm up or forward. \_\_\_\_\_\_ turns the palm down or backward.

Supination Pronation

The shaft of a long bone is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

diaphysis

The structural unit of compact bone is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

osteon

Red bone marrow manufactures \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

red blood cells

Bones are covered by a connective tissue membrane called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

periosteum

Bone cells active in resorption are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

osteoclasts

rounded bony projection

condyle

sharp bony prominence

spine

an air-filled space in bone

sinus

a bony depression

fossa

a short channel or passageway

meatus

Locate the coraoid process, acromion process, and the glenoid cavity (anterior, posterior, lateral view)

**Elbow** ## Footnote On the proximal end of the ulna, the ____ process forms the point of the elbow. The trochlea of the distal humerus fits into the ulna’s deep \_\_\_\_\_, allowing a hinge action at the elbow joint. This ulnar depression, because of its deep half-moon shape, is also known as the semilunar notch

olecranon (o-LEK-rah-non) trochlear notch

bony process

part of a bone that sticks out from the main body of the bone, serving as an attachment site for muscles, ligaments or other connective tissues

The medial ____ is a downward projection at the tibia’s distal end; it forms the prominence on the inner aspect of the ankle. The lateral _____ , at the fibula’s distal end, forms the prominence on the outer aspect of the ankle. *Most people think of these projections as their “ankle bones,” whereas, in truth, they are features of the tibia and fibula.*

malleolus (mal-LE-o-lus)