Tissues and Membranes Flashcards
What are groups of cells that are similar to each other in structure and function?
Tissue
What are the four major types of tissues?
Every - Epithelial
Morning - Muscular
Needs - Nervous
Coffee - Connective
What is the study of tissues?
Histology
Which tissue forms large continuous sheets?
Epithelial
Which tissue helps form the skin and covers the entire outer surface of the body?
Epithelial
Which tissue’s sheets line most of the inner cavities such as the mouth, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract?
Epithelial
Which tissue is primarily concerned with protection and transport?
Epithelial
Which tissue protects the body from sunlight and from invasion by disease-producing bacteria?
Epithelial
Skin = Cutaneous
Which tissue, lining the respiratory passages, helps clean inhaled air?
Epithelial
What lines the epithelium of the respiratory tract, which secretes mucus?
Cilia
The mucus traps the dust inhaled in the air, and the constantly waving cilia move the dust and mucus toward the throat.
The dust and mucus are then either coughed up or swallowed and eliminated in the stools.
Which tissue functions in the transport of substances across membranes?
Epithelial
Which tissue is abundant in organs like those in the digestive tract, which must absorb large amounts of water and digested food?
Epithelial
Which tissue forms glands that secrete a variety of hormones and enzymes?
Epithelial
Which tissue’s cells fit together snugly like tiles?
Epithelial
Epithelial tissue has two surfaces.
One surface is always unattached, like the surface of the outer skin or the inner lining of the mouth.
The undersurface of the epithelium is attached to a ___ ___, which is a very thin material that anchors the epithelium to the underlying structure.
basememnt membrane
Which tissue has no blood supply of its own (it is avascular)?
Epithelial
Which tissue depends on the blood supply of underlying connective tissue for nourishment?
Epithelial
Which tissue is able to regenerate, or repair itself, quickly if injured because it is so well nourished?
Epithelial
Which tissue is classified according to its shape and the numbers of layers?
Epithelial
Epithelial
What are the three epithelial cell shapes?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Which epithelium are thin and flat, like fish scales?
Squamous
The word squamous comes from squam, meaning “scale.”
Which epithelium cells are cubelike and look like dice?
Cuboidal
Which epithelium cells are tall and narrow and look like columns?
Columnar
Which cells are arranged in a single layer or multiple layers?
Epithelial
What is one layer of epithelium cells?
Simple
What are two or more layers of epithelium cells?
Stratified
What would a single layer of squamous cells be classified?
Simple Squamous
What would multiple layers of squamous cells be classified?
Stratified Squamous
Classification of Epithelial Tissue: Shapes and Layers of Cells.
Note that the figure shows stratified squamous epithelium but not stratified cuboidal or columnar tissue because they are found in very few organs.
Which epithelial cells are concerned primarily with the movement, or transport, of various substances across cell membranes because they are so thin?
Simple
Which epithelial tissue is thin and found where substances move by rapid diffusion or filtration?
Simple Squamous
Which epithelialium composes the walls of the capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)?
Simple Squamous
Which epithelial composes walls of the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)?
Simple Squamous
This tissue allows the rapid diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood.
Which epithelial shape is most often found in glands and in the kidney tubules, where it functions in the transport and secretion of various substances?
Cuboidal
Which tightly packed epithelium line the entire length of the digestive tract and play a major role in the absorption of the products of digestion?
Columnar
By which cell is lubricating mucus, produced by goblet cells, modified?
Columnar
Which epithelial is a single layer of columnar cells that are irregularly shaped and therefore appear multilayered?
Pseudostratified Columnar
Hence the term pseudostratified, meaning “falsely stratified.”
Which epithelial’s function is similar to that of simple columnar cells: facilitating absorption and secretion?
Pseudostratified Columnar
Which epithelia are multilayered (from 2 to 20 layers) and are therefore stronger than simple epithelia?
Stratified
Which epithelial layer performs a protective function and are found in tissue exposed to everyday wear and tear, such as the mouth, esophagus, and skin?
Stratified
Which epithelial is the most widespread of the tissue?
Stratified Squamous
Which epithelium is found primarily in organs that need to stretch, such as the urinary bladder?
Transitional
Which epithelium earned its name because the cells slide past one another when the tissue is stretched?
Transitional
The cells appear stratified when the urinary bladder is empty (unstretched) and simple when the bladder is full (stretched).
Types and Location of Epithelial Tissue.
Which epithelial organ’s function is secretion?
Gland
What is made up of one or more cells that secrete a particular substance?
Gland
Which epithelial tissue is composed much of simple cuboidal?
Glandular
What are two types of glands?
Exocrine
Endocrine
Which glands have ducts, or tiny tubes, into which their secretions are released before reaching body surfaces or body cavities?
Exocrine
Which gland secretions include mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes?
Exocrine
What carries the exocrine secretions outside the body?
Ducts
Which gland type includes sweat flowing from the sweat glands through ducts onto the surface of the skin for evaporation?
Exocrine
Which glands secrete hormones, such as insulin?
Endocrine
Which glands do not have ducts and are therefore called ductless glands?
Endocrine
Which glands are ductless and therefore secrete hormones directly into the blood?
Endocrine
Which tissue is the most abundant of the four tissue types and is widely distributed throughout the body?
Connective
Which tissue is found in blood, under the skin, in bone, and around many organs?
Connective
Which tissue connects, or binds together, the parts of the body?
Connective
Which tissue’s functions include support, protection, fat storage, and substance transportation?
Connective
It provides structure, storage (like fat), transport (like blood), and protection (like bones and cartilage).
Epithelial tissue primarily serves as a protective layer. It lines the surfaces and cavities of organs, blood vessels, and body cavities. Its main functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
Which tissue’s types may not resemble each other very closely?
Connective
Which tissue, with the exception of ligaments, tendons, and cartilage, has a good blood supply?
Connective
Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage have a poor blood supply. As any athlete knows, an injury to these structures usually heals very slowly.
Which tissue is an abundance of intercellular matrix?
Connective
Of which two parts does connective tissue consist?
Tissue Cells
(Intercellular) Matrix
Intercellular = Between the cells
What is located between the cells; and consists of ground substance and protein fibers?
Matrix
What is the material between the cells and fibers?
Ground Substance
What makes one connective tissue type different from another type; the hardness and amount of it varies from one tissue type to the next?
Matrix
What may be liquid as in blood, rubbery as in cartilage, or hard as in bone?
Matrix
In addition to ground substance, which three protein fibers does the matrix of most connective tissue contain?
Eat - Elastic
Chicken - Collagen
&
Rice - Reticular (fine collagen)
The fibers are secreted by the tissue cells and convey many of the functional characteristic to the connective tissue type.
Which fibers strengthen and support connective tissue?
Protein
Which fibers are strong and flexible but are not easily stretched?
Collagen
Which fibers are less strong, but are stretchy?
Elastic
Each type of connective tissue contains a specific immature or blast cell. For instance, ___blasts are found in loose and dense connective tissue, ___blasts in cartilage, and ___blasts in bone.
fibro
chondro
osteo
Which cells secrete the matrix and eventually mature forming fibrocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes?
Blast
The mature cells are primarily involved in maintaining the condition of the intercellular matrix.
In addition to blast cells, tissues contain other cells: ___, ___, and cells that fight ___ and infection.
Always - adipocytes
Move - macrophages
It - inflammation
What are the five connective tissues?
Cartilage
Bone
Loose
Dense Fibrous
“Liquid” (Blood and Lymph)
Which connective tissue contains fibers that are loosely arranged around cells?
Loose
What are the three loose connective tissue types?
Ask - Adipose
And - Areolar
Receive - Reticular
Which loose connective tissue is made up of collagen and elastin fibers in a gel-like intercellular matrix?
Areolar
Which loose connective tissue is soft and surrounds, protects, and cushions many of the organs, acting as “tissue glue?”
Areolar
Which loose connective tissue is deemed the most widely distributed connective tissue?
Areolar
Which tissue is composed primarily of cells that store fat?
Adipose
What becomes larger the more fat is stored?
Adipocyte
What serves as the body’s energy reservoir?
Fat
What is broken down to release energy the body requires?
Fat
What assists in body temperature regulation?
Fat
Which tissue forms the tissue layer underlying the skin (the subcutaneous layer)?
Adipose
Which tissues can insulate the body from outside temperature extremes because of its location?
Adipose
Which tissue prevents the loss of heat from the body in a cold environment?
Adipose
This protection is best appreciated in observing the fat content of animals living in arctic conditions. The walrus, for example, has huge layers of fat tissue (blubber).
What acts as a cushion such as the pad behind the eyeball protecting the eye from the hard bones of the eye socket?
Fat
What protects some organs thereby anchoring them in place?
Fat
Which tissue’s layers help hold the kidneys in place?
Fat
In extremely thin individuals, this fat tissue may be absent, allowing the kidney to move around (a “floating kidney”).
Which tissue is characterized by a network of delicately interwoven cells and fine collagen fibers?
Reticular
Which tissue forms the internal framework for lymphatic tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow?
Reticular
Which connective tissue is composed of fibroblasts and an intercellular matrix that contains many collagen and elastic fibers?
Dense Fibrous
What is the main fiber type in dense fibrous tissue?
Collagen
What forms strong, supporting structures such as tendons, ligaments, capsules, fascia, and the dermal layer of skin?
Collagen
What are cordlike structures that attach muscles to bones?
Tendons
What crosses joints and attaches bones to each other?
Ligaments
What contains more elastic fibers than tendons and therefore stretches easier?
Ligaments
The ability to ___ is important; it prevents tearing of the ligaments when the joints bend.
stretch
When the stretching of a joint is excessive, as with athletic injuries, tendons and ligaments can detach and tear, causing severe pain and impaired mobility. A ruptured Achilles tendon, for example, is a serious injury. The Achilles tendon attaches the leg muscles to the heel of the foot. If excessive force is exerted on the tendon, it may snap or rupture, causing loss of foot movement.
Which connective tissue forms tough capsules around certain organs (kidney and liver) and forms tissue sheets called fascia?
Dense Fibrous
What are tissue sheets that cover, support, and anchor organs to nearby structures?
Fascia
Cartilage is formed by ___ that eventually mature into ___, or cartilage cells.
chondroblasts
chondrocytes
What secretes a protein-containing intercellular matrix that becomes firm, smooth, and rubbery?
Chondroblast
Which cartilage is the exception for the matrix of cartilage being solid but not as hard as that of bone?
Fibrocartilage
Which connective tissue layer carries blood vessels to the cartilage?
Perichondrium
The blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage.
What covers most cartilage?
Perichondrium
What storage supply exists between the perichondrium and the cartilage?
Chondroblasts
What is stored that provides growth of cartilage throughout life?
Chondroblasts
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hope - Hyaline
Fuels - Fibrocartilage
Everything - Elastic
You can feel the rubbery or pliable cartilage in your nose and external ear.
Note the cartilaginous attachment of the ribs to the breastbone.
Which cartilage is found in larger quantities in the fetal skeleton?
Hyaline
As the fetus matures, however, most of the cartilage is converted to bone.
Bone Tissue
Osseous
What are immature bone cells?
Osteoblasts
What secretes an intercellular matrix that includes collagen, calcium salts, and other minerals?
Osteoblasts
The ___ provides flexibility and strength; while the ___-containing matrix makes bone tissue hard.
collagen
mineral
The hardness of the bone enables it to protect organs such as the brain and to support the weight of the body for standing and moving.
What acts as a storage site for mineral salts, especially calcium?
Bone
What do osteoblasts mature into?
Osteocytes
Which disease exists when mineralization of bone tissue is diminished?
Osteoporosis
The bone is weakened and breaks easily.
Which mineral is essential in dietary intake for strong bones?
Calcium
What is needed throughout the life cycle but is especially important during childhood and pregnancy, when bones are growing, and after menopause, when estrogen levels in women decline?
Calcium
What normally encourages the deposition of calcium in bone tissue?
Estrogen
Equally important for bone strength is exercise and other weight-bearing activity.
Which two connective tissue types have a liquid intercellular matrix?
Blood
Lymph
What is the liquid intercellular matrix that surrounds blood cells?
Plasma
Unlike other connective tissues, which contain collagen and elastin fibers in the intercellular matrix, ___ contains nonfibrous ___ proteins.
plasma x 2
What is the fluid found in lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
Types and Location of Connective Tissue (Blood and Lymph Are not Shown.)
Which tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?
Nervous
Of which two cells does the nervous tissue consist?
Neurons
Neuroglia
What are nerve cells that transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord?
Neurons
What are the neuron’s three parts?
Cell Body
Axon
Dendrites
What receives information from other neurons?
Dendrites
What contains the neuron’s nucleus and is essential to the life of the cell?
Cell Body
What transmits information away from the cell body?
Axon
What are cells that support and take care of the neurons?
Neuroglia
What word means “gluelike” and refers to the ability of these cells to support, or bind together, the vast network of neurons?
Neurogila
Two Types of Nervous Tissue
Which tissue is composed of cells that shorten or contract?
Muscle
Which tissue’s cells are called fibers because they are long and slender?
Muscle
What are the three muscle types?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Which muscle is generally attached to bone?
Skeletal
Which muscle is also called the striated muscle because of the appearance of striations or stripes?
Skeletal
Which muscles move the skeleton, maintain posture, and stabilize joints?
Skeletal
Which muscle type is generally found in the walls of the viscera, or organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder?
Smooth
Visceral Muscle
Smooth
Which muscle type is found in tubes such as the bronchioles (breathing passages) and blood vessels?
Smooth
Which muscle type’s function is related to the organ in which it is found?
Smooth
Which muscle type is found in the stomach to help mash and churn food and urinary bladder to expel urine?
Smooth
Vascular ___ muscle in blood vessels helps to propel blood while the ___ muscle in the breathing tubes affects the flow of air in and out of the lungs.
smooth
Which muscle is found only in the heart where it functions to pump blood into a vast network of blood vessels?
Cardiac
Which muscle fibers are long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions?
Cardiac
This arrangement promotes rapid conduction of coordinated electrical signals throughout the heart.
Types of Muscle Tissue.
What are the two tissue repair types?
Regeneration
Fibrosis
What refers to the tissue replacement by cells that are identical to the original cells?
Regeneration
What occurs only in tissues whose cells undergo mitosis, such as the skin?
Regeneration
What is the replacement of injured tissue by the formation of scar tissue?
Fibrosis
Fibrous Connective Tissue = Scar Tissue
The fibers of scar tissue pull the edges of the wound together and strengthen the area.
What must damaged skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nervous tissue be replaced by because they do not undergo mitosis?
Fibrosis
Scar Tissue
What does excessive fibrosis in the injured skin of some persons form?
Keloids
Which scars develop most often on the upper trunk and earlobes and are of concern cosmetically?
Keloid
What are thin tissue sheets that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and surround organs?
Membranes
What are the two membrane classifications?
Epithelial
Connective
What are three epithelial membranes?
Serous
Cutaneous (skin)
Mucous
Which membrane type contains both an epithelial sheet and an underlying layer of connective tissue?
Epithelial
Which membrane is the skin?
Cutaneous
Which epithelial membrane lines all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body?
Mucous
The digestive tract opens to the exterior of the body at the mouth and anus, whereas the respiratory tract opens to the exterior at the nose and mouth.
Which epithelial membrane includes the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts?
Mucous
Which membranes usually contain stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?
Mucous
Which epithelial membrane is adapted for absorption and secretion?
Mucous
What do mucous membranes secrete to keep the membrane moist and lubricated?
Mucus
What allows food to move through the digestive tract with little friction?
Mucus
Which membranes line the ventral body cavities that are not open to the exterior of the body?
Serous
What membranes would be observed when surgically entering the abdominal or thoracic cavity?
Serous
___ membranes secrete a thin, watery, ___ fluid.
Serous
serous
What fluid allows the membranes to slide past one another with little friction?
Serous
Which membranes are composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of loose connective tissue?
Serous
Which membranes line a cavity and then fold back onto the surface of the organs within that cavity?
Serous
Thus part of the membrane lines the wall of the cavity, and the other part covers the organ or organs within that cavity.
Which serous membrane layer lines the walls of the cavity (like wallpaper)?
Parietal
Which serous membrane layer covers the outside of an organ?
Visceral
What are the three serous membranes?
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
What is found in the thoracic cavity?
Pleura
The ___ pleurae line the wall of the thoracic cavity, and the ___ pleurae cover each lung.
parietal
visceral
What is the space between the pleural layers?
Pleural Cavity
What lubricates the pleura membranes?
Pleural Fluid
What painful condition occurs when the dry pleurae rub against each other, causing inflammation, because the secretion of serous fluid decreased?
Pleurisy
What is found in the thoracic cavity and partially surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
There is a ___ and ___ pericardium that offers slinglike support to the heart.
parietal
visceral
What is the space between the pericardial membranes?
Pericardial Cavity
What lubricates the pericardial membranes?
Pericardial Fluid
What is found within the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum
The ___ peritoneum lines the peritoneum walls and the ___ peritoneum covers some of the abdominal organs.
parietal
visceral
Which infection and life-threatening condition occurs when a person’s appendix ruptures; allowing the escape of intestinal contents, loaded with bacteria, into the peritoneal cavity?
Peritonitis
Epithelial Membranes
