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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Which system consists of the bones, joints, and cartilage and ligaments associated with the joints?

A

Skeletal

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2
Q

What are arranged to provide a framework for our bodies, giving us our basic shape?

A

Bones

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3
Q

Skeleton

A
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4
Q

The of the ___ extremities support the weight of the body.

A

lower

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5
Q

What supports and protects the soft body organs?

A

Bones

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6
Q

Which system enables the body to move about with the assistance of muscles?

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

Which two minerals do the bones store?

A

Calcium

Phosphorous

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8
Q

What participates in the regulation of plasma calcium?

A

Bones

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9
Q

What produces blood cells?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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10
Q

What are bones that are longer than they are wide classed?

A

Long

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11
Q

What are bones found in the arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thighs, legs, and instep classed?

A

Long

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12
Q

What are small bones, such as the metacarpals and finger bones, considered?

A

Long

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13
Q

What are bones shaped like cubes and are found primarily in the wrists and ankles classed?

A

Short

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14
Q

What are bones that are thin, flat, and curved classed?

A

Flat

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15
Q

What are bones that form the ribs, breastbone, cranium, and bones of the shoulder girdle classed?

A

Flat

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16
Q

What are bones that are differently shaped and are not classified as long, short, or flat?

A

Irregular

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17
Q

What are bones that include the hip bones, vertebrae, and various bones in the skull classed?

A

Irregular

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18
Q

Which bone classification, including the strong femur in the thigh, supports a great deal of weight and can withstand considerable force?

A

Long

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19
Q

Which bones classification’s function is to encase and protect the brain (the skull)?

A

Flat

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20
Q

Bones Classes

A
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21
Q

What is bone also called?

A

Osseous Tissue

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22
Q

What is the process of bone formation?

A

Ossification

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23
Q

What are bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts

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24
Q

What secretes an intercellular matrix containing calcium, other minerals, and protein fibers?

A

Osteoblasts

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25
Q

What do osteoblasts mature into?

A

Osteocytes

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26
Q

What sits within the hard bone matrix and maintains the bone?

A

Osteocytes

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27
Q

What are two types of bone?

A

Compact

Spongy

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28
Q

Which bone type refers to dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shafts of long bones and on the outer surfaces of other bones?

A

Compact

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29
Q

Which bone type is located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones?

A

Spongy

Cancellous

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30
Q

Which bone type is less dense than compact bone?

A

Spongy

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31
Q

Which bone type is tightly packed, so its density can provide a great deal of strength?

A

Compact

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32
Q

What is the microscopic unit of compact bone?

A

Harversian System

Osteon

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33
Q

What consists of layers of mature osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels?

A

Harversian System

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34
Q

What does the area, filled with protein fibers, calcium, and other minerals, surround?

A

Osteocytes

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35
Q

Which fibers provide elasticity?

A

Protein

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36
Q

What makes bone tissue hard and strong?

A

Minerals

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37
Q

What looks like a long cylinder?

A

Haversian System

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38
Q

Which bone type consists of many haversian systems running parallel to each other?

A

Compact

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39
Q

Communicating blood vessels run laterally and connect the ___ ___ with each other and with the ___ lining that surrounds the bone.

A

haversian systems

periosteal

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40
Q

Which network ensures that the bone tissue receives an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients?

A

Blood Vessels

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41
Q

Which bone type does not contain haversian systems?

A

Spongy

Cancellous

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42
Q

What are the plates called that the bone tissue is arranged in within spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

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43
Q

What bony plates are separated by holes that give spongy bone a punched-out Swiss cheese appearance?

A

Trabeculae

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44
Q

The holes in spongy bone are important for two reasons: (1) they decrease the ___ of the bone, and (2) they contain ___ ___ ___.

A

weight

red bone marrow

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45
Q

What richly supplies the spongy bone with blood and also produces blood cells for use throughout the body?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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46
Q

Which bone type is located in the short, flat, and irregular bones?

A

Spongy

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47
Q

Which bone type is found in the ends of long bones?

A

Spongy

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48
Q

What is the long shaft of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis

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49
Q

What is composed primarily of compact bone and therefore provides considerable strength?

A

Diaphysis

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50
Q

What are enlarged ends of the long bone?

A

Epiphysis

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51
Q

Which part of a long bone articulates, or meets, with a second bone at a joint?

A

Epiphysis

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52
Q

What consists of a thin layer of compact bone overlying spongy bone?

A

Epiphysis

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53
Q

What covers epiphyses?

A

Cartilage

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54
Q

What is the band of hyaline cartilage located near the end of a growing long bone?

A

Epiphyseal Disc

Growth Plate

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55
Q

Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?

A

Epiphyseal Disc

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56
Q

Which cavity is the hollow center of the diaphysis?

A

Medullary

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57
Q

Which cavity is filled with red bone marrow for blood cell production in infancy?

A

Medullary

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58
Q

Which cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow and functions as a storage site for fat in adults?

A

Medullary

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59
Q

Which connective tissue lines the inside of the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

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60
Q

What is a tough, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis?

A

Periosteum

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61
Q

What is anchored firmly to the outside of the bone on all surfaces except the articular cartilage?

A

Periosteum

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62
Q

What protects the bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle, and contains the blood vessels that nourish the underlying bone?

A

Periosteum

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63
Q

Which structure injury has serious consequences for bone health because it carries the blood supply to the underlying bone?

A

Periosteum

As in the case of any other organ, the loss of blood supply can cause its death.

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64
Q

Which cartilage is found on the outer surface of the epiphysis?

A

Articular

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65
Q

Which cartiliage forms a smooth, shiny surface that decreases friction within a joint?

A

Articular

Because a joint is also called an articulation, this cartilage is called articular cartilage.

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66
Q

Bone

A) Anatomy of a Long Bone

B) Compact and Spongy Bone

A
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67
Q

What is the process of bone formation?

A

Ossification

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68
Q

What begins in the late embryonic period with the formation of fibrous connective tissue and hyaline cartilage that is shaped like a mini skeleton?

A

Ossification

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69
Q

Which process involves the cartilage and connective tissue changing into bone as the fetus matures?

A

Ossification

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70
Q

In which two ways does ossification occur?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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71
Q

Which bone class consists of thin connective tissue membranes in the fetus?

A

Flat

Skull

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72
Q

What begins when osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells, migrate to the region of the flat bones?

A

Ossification

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73
Q

What secretes calcium and other minerals into the spaces between the membranes, thereby forming bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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74
Q

Which type of ossification involves the replacement of thin membrane with bone?

A

Intramembranous

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75
Q

Which type of ossification forms most bones as bone tissue replaces cartilage?

A

Endochondral

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76
Q

Which skeleton is composed largely of cartilage with its layout providing a model for bone formation?

A

Fetal

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77
Q

What invades the cartilage and gradually replace the cartilage with bone as the fetus matures?

A

Osteoblasts

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78
Q

Which ossification continues in each long bone until all, but the articular cartilage and epiphyseal disc, have been replaced by bone?

A

Endochondral

By the time the fetus has fully matured, most cartilage of the body has been replaced by bone.

Only isolated pieces of cartilage remain, such as the bridge of the nose, parts of the ribs, and the epiphyses of long bones.

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79
Q

Ossification: Intramembranous & Endochondral

A
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80
Q

Maturation from infancy to adulthood is characterized by two types of bone growth:

1) Bones grow ___ and thus determine the height of an individual.

2) Bones grow thicker and become ___ to support the weight of the adult body.

A

longitudinally

wider

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81
Q

Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?

A

Epiphyseal Disc

82
Q

Where does the cartilage adjacent to the epiphysis continue to multiply and grow toward?

A

Diaphysis

83
Q

What is the cartilage next to the diaphysis invaded by to become ossified?

A

Osetoblasts

84
Q

What does the epiphyseal disc depend on for continued bone length?

A

Cartilage

85
Q

Which bone growth ceases when the epiphyseal disc becomes ossified and fused?

A

Longitudinal

86
Q

Which two hormones effect the epiphyseal disc?

A

Growth

Sex

87
Q

Which hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal disc, making the child taller?

A

Growth

88
Q

Which hormones cause the epiphyseal disc to fuse, thereby inhibiting further longitudinal growth?

A

Sex

Estrogen & Testosterone

Because the epiphyseal disc is especially sensitive to the effects of the female hormone estrogen, girls tend to be shorter than boys.

After puberty, which is associated with increasing plasma levels of sex hormones, longitudinal growth gradually ceases.

89
Q

What is the process of bones continuously being reshaped?

A

Remodeling

During and long after longitudinal bone growth has ceased, bones continue to increase in thickness and width.

90
Q

What is accomplished by the combined actions of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells, and osteoclasts, which are bone-destroying cells?

A

Remodeling

91
Q

What are on the undersurface of the periosteum and continuously deposit bone on the external bone surface?

A

Osteoblasts

92
Q

Which activity is like the work of a bricklayer?

A

Osteoblasts

Osteoblastic

93
Q

What are found on the inner bone’s surface surrounding the medullary cavity and breaks down bone tissue, thereby hollowing out the bone’s interior?

A

Osteoclasts

94
Q

Which activity is like sculpting?

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoclastic

The bricklayer and the sculptor gradually create a large, wide, hollow bone that is strong but not too heavy.

95
Q

Which process involves osteoclasts breaking down the bone matrix?

A

Resorption

Not to be confused with reabsorption.

96
Q

What not only widens bone but also moves calcium from the bone to the blood?

A

Resorption

97
Q

What plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood calcium levels?

A

Resorption

98
Q

Factors that stimulate bone growth are ___ bearing and ___; both activities keep calcium in the bone and increase bone mass.

A

weight

exercise

The bones of bedridden or sedentary people tend to lose mass and are more easily broken when stressed.

The weightlessness experienced by astronauts similarly causes a loss of bone mass and leads to easily broken bones.

The beneficial effects of exercise and weight bearing on bone strength cannot be overemphasized.

99
Q

What appears irregular and bumpy as a result of numerous ridges, projections, depressions, and grooves on the bones?

A

Surface Markings

100
Q

Which bone markings stick out and serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments?

A

Projecting

101
Q

Which bone markings are the grooves and depressions that form the routes traveled by blood vessels and nerves as they pass over and through the bones and joints?

A

Projecting

102
Q

Which projections and depressions help form joints?

A

Projecting

103
Q

The rounded head of the proximal arm bone fits into a round ___ in a shoulder bone, forming the shoulder joint.

A

depression

104
Q
A
105
Q

Which fracture is a break in which the overlying skin remains intact and local tissue damage is minimal?

A

Simple

106
Q

Which fracture is a broken bone that has also pierced the skin, and the end of the broken bone usually causes extensive tissue damage?

A

Compound

107
Q

Which fracture is concerned with the risk of infection?

A

Compound

108
Q

Which fracture is an incomplete break in the bone and usually occurs in children?

A

Greenstick

If you were to bend a branch of a young tree, the branch would not snap and break apart completely.

It would, instead, bend and perhaps break incompletely.

The branch responds this way because it is young and pliable, much like a child’s bone.

109
Q

Which fracture’s line extends in a spiral direction along the diaphysis and is caused when the bone is subjected to a twisting type of force?

A

Spiral

110
Q

Which fracture has more than two bone small fragments that seem to be floating?

A

Comminuted

111
Q

Which fracture is comminuted in which the two parts of the broken bone have been jammed into each other?

A

Impacted

112
Q

Common Types of Fracture

A
113
Q

What is a meeting site between two bones, between a bone and cartilage, and between a bone and teeth?

A

Joint

Articulation or Arthrosis

114
Q

Joints perform two functions: they hold the ___ together and provide ___ to a rigid skeleton.

A

bones

flexibility

115
Q

Which branch of science that studies joints?

A

Arthrology

116
Q

Which branch of medicine that studies disease of the joints?

A

Rheumatology

117
Q

What are the three joint classes?

A

Immovable

Slightly Moveable

Freely Movable

118
Q

Joints can also be classified anatomically according to the types of tissues ___, ___, or ___ -that bind the bones at the joint.

A

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

This text prefers the functional classification.

119
Q

Which joints class permits no movement?

A

Immovable

120
Q

Which joint class are the sutures in the skull?

A

Immovable

When fused, they look like zippers.

Sutures are found only in the skull.

121
Q

By which connective tissue are the sutures, formed as the irregular edges of the skull bones interlock, bound?

A

Fibrous

122
Q

Which joint class provides much flexibility and movement?

A

Freely Movable

123
Q

Which class are most of the joints of the skeletal system?

A

Freely Movable

124
Q

What are freely movable joints are known as?

A

Synovial

125
Q

What is most prominent characteristic of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial Cavity

Joint Cavity

126
Q

What is the small space between the articulating bones?

A

Synovial Cavity

127
Q

A typical synovial joint such as the knee includes the following structures:

  • ___ cartilage
  • Joint ___
  • ___ fluid
  • ___
  • Supporting ___ and ___
  • ___
A

Articular

capsule

Synovial

Bursae

ligaments, menisci

Nerves

128
Q

Which cartilage lines the articulating surface of each of the two bones, forming a smooth surface within the joint?

A

Articular

129
Q

Which cartilage reduces friction and exerts a cushioning effect within the joint?

A

Articular

130
Q

Which connective tissue makes the joint capsule?

A

Fibrous

131
Q

What encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like covering?

A

Joint Capsule

Articular Capsule

132
Q

The outermost layer of the capsule is continuous with the ___ of the articulating bones.

The innermost layer is called the ___ membrane; it secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity.

A

periosteum

synovial

133
Q

Which fluid nourishes and lubricates the inner joint surfaces in the joint cavity?

A

Synovial

134
Q

Which fluid gets its name from an ovum or egg because the thick consistency resembles the consistency of an egg white?

A

Synovial

Warming-up exercises stimulate the secretion of synovial fluid, thereby reducing wear and tear within the joints.

135
Q

What do some synovial joints, like the shoulder and knee joints, contain?

A

Bursae

136
Q

What are small sacs of synovial fluid that serve to reduce friction?

A

Bursae

137
Q

What are most often located outside the joint, between tendons and bone, muscles and bone, and between ligaments and bone?

A

Bursae

Overuse of a joint may cause a painful inflammation of the bursae, called bursitis.

138
Q

What supporting component surround the joint?

A

Ligaments

139
Q

Which supporting ligaments are found on the sides of the knee

A

Collateral

140
Q

Which supporting ligaments (anterior and posterior) are found inside the knee joint?

A

Cruciate

141
Q

What are the crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage that some synoival joints contain?

A

Menisci

142
Q

What acts as shock absorbers and plays a role on weight distribution within the joint?

A

Menisci

143
Q

Synovial joints contain many ___ endings that supply the articular capsule.

Some nerve endings convey ___ to the brain and spinal cord.

Other nerve endings respond to ___; this information is used by the nervous system to reflexively coordinate skeletal muscle movement.

A

nerve

pain

stretch

144
Q

Types of Joints

A
145
Q

The joints of the body are often named according to the ___ they connect.

A

bones

146
Q

Which joint connects the temporal bone in the skull with the mandible (lower jaw)?

A

Temporomandibular

147
Q

Which joint is the articulation between the tibia and the femur - the knee?

A

Tibiofemoral

148
Q

The knuckles refer to the ___ joints.

The name indicates that the ___ bone articulates with a ___ (finger).

A

metacarpophalangeal

metacarpal

phalange

149
Q

Some joint names specify the bony ___ rather than the bone.

For example, the ___ joint names the glenoid cavity of the scapula and humerus, the arm bone that fits into the glenoid cavity.

The ___ joint is the articulation between the acromion process of the scapula and the clavicle.

A

process

glenohumeral

acromioclavicular

150
Q

Naming of Joints

A
151
Q

Which freely movable joint class allows movement similar to the movement of two boards joined together at the point of attachment?

A

Hinge

152
Q

Which freely movable joint class allows movement in one direction, where the angle at the point of attachment increases or decreases?

A

Hinge

153
Q

Which freely movable joint class includes elbows, knees, and fingers?

A

Hinge

154
Q

Which freely movable joint class is formed when the ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to move in many directions around a central point?

A

Ball-and-Socket

Although the ball-and-socket joint allows for a wide range of movement, it also predisposes the joint to easy displacement.

When a strong force (as in falling) is applied to the shoulder, for example, a dislocation may occur.

155
Q

Which freely movable joint class includes the shoulder and hip?

A

Ball-and-Socket

156
Q

The head of the humerus fits into the ___ cavity of the scapula in the shoulder joint.

A

glenoid

157
Q

The head of the femur fits into the ___ of the coxal bone in the hip joint.

A

acetabulum

158
Q

Which freely movable joint class allows for rotation around the length of a bone?

A

Pivot

159
Q

Which freely movable joint class allows only for rotation?

A

Pivot

160
Q

Which freely movable joing class allows for the side-to-side movement of the head indicating “no?”

A

Pivot

161
Q

The side-to-side movement of the head occurs as the ___ (first cervical vertebra) swivels around, or pivots, on the ___ (second cervical vertebra).

This joint is called the ___ joint.

A

atlas

axis

atlantoaxial

162
Q

Which freely movable joint class is formed when the surfaces of one bone is concave whereas the other is convex?

A

Saddle

The position of the articulating bones is like that of a rider in a saddle.

163
Q

The clearest example of a saddle joint is the ___ joint at the base of the thumb, which gives the thumb a wide range of motion.

A

carpometacarpal

Move your thumb all around to check out its versatility.

Now touch the tip of each finger with your thumb, a movement referred to as opposition.

Interestingly, having an opposable thumb is one of the bragging points for being classified as human!

164
Q

Which freely movable joint class is formed by the interaction of the flat surfaces of the articulating bones?

A

Gliding

165
Q

Which freely movable joint class allows for a limited but complex movement?

A

Glinding

166
Q

Which freely movable joint class are found in the wrist (intercarpal joints), ankle (intertarsal joints), and vertebral column?

A

Gliding

167
Q

Which freely movable joint class is formed when the oval articular surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of the second articulating bone?

A

condyloid

168
Q

Which freely movable joint class are the radiocarpal joint (wrist) and the metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) at the bases of the fingers?

A

Condyloid

169
Q

Types of Joints

A
170
Q

Freely Movable Joints

A
171
Q

Which synovial joint is the largest and most complex freely movable joint in the body?

A

Tibiofemoral

Knee Joint

172
Q

Which freely movable joint class is the tibiofemoral?

A

Hinge

173
Q

Which joint contains extra cushioning in the form of pads of cartilage in addition to all other synovial joint structures?

A

Tibiofemoral

174
Q

Which pads absorb the shock of walking and jumping?

A

Meniscus

175
Q

What are crescent-shaped pads of cartilage?

A

Meniscus

176
Q

What are the two meniscus that rest on the tibia?

A

Medial

Lateral

177
Q

What are the supporting ligaments that reinforce and align the knee joint?

A

Cruciate

178
Q

What are the two cruciate ligaments?

A

Anterior

Posterior

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

All athletes are very aware of these joint-stabilizing structures.

Football penalties, in particular, acknowledge the seriousness of the hinged nature of the knee by assessing a 15-yard penalty for clipping - an attempt to convert a hinge joint to a ball-and-socket arrangement.

179
Q

In addition to the stabilizing influence of the joint ligaments, joints are stabilized by the surrounding large skeletal ___.

A

muscles

For instance, the knee joint is stabilized by the quadriceps tendon anteriorly and hamstring muscles posteriorly.

Strengthening of these surrounding
muscles diminishes the risk of knee injury.

Moreover, therapy for knee injury or surgery often involves the strengthening of the surrounding muscles.

180
Q

Synovial Joint (Knee) Structures

A
181
Q

The shoulder joint is called the ___ joint, indicating that the head of the ___ fits into the ___ cavity of the scapula.

A

glenohumeral

humerus

glenoid

182
Q

Where ball-and-socket joint permits the greatest range of motion?

A

Shoulder

The joint is stabilized by surrounding skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

183
Q

The ___ ___ muscle and tendons, in particular, hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

A

rotator cuff

The wide range of motion of the shoulder joint comes at a price.

The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated joint.

184
Q

Which hinge joint is formed by two articulations: the humeroulnar joint and the humeroradial joint?

A

Elbow

185
Q

Which ulna process forms the pointy part of the elbow when it is flexed?

A

Olecranon

186
Q

Which hinge joint is very stable but can still be injured?

A

Elbow

The “nursemaid’s elbow” is caused by an impatient parent or “nursemaid” dragging a toddler by the arm.

The upward twisting pull causes a partial dislocation of the child’s elbow and possible damage to the growth plate (epiphyseal disc).

187
Q

Which joint in the elbow region called the proximal does not contribute to the hinge movement?

A

Proximal Radioulnar

188
Q

The ___, called the ___ joint, is a ball-and-socket joint formed where the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum, the depression formed by the three ___ bones.

A

hip

coxal x 2

Hip Joint

The hip is strengthened by surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

A fractured hip refers to a break in the neck of the femur.

189
Q

What occurs at freely movable joints when the muscles that lie across the joints contract and exert pressure on the attached bone?

A

Movement

190
Q

Which movement is the bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones (e.g., bending the leg at the knee or the fingers)?

A

Flexion

191
Q

Which movement is the straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bones increases (e.g., straightening the leg at the knee or the fingers to open the hand)?

A

Extension

192
Q

Which movement is bending the foot down, as in toe dancing?

A

Plantar Flexion

193
Q

Which movement is bending the foot up toward the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion

194
Q

Which movement is overextending the joint beyond its normally straightened position, as in moving the hand toward the upper surface of the wrist?

A

Hyperextension

195
Q

What is movement away from the midline of the body (as when you move your leg sideways, away from your body)?

A

Abduction

196
Q

What is movement toward the midline of the body (as when you return your leg toward your body)?

A

Adduction

197
Q

What movement is turning the sole of the foot inward so that it faces the opposite foot?

A

Inversion

198
Q

Which movement is turning the sole of the foot outward?

A

Eversion

199
Q

Which movement is turning the hand so that the palm faces upward?

A

Supination

200
Q

Which movement is turning the hand so that the palm faces downward?

A

Pronation

201
Q

What is a combination of movements, as in the circular arm movement that a softball pitcher makes while pitching the ball?

A

Circumduction

202
Q

Types of Movements at Joints

A

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 (7 decks)

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