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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 > Tissues and Membranes > Flashcards

Tissues and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What are groups of cells that are similar to each other in structure and function?

A

Tissue

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2
Q

What are the four major types of tissues?

A

Every - Epithelial

Morning - Muscular

Needs - Nervous

Coffee - Connective

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3
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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4
Q

Which tissue forms large continuous sheets?

A

Epithelial

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5
Q

Which tissue helps form the skin and covers the entire outer surface of the body?

A

Epithelial

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6
Q

Which tissue’s sheets line most of the inner cavities such as the mouth, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract?

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

Which tissue is primarily concerned with protection and transport?

A

Epithelial

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8
Q

Which tissue does skin represent because it protects the body from sunlight and from invasion by disease-producing bacteria?

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

Which tissue, lining the respiratory passages, helps clean inhaled air?

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the respiratory tract, which secretes mucus, lined with?

A

Cilia

The epithelium of the respiratory tract secretes mucus and is lined with cilia. The mucus traps the dust inhaled in the air, and the constantly waving cilia move the dust and mucus toward the throat. The dust and mucus are then either coughed up or swallowed and eliminated in the stools.

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11
Q

Which tissue functions in the transport of substances across membranes?

A

Epithelial

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12
Q

Which tissue is abundant in organs like those in the digestive tract, which must absorb large amounts of water and digested food?

A

Epithelial

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13
Q

Which tissue forms glands that secrete a variety of hormones and enzymes?

A

Epithelial

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14
Q

Which tissue’s cells fit together snugly like tiles?

A

Epithelial

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15
Q

Epithelial tissue has two surfaces.

One surface is always unattached, like the surface of the outer skin or the inner lining of the mouth.

The undersurface of the epithelium is attached to a ___ ___, which is a very thin material that anchors the epithelium to the underlying structure.

A

basememnt membrane

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16
Q

Which tissue has no blood supply of its own (it is avascular)?

A

Epithelial

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17
Q

Which tissue depends on the blood supply of underlying connective tissue for nourishment?

A

Epithelial

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18
Q

Which tissue is able to regenerate, or repair itself, quickly if injured because it is so well nourished?

A

Epithelial

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19
Q

Which tissue is classified according to its shape and the numbers of layers?

A

Epithelial

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20
Q
A

Epithelial

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21
Q

What are the three epithelial cell shapes?

A

Sleeping - Squamous
Cats - Cuboidal
Cuddle - Columnar

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22
Q

Which epithelium are thin and flat, like fish scales?

A

Squamous

The word squamous comes from squam, meaning “scale.”

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23
Q

Which epithelium cells are cubelike and look like dice?

A

Cuboidal

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24
Q

Which epithelium cells are tall and narrow and look like columns?

A

Columnar

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25
Q

Which cells are arranged in a single layer or multiple layers?

A

Epithelial

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26
Q

What is one layer of epithelium cells?

A

Simple

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27
Q

What are two or more layers of epithelium cells?

A

Stratified

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28
Q

What would a single layer of squamous cells be classified?

A

Simple Squamous

Both the shape and the number of layers describe the various types of epithelium.

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29
Q

What would multiple layers of squamous cells be classified?

A

Stratified squamous

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30
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue: Shapes and Layers of Cells.

A

Note that the figure shows stratified squamous epithelium but not stratified cuboidal or columnar tissue because they are found in very few organs.

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31
Q

Which layer type of epithelial cells are concerned primarily with the movement, or transport, of various substances across cell membranes because they are so thin?

A

Simple

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32
Q

Which epithelial tissue is thin and found where substances move by rapid diffusion or filtration?

A

Simple Squamous

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33
Q

Which epithelialium composes the walls of the capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)?

A

Simple Squamous

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34
Q

Which epithelialium composes walls of the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)?

A

Simple Squamous

This tissue allows the rapid diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood.

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35
Q

Which epithelium layer is most often found in glands and in the kidney tubules, where it functions in the transport and secretion of various substances?

A

Cuboidal

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36
Q

Which tall, tightly packed epithelium line the entire length of the digestive tract and play a major role in the absorption of the products of digestion?

A

Columnar

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37
Q

By which cell is lubricating mucus, produced by goblet cells, modified?

A

Columnar

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38
Q

Which epithelium is a single layer of columnar cells that are irregularly shaped and therefore appear multilayered?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

Hence the term pseudostratified, meaning “falsely stratified.”

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39
Q

Which epithelium’s function is similar to that of simple columnar cells: facilitating absorption and secretion?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

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40
Q

Which epithelia are multilayered (from 2 to 20 layers) and are therefore stronger than simple epithelia?

A

Stratified

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41
Q

Which epithelial layer performs a protective function and are found in tissue exposed to everyday wear and tear, such as the
mouth, esophagus, and skin?

A

Stratified

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42
Q

Which epithelium is the most widespread of the epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified Squamous

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43
Q

Which epithelium is found primarily in organs that need to stretch, such as the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional

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44
Q

Which epithelium earned its name because the cells slide past one another when the tissue is stretched?

A

Transitional

The cells appear stratified when the urinary bladder is empty (unstretched) and simple when the bladder is full (stretched).

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45
Q

Types and Location of Epithelial Tissue.

A
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46
Q
A
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47
Q

Which epithelial organ’s function is secretion?

A

Gland

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48
Q

What is made up of one or more cells that secrete a particular substance?

A

Gland

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49
Q

Which epithelial tissue is composed much of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Glandular

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50
Q

What are two types of glands?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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51
Q

Which glands have ducts, or tiny tubes, into which their secretions are released before reaching body surfaces or body cavities?

A

Exocrine

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52
Q

Which gland secretions include mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes?

A

Exocrine

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53
Q

What carries the exocrine secretions outside the body?

A

Duct

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54
Q

Which gland type includes sweat flowing from the sweat glands through ducts onto the surface of the skin for evaporation?

A

Exocrine

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55
Q

Which glands secrete hormones, such as insulin?

A

Endocrine

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56
Q

Which glands do not have ducts and are therefore called ductless glands?

A

Endocrine

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57
Q

Which glands are ductless and therefore secrete hormones directly into the blood?

A

Endocrine

The blood then carries the hormones to their sites of action.

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58
Q
A
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59
Q

Which tissue is the most abundant of the four tissue types and is widely distributed throughout the body?

A

Connective

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60
Q

Which tissue is found in blood, under the skin, in bone, and around many organs?

A

Connective

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61
Q

Which tissue connects, or binds together, the parts of the body?

A

Connective

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62
Q

Which tissue’s functions include support, protection, fat storage, and transport of substances?

A

Connective

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63
Q

Which tissue type may not resemble each other very closely?

A

Connective

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64
Q

Which tissue, with the exception of ligaments, tendons, and cartilage, has a good blood supply?

A

Connective

Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage have a poor blood supply. As any athlete knows, an injury to these structures usually heals very slowly.

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65
Q

Which tissue is an abundance of intercellular matrix?

A

Connective

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66
Q

Of which two parts does connective tissue consist?

A

Tissue Cells

Matrix (Intercellular)

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67
Q

What is located between the cells; and consists of ground substance and protein fibers?

A

Matrix

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68
Q

What is the material between the cells and fibers?

A

Ground Substance

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69
Q

What makes one type of connective tissue different from another type; the hardness and amount of it varies from one tissue type to the next?

A

Matrix

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70
Q

What may be liquid as in blood, rubbery as in cartilage, or hard as in bone?

A

Matrix

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71
Q

In addition to ground substance, which three protein fibers does the matrix of most connective tissue contain?

A

Eat - Elastic

Chicken - Collagen

&

Rice - Reticular (fine collagen)

The fibers are secreted by the tissue cells and convey many of the functional characteristic to the connective tissue type.

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72
Q

Which fibers strengthens and supports connective tissue?

A

Protein Fibers

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73
Q

Which fibers are strong and flexible but are not easily stretched?

A

Collagen

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74
Q

Which fibers are less strong, but are stretchy?

A

Elastic

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75
Q

Each type of connective tissue contains a specific immature or blast cell. For instance, ___blasts are found in loose and dense connective tissue, ___blasts in cartilage, and ___blasts in bone.

A

fibro

chondro

osteo

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76
Q

Which cells secrete the matrix and eventually mature forming fibrocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes?

A

Blast

The mature cells are primarily involved in maintaining the condition of the intercellular matrix.

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77
Q

In addition to blast cells, tissues contain other cells: ___, ___, and cells that fight ___ and infection.

A

Always - adipocytes

Move - macrophages

It - inflammation

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78
Q

What are the five connective tissues?

A

Curious - Cartilage

Birds - Bone

Linger - Loose

Down - Dense Fibrous

Low - “Liquid” (blood and lymph)

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79
Q

Which connective tissue contains fibers that are loosely arranged around cells?

A

Loose

80
Q

What are the three loose connective tissue types?

A

Ask - Adipose

And - Areolar

Receive - Reticular

81
Q

Which loose connective tissue is made up of collagen and elastin fibers in a gel-like intercellular matrix?

A

Areolar

82
Q

Which loose connective tissue is soft and surrounds, protects, and cushions many of the organs, acting as “tissue glue?”

A

Areolar

83
Q

Which loose connective tissue is deemed the most widely distributed connective tissue?

A

Areolar

84
Q

Which tissue or fat is composed primarily of adipocytes or cells that store fat?

A

Adipose

85
Q

What becomes larger the more fat is stored?

A

Adipocyte

86
Q

What serves as the body’s reservoir of energy?

A

Fat

87
Q

What is broken down to release energy the body requires?

A

Fat

88
Q

What assists in body temperature regulation?

A

Fat

89
Q

Which tissue forms the tissue layer underlying the skin (the subcutaneous layer)?

A

Adipose

90
Q

Which tissues can insulate the body from extremes of outside temperature because of its location?

A

Adipose

91
Q

Which tissue prevents the loss of heat from the body in a cold environment?

A

Adipose

This protection is best appreciated in observing the fat content of animals living in arctic conditions. The walrus, for example, has huge layers of fat tissue (blubber). Because of the insulating qualities of the blubber, the walrus can swim in deep cold waters without freezing to death. Think of how long you could sit on an iceberg, even if you had a few extra pounds. From a clinical perspective, persons who are thin are more apt to complain of “being cold.”

92
Q

What acts as a cushion such as the pad behind the eyeball protecting the eye from the hard bones of the eye socket?

A

Fat

93
Q

What protects some organs thereby anchoring them in place?

A

Fat

94
Q

Which tissue layer helps hold the kidney in place?

A

Fat

In extremely thin individuals, this fat tissue may be absent, allowing the kidney to move around (a “floating kidney”).

95
Q

Which tissue is characterized by a network of delicately interwoven cells and reticular (fine collagen) fibers?

A

Reticular

96
Q

Which tissue forms the internal framework for lymphatic tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow?

A

Reticular

97
Q

Which connective tissue is composed of fibroblasts and an intercellular matrix that contains many collagen and elastic fibers?

A

Dense Fibrous

98
Q

Which is the main type of fiber in dense fibrous tissue?

A

Collagen

99
Q

Which fibers form strong, supporting structures such as tendons, ligaments, capsules, fascia, and the dermal layer of skin?

A

Collagen

100
Q

What are cordlike structures that attach muscles to bones?

A

Tendons

101
Q

What cross joints and attach bones to each other?

A

Ligaments

102
Q

What contains more elastic fibers than tendons and therefore stretch easier?

A

Ligaments

103
Q

The ability to ___ is important; it prevents tearing of the ligaments when the joints bend.

A

stretch

When the stretching of a joint is excessive, as with athletic injuries, tendons and ligaments can detach and tear, causing severe pain and impaired mobility. A ruptured Achilles tendon, for example, is a serious injury. The Achilles tendon attaches the leg muscles to the heel of the foot. If excessive force is exerted on the tendon, it may snap or rupture, causing loss of foot movement.

104
Q

Which connective tissue forms tough capsules around certain organs (kidney and liver) and forms sheets of tissue called fascia?

A

Dense Fibrous

105
Q

What are sheets of tissue that cover, support, and anchor organs to nearby structures?

A

Fascia

106
Q

Cartilage is formed by ___ that eventually mature into ___, or cartilage cells.

A

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

107
Q

What secretes a protein-containing intercellular matrix that becomes firm, smooth, and rubbery?

A

Chondroblast

108
Q

Which cartilage is the exception for the matrix of cartilage being solid but not as hard as that of bone?

A

Fibrocartilage

109
Q

Which layer of connective tissue carries blood vessels to the cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

The blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage.

110
Q

What covers most cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

111
Q

What storage supply exists between the perichondrium and the cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

112
Q

What is stored that provides growth of cartilage throughout life?

A

Chondroblasts

113
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hope - Hyaline

Fuels - Fibrocartilage

Everything - Elastic

You can feel the rubbery or pliable cartilage in your nose and external ear. Note the cartilaginous attachment of the ribs to the breastbone.

114
Q

Which cartilage is found in larger quantities in the fetal skeleton?

A

Hyaline

As the fetus matures, however, most of the cartilage is converted to bone.

115
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Osseous

116
Q

What are immature bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts

117
Q

What secretes an intercellular matrix that includes collagen, calcium salts, and other minerals?

A

Osteoblasts

118
Q

The ___ provides flexibility and strength; the ___-containing matrix makes the bone tissue hard.

A

collagen

mineral

The hardness of the bone enables it to protect organs such as the brain and to support the weight of the body for standing and moving.

119
Q

What acts as a storage site for mineral salts, especially calcium?

A

Bone

120
Q

What do osteoblasts mature into?

A

Osteocytes

121
Q

Which disease transpires when mineralization of bone tissue is diminished?

A

Osteoporosis

The bone is weakened and breaks easily.

122
Q

Which mineral is essential in dietary intake for strong bones?

A

Calcium

123
Q

What is needed throughout the life cycle but is especially important during childhood and pregnancy, when bones are growing, and after menopause, when estrogen levels in women decline?

A

Calcium

124
Q

What normally encourages the deposition of calcium in bone tissue?

A

Estrogen

Equally important for bone strength is exercise and other weight-bearing activity.

125
Q

Which two types of connective tissue have a liquid intercellular matrix?

A

Blood

Lymph

126
Q

What is the liquid intercellular matrix that surrounds blood cells?

A

Plasma

127
Q

Unlike other connective tissues, which contain collagen and elastin fibers in the intercellular matrix, ___ contains nonfibrous ___ proteins.

A

plasma x2

128
Q

What is the fluid found in lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph

129
Q

Types and Location of Connective Tissue (Blood and Lymph Are not Shown.)

A
130
Q
A
131
Q

Which tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?

A

Nervous

132
Q

Of which two cell types does the nervous tissue consist?

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

133
Q

What are nerve cells that transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord?

A

Neurons

134
Q

What are the neuron’s three parts?

A

Cats - Cell Body

Attack - Axon

Dogs - Dendrites

135
Q

What receives information from other neurons?

A

Dendrites

136
Q

What contains the neuron’s nucleus and is essential to the life of the cell?

A

Cell Body

137
Q

What transmits information away from the cell body?

A

Axon

138
Q

What are cells that support and take care of the neurons?

A

Neuroglia

139
Q

What word means “gluelike” and refers to the ability of these cells to support, or bind together, the vast network of neurons?

A

Neurogila

140
Q

Two Types of Nervous Tissue

A
141
Q

Which tissue is composed of cells that shorten, or contract?

A

Muscle

In doing so, they cause movement of a body part.

142
Q

Which tissue’s cells are called fibers because they are long and slender?

A

Muscle

143
Q

What are the three muscle types?

A

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

144
Q

Which muscle is generally attached to bone?

A

Skeletal

145
Q

Which muscle is also called the striated muscle because of the appearance of striations or stripes?

A

Skeletal

146
Q

Which muscles move the skeleton, maintain posture, and stabilize joints?

A

Skeletal

147
Q

Which muscle is generally found in the walls of the viscera, or organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder?

A

Smooth

148
Q

Visceral Muscle

A

Smooth

149
Q

Which muscle is found in tubes such as the bronchioles (breathing passages) and blood vessels?

A

Smooth

150
Q

Which muscle’s function is related to the organ in which it is found?

A

Smooth

151
Q

Which muscle in the stomach helps mash and churn food and expel urine in the urinary bladder?

A

Smooth

152
Q

Vascular ___ muscle in blood vessels helps to propel blood while the ___ muscle in the breathing tubes affects the flow of air in and out of the lungs.

A

smooth

153
Q

Which muscle is found only in the heart where it functions to pump blood into a vast network of blood vessels?

A

Cardiac

154
Q

Which muscle fibers are long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions?

A

Cardiac

This arrangement promotes rapid conduction of coordinated electrical signals throughout the heart.

155
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue.

A
156
Q

What are the two types of tissue repair?

A

Regeneration

Fibrosis

157
Q

What refers to the replacement of tissue by cells that are identical to the original cells?

A

Regeneration

158
Q

What occurs only in tissues whose cells undergo mitosis, such as the skin?

A

Regeneration

159
Q

What is the replacement of injured tissue by the formation of scar tissue?

A

Fibrosis

Fibrous Connective Tissue = Scar Tissue

The fibers of scar tissue pull the edges of the wound together and strengthen the area.

160
Q

What must damaged skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nervous tissue be replaced by because they do not undergo mitosis?

A

Fibrosis

Scar Tissue

161
Q

What does excessive fibrosus in the injured skin of some persons form?

A

Keloids

162
Q

Which scars develop most often on the upper trunk and earlobes and are of concern cosmetically?

A

Keloid

163
Q

What are thin sheets of tissue that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and surround organs?

A

Membranes

164
Q

What are the two membrane classifications?

A

Epithelial

Connective

165
Q

What are three epithelial membranes?

A

Sweet - Serous

Chocolate - Cutaneous (skin)

Mousse - Mucous

166
Q

Which membranes contain both an epithelial sheet and an underlying layer of connective tissue?

A

Epithelial

167
Q

Which membrane is the skin?

A

Cutaneous

168
Q

Which epithelial membrane lines all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body?

A

Mucous

The digestive tract opens to the exterior of the body at the mouth and anus, whereas the respiratory tract opens to the exterior at the nose and mouth.

169
Q

Which epithelial membrane includes the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts?

A

Mucous

170
Q

Which membranes usually contain stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?

A

Mucous

171
Q

Which epithelial membrane is adapted for absorption and secretion?

A

Mucous

172
Q

What do mucous membranes secrete to keep the membrane moist and lubricated?

A

Mucus

173
Q

What allows food to move through the digestive tract with little friction?

A

Mucus

174
Q

Which membranes line the ventral body cavities that are not open to the exterior of the body?

A

Serous

175
Q

Which membranes would be observed when surgically entering the abdominal or thoracic cavity?

A

Serous

176
Q

___ membranes secrete a thin, watery, ___ fluid.

A

Serous

serous

177
Q

What fluid allows the membranes to slide past one another with little friction?

A

Serious

178
Q

Which membranes are composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of loose connective tissue?

A

Serous

179
Q

Which membranes line a cavity and then fold back onto the surface of the organs within that cavity?

A

Serous

Thus part of the membrane lines the wall of the cavity, and the other part covers the organ or organs within that cavity.

180
Q

Which serous membrane layer lines the walls of the cavity (like wallpaper)?

A

Parietal

181
Q

Which serous membrane layer covers the outside of an organ?

A

Visceral

182
Q

What are the three serous membranes?

A

Peter - Pleura

Piper’s - Pericardium

Peppers - Peritoneum

183
Q

What is found in the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleura

184
Q

The ___ pleurae line the wall of the thoracic cavity, and the ___ pleurae cover each lung.

A

parietal

visceral

185
Q

What is the space between the pleural layers?

A

Pleural Cavity

186
Q

What lubricates the pleura membranes?

A

Pleural Fluid

187
Q

Which painful condition occurs when the dry pleurae rub against each other, causing inflammation, because the secretion of serous fluid decreased?

A

Pleurisy

188
Q

What is found in the thoracic cavity and partially surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

189
Q

There is a ___ and ___ pericardium that offers slinglike support to the heart.

A

parietal

visceral

190
Q

What is the space between the pericardial membranes?

A

Pericardial Cavity

191
Q

What lubricates the pericardial membranes?

A

Pericardial Fluid

192
Q

What is found within the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

193
Q

The ___ peritoneum lines the peritoneum walls and the ___ peritoneum covers some of the abdominal organs.

A

parietal

visceral

194
Q

Which infection and life-threatening condition occurs when a person’s appendix ruptures; allowing the escape of intestinal contents, loaded with bacteria, into the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritonitis

195
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A
196
Q
A

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 (7 decks)

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