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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 > Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Which branch of science studies the structure of the body?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Which branch of science describes what the heart looks like, how big it is, what it is made of, how it is organized, and where it is located?

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

What word comes from the Greek word meaning to dissect?

A

Anatomy

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4
Q

Which branch of science describes how the body functions?

A

Physiology

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5
Q

Which branch of science describes how the heart pumps blood and why the pumping of blood is essential for life?

A

Physiology

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6
Q

Which branch of science describes the consequences of the improper functioning of the body (i.e., how a body part functions when a person has a disease)?

A

Pathophysiology

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7
Q

Which branch of science describes what happens during a heart attack and when the heart functions poorly or not at all?

A

Pathophysiology

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8
Q

Levels of Organization

A
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9
Q

Which term refers to the 12 groups of structures that perform specific functions, enabling the human body to operate as a coordinated whole?

A

Organ Systems

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10
Q

Which system consists of the skin and related structures, such as hair and nails?

A

Integumentary

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11
Q

Which system forms a covering for the body, helps to regulate body temperature, and contains some of the structures necessary for sensation?

A

Integumentary

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12
Q

Which system forms the basic framework of the body?

A

Skeletal

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13
Q

Which system consists primarily of bones, joints, and cartilage?

A

Skeletal

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14
Q

Which system protects and supports body organs and enables us to move around?

A

Skeletal

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15
Q

Which system produces most of the blood cells?

A

Skeletal

  • Bones contain bone marrow
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16
Q

Which type of muscles are attach to the bones and are responsible for movement of the skeleton and the maintenance of body posture?

A

Skeletal

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17
Q

Which type of muscles are found in the heart and enable the heart to pump blood throughout the body?

A

Cardiac Muscles

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18
Q

Which type of muscles are found in various organs and tubes; contraction and relaxation of this muscle type helps move body fluid?

A

Smooth Muscles

  • Vascular smooth muscle, for instance, helps to move blood through the blood vessels.
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19
Q

Which system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs?

A

Nervous System

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20
Q

Which type of nerves receive information from the environment and bring it to the spinal cord and brain, where it is interpreted?

A

Sensory Nerves

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21
Q

Which type of nerves transmit decisions made by the brain and spinal cord to various body structures to elicit a response, such as leg movement?

A

Motor Nerves

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22
Q

Which system includes our brain which, of course, thinks, emotes, remembers, reflects, integrates, creates, and performs all those higher-level functions that characterize the human brain?

A

Nervous System

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23
Q

Which system contains numerous glands that secrete hormones and chemical substances that regulate body activities such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and water balance?

A

Endocrine System

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24
Q

Which system consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels?

A

Circulatory System

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25
Q

Which system pumps (heart) and transports (blood vessels) blood throughout the body?

A

Circulatory System

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26
Q

What carries nutrients and oxygen to all the body’s cells and also carries the waste away from the cells to the organs of excretion?

A

Blood

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27
Q

Which system is made up of the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, and other lymphatic organs.

A

Lymphatic

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28
Q

What structures play an important role in fluid balance and in the defense of the body against pathogens and other foreign material?

A

Lymph and Lymphatic Structures

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29
Q

Which system is an elaborate defense system that protects the body not only from pathogens, but also from allergens, such as pollens, bee venom, and some of our own cells that have gone awry (cancer cells)?

A

Immune System

  • The immune system is widely distributed or throughout the body.
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30
Q

Which system contains the lungs and other structures that conduct air to and from the lungs?

A

Respiratory System

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31
Q

Which element is air rich in as it moves into the lungs?

A

Oxygen

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32
Q

Which element is picked up by the blood and distributed throughout the body?

A

Oxygen

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33
Q

Which compound air rich in as it moves out of the lungs, thereby ridding the body of waste?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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34
Q

Which system plays a key role in the regulation of acid-base balance?

A

Respiratory

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35
Q

Which system is composed of organs designed to ingest food and break it down into substances that can be absorbed by the body?

A

Digestive System

  • Food that is not absorbed is eliminated as waste.
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36
Q

Which system contains the kidneys and other structures that help excrete waste products from the body through the urine?

A

Urinary System

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37
Q

Which system helps control the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the body?

A

Urinary System

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38
Q

Which system is made up of organs and structures that enable humans to reproduce?

A

Reproductive System

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39
Q

Major Organ Systems of the Body

A
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40
Q

Major Organ Systems of the Body

A
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41
Q

What term literally means staying the same?

A

Homeostasis

  • Staying (stasis) the same (homeo).
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42
Q

What term refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment?

A

Homeostasis

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43
Q

What is a healthy person whose body temperature stays at approximately 98.6°F (37°C), even when room temperature increases to 100°F or decreases to 60°F an example of?

A

Homeostasis

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44
Q

What is how the amount of water in your cells staying the same whether you drink 2, 3, or 4 L of water per day an example of?

A

Homeostasis

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45
Q

What is blood sugar remaining within normal limits whether you have just eaten a turkey dinner or have fasted for 6 hours an example of?

A

Homeostasis

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46
Q

What are the mechanisms that help to maintain homeostasis called?

A

Homeostatic Mechanisms

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47
Q

What is disease and/or dysfunction a result of?

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

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48
Q

What terms describe the location, position, and regions of body parts?

A

Anatomical Terms

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49
Q

Which position do healthcare providers assume the body is in when describing the location, position, and region of body parts?

A

Anatomical Position

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50
Q

Which position is the body in when it is standing erect, with the face forward, the arms at the sides, and the toes and palms of the hands directed forward?

A

Anatomical Position

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51
Q
A

Anatomical Position

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52
Q

What terms describe the position of one body part in relation to another body part?

A

Relative Positions

  • These are directional terms.
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53
Q

What terminology, usually in pairs that are generally opposites, is used to locate body parts?

A

Relative Positions

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54
Q

What is the exclusive position the body must be in for relative position references to be valid?

A

Anatomical Position

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55
Q

___ means that a part is above another part or is closer to the head. For example, the head is ___ to the chest.

___ means that a part is located below another part or is closer to the feet. For example, the chest is ___ to the head.

A

Superior, superior

Inferior, inferior

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56
Q

___ means toward the front surface (the belly surface).

___ means toward the back surface.

For example, the heart is ___ to the spinal cord, but the heart is ___ to the breastbone.

A

Anterior

Posterior

anterior

posterior

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57
Q

What is ventral other word for?

A

Anterior

58
Q

What is dorsal another word for?

A

Posterior

*Consider the dorsal fin of a fish. It is the dorsal part of the shark that can be seen moving effortlessly and very quickly toward your surfboard!

59
Q

What is the term for the imaginative line drawn through the middle of your body, dividing it into right and left halves?

A

Midline

60
Q

___ means toward the midline of the body. For example, the nose is ___ to the ears.

___ means away from the midline of the body. For example, the ears are ___ to the nose.

In the anatomical position, the hand is closer to the ___ thigh than to the ___ thigh.

A

Medial, medial

Lateral, lateral

lateral

medial

61
Q

___ means that the structure is nearer to the point of attachment, often the trunk of the body. Because the elbow is closer to the point of attachment than is the wrist, the elbow is described as ___ to the wrist. The wrist is ___ to the fingers, meaning that the wrist is closer to the trunk than are the fingers.

___ means that a part is farther away from the point of attachment than another part. For example, the wrist is ___ to the elbow, and the fingers are ___ to the wrist.

A

Proximal, proximal, proximal

Distal, distal, distal

62
Q

___ means that a part is located on or near the surface of the body. The skin is ___ to the muscles.

___ means that the body part is away from the surface of the body. The bones, for example, are ___ to the skin.

A

Superficial, superficial

Deep, deep

63
Q

___ means that the part is located in the center.

___ means away from the center.

For example, the heart is located ___, whereas the blood vessels are located (away from the center and extending toward the limbs).

The brain and spinal cord are called the ___ nervous system, and the nerves are called the ___ nervous system.

A

Central

Peripheral

centrally

peripherally

central

peripheral

64
Q

What terms help to locate the left side of the body, the top half of the body, or the front of the body?

A

Planes of the Body

65
Q

What divides the body with an imaginary line in one direction?

A

Planes of the Body

66
Q

Which plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions?

A

Sagittal Plane

67
Q

Which division is represented when the cut is made exactly down the midline of the body with the right and left halves of the body being equal?

A

Midsagittal Section

68
Q

Which plane divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions?

A

Frontal Plane

69
Q

Which plane creates the front part of the body and the back part of the body?

A

Frontal Plane

70
Q

Which plane is also called the coronal plane?

A

Frontal Plane

  • Coronal means “crown,” so the imaginary line for the coronal plane is made across the part of the head where a crown would sit and then downward through the body.
71
Q

Which plane divides the body horizontally, creating an upper (superior) and a lower (inferior) body?

A

Transverse Plane

72
Q

Which division is represented when the body or an organ is cut horizontally or transversely?

A

Cross Section

73
Q

Planes of the Body

A

A) Sagittal
B) Frontal (Coronal)
C) Transverse

74
Q

What specific terms describe the different regions or areas of the body?

A

Regional Terms

75
Q

Anterior trunk just below the ribs:

A

Abdominal

(Anterior Surface)

76
Q

Area in front of the elbow:

A

Antecubital

(Anterior Surface)

77
Q

Armpit:

A

Axillary

(Anterior Surface)

78
Q

Arm:

A

Brachial

(Anterior Surface)

79
Q

Cheek area; cavity between the gum and cheek:

A

Buccal

(Anterior Surface)

80
Q

Head:

A

Cephalic

(Anterior Surface)

81
Q

Neck region:

A

Cervical

(Anterior Surface)

82
Q

Nearer to the head:

A

Cranial

(Anterior Surface)

83
Q

Fingers, toes:

A

Digital

(Anterior Surface)

84
Q

Thigh area:

A

Femoral

(Anterior Surface)

85
Q

Fleshy area along each side between the lower ribs and the top of the hip bones:

A

Flank

(Anterior Surface)

86
Q

Area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body; often called the groin:

A

Inguinal

(Anterior Surface)

87
Q

Mouth:

A

Oral

(Anterior Surface)

88
Q

Area around the eye:

A

Orbital

(Anterior Surface)

89
Q

Front of the knee over the kneecap:

A

Patellar

(Anterior Surface)

90
Q

Foot:

A

Pedal

(Anterior Surface)

91
Q

Sole of the foot:

A

Plantar

(Anterior Surface)

92
Q

Genital area:

A

Pubic

(Anterior Surface)

93
Q

Middle of the chest (over the breastbone area):

A

Sternal

(Anterior Surface)

94
Q

Navel:

A

Umbilical

(Anterior Surface)

95
Q

Near to the lower region of the spinal column (near the tailbone):

A

Caudal

(Posterior Surface)

96
Q

Rounded area of the shoulder closest to the arm:

A

Deltoid

(Posterior Surface)

97
Q

Buttocks:

A

Gluteal

(Posterior Surface)

98
Q

Area of the back between the ribs and the hips:

A

Lumbar

(Posterior Surface)

99
Q

Back of the head:

A

Occipital

(Posterior Surface)

100
Q

Behind, or back of, the knee area:

A

Popliteal

(Posterior Surface)

101
Q

Shoulder blade area:

A

Scapular

(Posterior Surface)

102
Q

Regional Terms

A) Anterior View
B) Posterior View

A
103
Q

The organs, called ___, are located within the cavities of the body.

A

visera

104
Q

What are the large internal spaces of the body?

A

Cavities

105
Q

Which cavity is located toward the back of the body and has two divisions?

A

Dorsal Cavity

106
Q

What are the two divisions of the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial Cavity

Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity

The cranial and spinal cavities form one continuous space.

107
Q

Which cavity is located within the skull and contains the brain?

A

Cranial Cavity

108
Q

Which cavity extends downward from the cranial cavity and is surrounded by bony vertebrae; it contains the spinal cord?

A

Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity

109
Q

Which (larger) cavity is located toward the front of the body and has two divisions?

A

Ventral Cavity

110
Q

What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

111
Q

Which cavity is located above the diaphragm and is surrounded by the rib cage?

A

Thoracic Cavity

112
Q

What is the thoracic cavity divided into two compartments by?

A

Mediastinum

113
Q

What is the space that contains the heart, thymus gland, and parts of the esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels attached to the heart?

A

Mediastinum

114
Q

Which cavity is located within the mediastinum and contains the heart?

A

Pericardial Cavity

115
Q

In which cavities are the right and left lungs located on either side of the mediastinum?

A

Pleural Cavities

116
Q

Within which cavity do the lungs occupy most of the space?

A

Thoracic Cavity

117
Q

Which cavity is located below the diaphragm?

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

118
Q

Which cavity’s upper portion is the abdominal cavity?

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

119
Q

Which cavity contains the stomach, most of the intestines, and the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys?

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

120
Q

What is the lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic Cavity

121
Q

Which cavity extends downward from the level of the hips and includes the remainder of the intestines, the rectum, the urinary bladder, and the internal parts of the reproductive system?

A

Pelvic Cavity

122
Q

Major Body Cavities

A

Very - Ventral
Tiny - Thoracic
Abdominal Pelvic - Apples

The - Thoracic
Patient - Pleural
Prefers - Pericardial
Medicine - Mediastinum

Dolphins - Dorsal
Can - Cranial
Swim - Spinal

123
Q

What are the smaller areas the abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into because it is so large?

A

Quadrants

Regions

  • Remember that quadrants and regions refer only to the abdominopelvic cavity and not to the thoracic cavity.
124
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

125
Q

What terms are used frequently in the clinical setting? For example, a patient in the emergency room who has acute pain in the lower right abdomen may be diagnosed with appendicitis.

A

Quadrants

126
Q

What system divides the abdominopelvic cavity into nine separate areas that resemble the squares for tic-tac-toe?

A

Regions

127
Q

What are the three central regions (from top to bottom)?

A

1) Epigastric Region
2) Umbilical Region
3) Hypogastric Region

128
Q

Which region is located below the breastbone?

A

Epigastric Region

129
Q

What word literally means upon the stomach?

A

Epigastric

Upon (epi) the stomach (gastric)

130
Q

Which region is the centermost region and surrounds the navel (belly button)?

A

Umbilical Region

131
Q

Which region is located just below the umbilical region?

A

Hypogastric Region

132
Q

What word literally means below the stomach?

A

Hypogastric

Below (hypo) the stomach (gastric)

133
Q

Which regions are located on either side of the central regions?

A

1) Hypochondriac Regions
2) Lumbar Regions
3) Iliac Regions

134
Q

Which regions are located on either side of the epigastric region and overlie the lower ribs?

A

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

Note that the RLQ appears to be on your left. This is similar to looking in a mirror.

135
Q

What word literally means below the cartilage and refers to the composition of the ribs?

A

Hypochondriac

Below (hypo) the cartilage (chondro) and refers to the composition of the ribs (cartilage).

136
Q

Which regions are located on either side of the umbilical region and are inferior to the hypochondriac regions?

A

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

137
Q

What are the inguinal regions also called?

A

Iliac Regions

138
Q

Which regions are located on either side of the hypogastric region?

A

Iliac Regions

Right & Left

139
Q

How is the abdominopelvic divided to help healthcare providers understand terms such as epigastric pain and umbilical hernia?

A

Regions

140
Q

The Abdominopelvic Cavity

A) Four quadrants
B) Nine regions

A

Every - Epigastric
Unhappy - Umbilical
Hippo - Hypogastric
Hopes - Hypochondriac
Life - Lumbar
Improves - Iliac

Note that the RLQ appears to be on your left. This is similar to looking in a mirror.

141
Q

Where are the four smaller cavities (oral cavity, nasal cavities, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities) located?

A

Head

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 (7 decks)

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