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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 > Functions of the Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Functions of the Blood Vessels Flashcards

Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com

1
Q

The blood vessels perform five important functions:

  1. Act as a ___ system.
  2. Regulate blood ___.
  3. Engages in nutrients and waste ___ between the capillaries and cells.
  4. ___ blood in response to changing body needs.
  5. Help regulate body ___.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

delivery

pressure

exchange

Redistribute

temperature

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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2
Q

Which system’s primary purpose is to deliver blood that is rich in oxygen, hormones, nutrients, and water to the cells?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Cardiovascular

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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3
Q

What collects cellular waste and delivers it to excretion organs, such as the kidneys?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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4
Q

What do all cells need to avoid dying?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Oxygen

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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5
Q

What is impaired blood flow and oxygen deprivation?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Ischemia

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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6
Q

What results in tissue damage, pain, and gangrene?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Ischemia

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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7
Q

What is the force that blood exerts against the blood vessel walls?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Blood Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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8
Q

What is needed to push blood through the blood vessels to an organ?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Blood Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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9
Q

Systolic pressure is the highest pressure recorded during systole (myocardial ___).

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

contraction

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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10
Q

Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure recorded during diastole (myocardial ___).

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

relaxation

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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11
Q

Which term refers to normal blood pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Normotensive

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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12
Q

Which pressure is the top number?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Systolic

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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13
Q

Which pressure is the bottom number?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

Diastolic

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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14
Q

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

A

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 360)

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15
Q

Blood pressure readings vary according to ___, ___, and ___ (and emotional state).

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

A

age

gender

size

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

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16
Q

The normal blood pressure for an adult is defined as a systolic pressure of less than ___ mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of less than ___mm Hg.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

A

120

80

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

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17
Q

For many years, a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg was considered normal for an adult; today, it is classified as ___.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

A

prehypertensive

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

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18
Q

If blood pressure becomes too low (___), blood flow to vital organs decreases, and the person is said to be in shock.

Without immediate treatment, the person may die.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

A

hypotension

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

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19
Q

If the blood pressure becomes elevated (___), the blood vessels may burst, or rupture.

A ruptured blood vessel in the brain, for example, is a major cause of stroke, resulting in loss of speech, paralysis, and possible death.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

A

hypertension

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

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20
Q

What puts added strain on the heart, damages the kidney’s blood vessels, and damages the retina, causing loss of vision?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

A

Hypertension

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 361)

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21
Q

Blood Pressure in the Different Blood Vessels

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

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22
Q

Blood pressure is highest in the ___ because it is closest to the left ventricle; the left ventricle pumps blood with great force.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

aorta

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

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23
Q

Blood pressure gradually declines as blood flows from the large arteries into the arterioles, into the capillaries, into the venules and, finally, into the veins.

This difference in pressure causes blood to flow from the ___ side of the circulation to the ___ side.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

arterial

venous

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

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24
Q

Blood pressure of ___/___ mm Hg is normal only for large blood vessels.

Capillary pressure is generally much lower.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

116/72

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

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25
Q

Pressure within the large veins is around ___ mm Hg.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

0

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

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26
Q

What two components determine blood pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

Cardiac Output

Systemic Vascular Resistance

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

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27
Q

What is the heart’s blood pressure component?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

Cardiac Output

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

28
Q

Which two components determine cardiac output?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

Heart Rate (HR)

Stroke Volume (SV)

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

29
Q

The stronger the contraction force, the greater the ___ ___ (___), the greater the ___ ___, and the higher the blood pressure.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

stroke volume (SV)

cardiac output

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

30
Q

The faster the ___ ___ (___), the greater the ___ ___, and the higher the blood pressure.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

heart rate (HR)

cardiac output

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

31
Q

A decline in heart rate (HR) and/or stroke volume (SV) (decreases/increases) cardiac output and blood pressure.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

decreases

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

32
Q

What illustrates the peripheral blood vessels’ blood pressure effect?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

A

Garden Hose

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 362)

33
Q

Assume a hose is hooked up to a faucet.

When the faucet is turned on, water flows through the hose and falls to the ground in big droplets.

Now assume a nozzle has been attached, thereby narrowing the hose end.

The nozzle has increased the water ___.

Because of the nozzle ___, water does not fall out of the hose in big droplets; instead, water squirts out of the hose end.

(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 362, 363)

A

resistance x 2

(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 362, 363)

34
Q

There is a (lower/higher) pressure in a hose with a nozzle on it.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

higher

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

35
Q

The nozzle increases ___ to water flow and causes the pressure behind the nozzle to increase.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

resistance

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

36
Q

Increased ___ in the nozzled hose simply pushes the water further.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

pressure

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

37
Q

The large blood vessels are similar to the hose.

The smaller vessels, especially the ___, act as nozzles.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

arterioles

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

38
Q

Because the ___ are composed largely of smooth muscle, contraction and relaxation allow the ___ to change diameter and therefore resistance to blood flow.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

arterioles x 2

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

39
Q

What is the clinical term that refers to the resistance offered by all the peripheral blood vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

40
Q

What is the same as systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

41
Q

Which smooth muscle determines resistance?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Arteriolar

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

42
Q

What occurs when arteriolar smooth muscle relaxes and increases the blood vessel diameter?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Vasodilation

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

43
Q

Which process is comparable to removing the nozzle from the end of the hose?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Vasodilation

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

44
Q

What decreases blood vessel resistance and decreases blood pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Vasodilation

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

45
Q

Which process occurs when the smooth muscle contracts and arteriole diameter becomes smaller?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Vasoconstriction

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

46
Q

Which process is comparable to adding a nozzle to a hose?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Vasoconstriction

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

47
Q

Which process increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and raises blood pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Vasoconstriction

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

48
Q

What does the arterioles’ ability to dilate and constrict help determine?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

Blood Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

49
Q

Under normal conditions, blood pressure remains relatively constant, at slightly less than ___/___ mm Hg.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

120/80

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

50
Q

Effect of Resistance on Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

A

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 363)

51
Q

The most important of the rapidly acting mechanisms is a nervous reflex mechanism called the ___ reflex.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

baroreceptor

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

52
Q

Which reflex consists of the following structures: receptors, sensory nerves, medulla oblongata, and motor nerves?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

Baroreceptor

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

53
Q

What are the special receptors located in the aortic arch walls and carotid sinus?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

Baroreceptors

Pressure Receptors

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

54
Q

What senses sudden changes in blood pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

Baroreceptors

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

55
Q

Once the baroreceptors have been activated, the sensory information travels along the nerves to the brain.

The nerves that carry the sensory information are crainal nerves (CN): ___ (___) and ___ (___).

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

IX (glossopharyngeal)

X (vagus)

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

56
Q

Which brain stem component interprets sensory information coming from the baroreceptors?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

Medulla Oblongata

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

57
Q

Which brain stem component decides what to do with sensory information?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

Medulla Oblongata

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

58
Q

If the blood pressure is low, the ___ ___ tells the heart and blood vessels to increase blood pressure.

If the ___ ___ receives information that the blood pressure is high, it tells the heart and blood vessels to decrease blood pressure.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

medulla oblongata x 2

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

59
Q

Once the medulla oblongata has identified adjustments needed to restore blood pressure to normal, ___ nerves carry information to the heart and blood vessels.

The ___ nerves involved are the autonomic nervous system nerves (___ and ___ nervous systems).

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

A

motor

sympathetic

parasympathetic

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 364)

60
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 365)

A

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 365)

61
Q

A second rapidly acting mechanism is the secretion of ___ and ___ from the adrenal gland ‘s medulla.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 365)

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 365)

62
Q

What two hormones prolong baroreceptor reflex effects; they increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction, thus increasing blood pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 365, 366)

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 365, 366)

63
Q

Several hormonal mechanisms act slowly to control blood pressure and are more concerned with the long-term regulation of blood pressure.

The most important of the slowly acting mechanisms is the ___-___-___ mechanism.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 366)

A

renin–angiotensin–aldosterone

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 366)

64
Q

Other hormones that affect blood pressure include ___ ___ ___ (___).

___ ___ ___ (___) is also called vasopressin because it exerts a vasopressor effect (increases blood pressure).

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 366)

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) x 2

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 366)

65
Q

___ ___ ___ (___) and ___ ___ ___ (___), secreted by the distended walls of the heart, lower blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by decreasing blood volume through the renal (kidney) secretion of sodium and water.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 366)

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 366)

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 (15 decks)

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