Skeletal System Flashcards
Which system consists of the bones, joints, and cartilage and ligaments associated with the joints?
Skeletal
What are arranged to provide a framework for our bodies, giving us our basic shape?
Bones
Skeleton
Which extremity portion supports the weight of the body?
Lower
What supports and protects the soft body organs?
Bones
Which system enables the body to move about with the assistance of muscles?
Skeletal
Which two minerals do the bones store?
Calcium
Phosphorous
What participates in the regulation of plasma calcium?
Bones
What produces blood cells?
Red Bone Marrow
What are bones that are longer than they are wide classed?
Long
What are bones found in the arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thighs, legs, and instep classed?
Long
What are small bones, such as the metacarpals and finger bones, considered?
Long
What are bones shaped like cubes and found primarily in the wrists and ankles classed?
Short
What are bones that are thin, flat, and curved classed?
Flat
What are bones that form the ribs, breastbone, cranium, and bones of the shoulder girdle classed?
Flat
What are bones that are differently shaped and are not classified as long, short, or flat?
Irregular
What bone class includes the hip bones, vertebrae, and various bones in the skull?
Irregular
Which bone classification, including the strong femur in the thigh, supports a great deal of weight and can withstand considerable force?
Long
Which bone classification’s function is to encase and protect the brain (the skull)?
Flat
Bones Classes
What is bone also called?
Osseous Tissue
What is the process of bone formation?
Ossification
What are bone cells?
Osteoblasts
What secretes an intercellular matrix containing calcium, other minerals, and protein fibers?
Osteoblasts
What do osteoblasts mature into?
Osteocytes
What sits within the hard bone matrix and maintains the bone?
Osteocytes
What are the two types of bone?
Compact
Spongy
Which bone type refers to dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shafts of long bones and on the outer surfaces of other bones?
Compact
Which bone type is located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones?
Spongy
Cancellous
Which bone type is less dense than compact bone?
Spongy
Which bone type is tightly packed, so its density can provide a great deal of strength?
Compact
What is the microscopic unit of compact bone?
Harversian System
Osteon
What consists of mature osteocyte layers arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels?
Harversian System
What surrounds the area filled with protein fibers, calcium, and other minerals?
Osteocytes
Which fibers provide elasticity?
Protein
What makes bone tissue hard and strong?
Minerals
What looks like a long cylinder?
Haversian System
Which bone type consists of many haversian systems running parallel to each other?
Compact
Communicating blood vessels run laterally and connect the haversian systems with each other and with the ___ lining that surrounds the bone.
periosteum
Which network ensures that bone tissue receives an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients?
Blood Vessels
Which bone type does not contain haversian systems?
Spongy
Cancellous
What are the spongy bone plates in which bone tissue is arranged?
Trabeculae
What bony plates are separated by holes that give spongy bone a punched-out Swiss cheese appearance?
Trabeculae
The holes in spongy bone are important for two reasons:
1) They decrease the ___ of the bone.
2) They contain ___ ___ ___.
weight
red bone marrow
What richly supplies the spongy bone with blood and also produces blood cells for use throughout the body?
Red Bone Marrow
Which bone type is located in the short, flat, and irregular bones?
Spongy
Which bone type is found in the ends of long bones?
Spongy
What is the long shaft of a long bone?
Diaphysis
What is composed primarily of compact bone and therefore provides considerable strength?
Diaphysis
What are the enlarged ends of the long bone?
Epiphysis
Which part of a long bone articulates, or meets, with a second bone at a joint?
Epiphysis
What consists of a thin layer of compact bone overlying spongy bone?
Epiphysis
What covers the epiphyses?
Cartilage
What is the band of hyaline cartilage located near the end of a growing long bone?
Epiphyseal Disc
Growth Plate
Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?
Epiphyseal Disc
Which cavity is the hollow center of the diaphysis?
Medullary
Which cavity is filled with red bone marrow for blood cell production in infancy?
Medullary
Which cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow and functions as a storage site for fat in adults?
Medullary
Which connective tissue lines the inside of the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
What is a tough, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis?
Periosteum
What is anchored firmly to the outside of the bone on all surfaces except the articular cartilage?
Periosteum
What protects the bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle, and contains the blood vessels that nourish the underlying bone?
Periosteum
Which structure injury has serious consequences for bone health because it carries the blood supply to the underlying bone?
Periosteum
As in the case of any other organ, the loss of blood supply can cause its death.
Which cartilage is found on the outer surface of the epiphysis?
Articular
Which cartiliage forms a smooth, shiny surface that decreases friction within a joint?
Articular
Because a joint is also called an articulation, this cartilage is called articular cartilage.
EDIT CARD
Bone
A) Anatomy of a Long Bone
B) Compact and Spongy Bone
What is the process of bone formation?
Ossification
What begins in the late embryonic period with the formation of fibrous connective tissue and hyaline cartilage that is shaped like a mini skeleton?
Ossification
Which process involves the cartilage and connective tissue changing into bone as the fetus matures?
Ossification
In which two ways does ossification occur?
Intramembranous
Endochondral
Which bone class consists of thin connective tissue membranes in the fetus?
Flat
Skull
What begins when osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells, migrate to the region of the flat bones?
Ossification
What secretes calcium and other minerals into the spaces between the membranes, thereby forming bone?
Osteoblasts
Which type of ossification involves the replacement of thin membrane with bone?
Intramembranous
Which type of ossification forms most bones as bone tissue replaces cartilage?
Endochondral
Which skeleton is composed largely of cartilage with its layout providing a model for bone formation?
Fetal
What invades the cartilage and gradually replaces it with bone as the fetus matures?
Osteoblasts
Which ossification continues in each long bone until all, but the articular cartilage and epiphyseal disc, have been replaced by bone?
Endochondral
Ossification: Intramembranous & Endochondral
Maturation from infancy to adulthood is characterized by two types of bone growth:
1) Bones grow ___ and thus determine the height of an individual.
2) Bones grow thicker and become ___ to support the weight of the adult body.
longitudinally
wider
Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?
Epiphyseal Disc
Where does the cartilage adjacent to the epiphysis continue to multiply and grow toward?
Diaphysis
What is the cartilage next to the diaphysis invaded by to become ossified?
Osetoblasts
What does the epiphyseal disc depend on for continued bone length?
Cartilage
Which bone growth ceases when the epiphyseal disc becomes ossified and fused?
Longitudinal
Which two hormones effect the epiphyseal disc?
Growth
Sex
Which hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal disc, making the child taller?
Growth
Which horomones cause the epiphyseal disc to fuse, thereby inhibiting further longitudinal growth?
Sex
Estrogen & Testosterone
What is the process of bones continuously being reshaped?
Remodeling
What is accomplished by the combined actions of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells, and osteoclasts, which are bone-destroying cells?
Remodeling
What is on the undersurface of the periosteum that continuously deposits bone on the external bone surface?
Osteoblasts
Which activity is like the work of a bricklayer?
Osteoblasts
Osteoblastic
What breaks down bone tissue, thereby hollowing out the bone’s interior, on the inner bone surface surrounding the medullary cavity?
Osteoclasts
Which activity is like sculpting?
Osteoclasts
Osteoclastic
Which process involves osteoclasts breaking down the bone matrix?
Resorption
What not only widens bone but also moves calcium from the bone to the blood?
Resorption
What plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood calcium levels?
Resorption
Factors that stimulate bone growth are ___ bearing and ___; both activities keep calcium in the bone and increase bone mass.
weight
exercise
What appears irregular and bumpy as a result of numerous ridges, projections, depressions, and grooves on the bones?
Surface Markings
Which bone markings stick out and serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments?
Projecting
Which bone markings are the grooves and depressions that form the routes traveled by blood vessels and nerves as they pass over and through the bones and joints?
Projecting
Which projections and depressions help form joints?
Projecting
The rounded head of the proximal arm bone fits into a round ___ in a shoulder bone, forming the shoulder joint.
depression
Which fracture is a break in which the overlying skin remains intact and local tissue damage is minimal?
Simple
Which fracture is a broken bone that has pierced the skin, and the end of the broken bone usually causes extensive tissue damage?
Compound
Which fracture is concerned with the risk of infection?
Compound
Which fracture is an incomplete break in the bone and usually occurs in children?
Greenstick
Which fracture’s line extends in a spiral direction along the diaphysis and is caused when the bone is subjected to a twisting type of force?
Spiral
Which fracture has more than two small bone fragments that seem to be floating?
Comminuted
Which fracture is comminuted in which the two parts of the broken bone have been jammed into each other?
Impacted
Common Types of Fracture
What is a meeting site between two bones, between a bone and cartilage, and between a bone and teeth?
Joint
Articulation or Arthrosis
Joints perform two functions: they hold the ___ together and provide ___ to a rigid skeleton.
bones
flexibility
Which branch of science studies joints?
Arthrology
Which branch of medicine studies disease of the joints?
Rheumatology
What are the three joint classes?
Immovable
Slightly Moveable
Freely Movable
Joints can also be classified anatomically according to tissue types ___, ___, or ___ - that bind the bones at the joint.
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
This text prefers the functional classification.
Which joint class permits no movement?
Immovable
Which joint class are the sutures in the skull?
Immovable
By which connective tissue are the sutures, formed as the irregular edges of the skull bones, interlocked?
Fibrous
Which joint class provides much flexibility and movement?
Freely Movable
Which class are most of the joints of the skeletal system?
Freely Movable
What are freely movable joints know as?
Synovial
What is the most prominent characteristic of a synovial joint?
Synovial Cavity
Joint Cavity
What is the small space between the articulating bones?
Synovial Cavity
A typical synovial joint, such as the knee, includes the following structures:
- ___ cartilage
- Joint ___
- ___ fluid
- ___
- Supporting ___ and ___
- ___
Articular
capsule
Synovial
Bursae
ligaments, menisci
Nerves
Which cartilage lines the articulating surface of each of the two bones, forming a smooth surface within the joint?
Articular
Which cartilage reduces friction and exerts a cushioning effect within the joint?
Articular
Which connective tissue makes the joint capsule?
Fibrous
What encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like covering?
Joint Capsule
Articular Capsule
The outermost layer of the capsule is continuous with the ___ of the articulating bones.
The innermost layer is called the ___ ___; it secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity.
periosteum
synovial membrane
Which fluid nourishes and lubricates the inner joint surfaces in the joint cavity?
Synovial
Which fluid gets its name from an ovum or egg because the thick consistency resembles the consistency of an egg white?
Synovial
Warming-up exercises stimulate the secretion of synovial fluid, thereby reducing wear and tear within the joints.
What do some synovial joints, like the shoulder and knee joints, contain?
Bursae
What are small sacs of synovial fluid that serve to reduce friction?
Bursae
What are most often located outside the joint, between tendons and bone, muscles and bone, and between ligaments and bone?
Bursae
What supporting component surrounds the joint?
Ligaments
What supporting ligaments are found on the sides of the knee?
Collateral
What supporting ligaments (anterior and posterior) are found inside the knee joint?
Cruciate
What are the crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage that some synoival joints contain?
Menisci
What acts as shock absorbers and plays a role on weight distribution within the joint?
Menisci
What do the synovial joint’s nerve endings supply?
Joint Capsule
Articular Capsule
Some nerve endings convey ___ to the brain and spinal cord.
Other nerve endings respond to ___; this information is used by the nervous system to reflexively coordinate skeletal muscle movement.
pain
stretch
EDIT THIS CARD
Types of Joints
The joints of the body are often named according to the ___ they connect.
bones
Which joint connects the temporal bone in the skull with the mandible (lower jaw)?
Temporomandibular
Which joint is the articulation between the tibia and the femur - the knee?
Tibiofemoral
The knuckles refer to the ___ joints.
The name indicates that the ___ bone articulates with a ___ (finger).
metacarpophalangeal
metacarpal
phalange
Some joint names specify the bony ___ rather than the bone.
For example, the ___ joint names the glenoid cavity of the scapula and humerus, the arm bone that fits into the glenoid cavity.
The ___ joint is the articulation between the acromion ___ of the scapula and the clavicle.
process
glenohumeral
acromioclavicular
process
Naming of Joints
Which freely movable joint class allows movement similar to the movement of two boards joined together at the point of attachment?
Hinge
Which freely movable joint class allows movement in one direction, where the angle at the point of attachment increases or decreases?
Hinge
Which freely movable joint class includes elbows, knees, and fingers?
Hinge
Which freely movable joint class is formed when the ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to move in many directions around a central point?
Ball-and-Socket
Which freely movable joint class includes the shoulder and hip?
Ball-and-Socket
The head of the humerus fits into the ___ cavity of the scapula in the shoulder joint.
glenoid
The head of the femur fits into the ___ of the coxal bone in the hip joint.
acetabulum
Which freely movable joint class allows for rotation around the length of a bone?
Pivot
Which freely movable joint class allows only for rotation?
Pivot
Which freely movable joing class allows for the side-to-side movement of the head indicating “no?”
Pivot
The side-to-side movement of the head occurs as the ___ (first cervical vertebra) swivels around, or pivots, on the ___ (second cervical vertebra).
This joint is called the ___ joint.
atlas
axis
atlantoaxial
Which freely movable joint class is formed when the surfaces of one bone is concave whereas the other is convex?
Saddle
Which freely movable joint class is the carpometacarpal at the base of the thumb, which gives the thumb a wide range of motion?
Saddle
Which freely movable joint class is formed by the interaction of the flat surfaces of the articulating bones?
Gliding
Which freely movable joint class allows for a limited but complex movement?
Gliding
Which freely movable joint type is found in the wrist (intercarpal), ankle (intertarsal), and vertebral column?
Gliding
Which freely movable joint class is formed when the oval articular surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of the second articulating bone?
Condyloid
Which freely movable joint class are the radiocarpal (wrist) and the metacarpophalangeal (knuckles) at the bases of the fingers?
Condyloid
Types of Joints
Freely Movable Joints
Which synovial joint is the largest and most complex freely movable joint in the body?
Tibiofemoral
Knee Joint
Which freely movable joint class is the tibiofemoral?
Hinge
Which joint contains extra cushioning in the form of pads of cartilage in addition to all other synovial joint structures?
Tibiofemoral
Which pads absorb the shock of walking and jumping?
Menisci
What are crescent-shaped pads of cartilage?
Meniscus
What are the two meniscus that rest on the tibia?
Medial
Lateral
What are the supporting ligaments that reinforce and align the knee joint?
Cruciate
What are the two cruciate ligaments?
Anterior
Posterior
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
In addition to the stabilizing influence of the joint ligaments, joints are stabilized by the surrounding large skeletal ___.
muscles
EDIT
Synovial Joint (Knee) Structures
The shoulder joint is called the ___ joint, indicating that the head of the humerus fits into the ___ cavity of the scapula.
glenohumeral
glenoid
Where does a ball-and-socket joint permit the greatest range of motion?
Shoulder
Which muscles and tendons hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity?
Rotator Cuff
Which hinge joint is formed by two articulations: the humeroulnar and the humeroradial?
Elbow
Which ulna process forms the pointy part of the elbow when it is flexed?
Olecranon
Which hinge joint is very stable but can still be injured?
Elbow
T
Which joint in the elbow region does not contribute to the hinge movement?
Proximal Radioulnar
The ___, called the ___ joint, is a ball-and-socket joint formed where the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum, the depression formed by the three ___ bones.
hip
coxal x 2
Hip Joint
What occurs at freely movable joints when the muscles that lie across the joints contract and exert pressure on the attached bone?
Movement
Which movement is the bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones (e.g., bending the leg at the knee or the fingers)?
Flexion
Which movement is the straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bones increases (e.g., straightening the leg at the knee or the fingers to open the hand)?
Extension
Which movement is bending the foot down, as in toe dancing?
Plantar Flexion
Which movement is bending the foot up toward the leg?
Dorsiflexion
Which movement is overextending the joint beyond its normally straightened position, as in moving the hand toward the upper surface of the wrist?
Hyperextension
What is movement away from the midline of the body (as when you move your leg sideways, away from your body)?
Abduction
What is movement toward the midline of the body (as when you return your leg toward your body)?
Adduction
Which movement is turning the sole of the foot inward so that it faces the opposite foot?
Inversion
Which movement is turning the sole of the foot outward?
Eversion
Which movement is turning the hand so that the palm faces upward?
Supination
Which movement is turning the hand so that the palm faces downward?
Pronation
What is a combination of movements, as in the circular arm movement that a softball pitcher makes while pitching the ball?
Circumduction
Types of Movements at Joints
Spongy Bone
Cancellous
Osteon
Haversian System
Osteon
Haversian System
Where are the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones?
Cranium
Where are the maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, mandible, lacrimal, nasal, inferior concha, and vomer bones?
Facial
Where are the malleus, incus, and stapes bones?
Middle Ear
Where is the hyoid bone?
Neck
Where are the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; sacrum and coccyx?
Vertebral Column
Where are the true and false ribs; and sternum?
Thoracic Cage
Where are the scapula and clavicle?
Pectoral Girdle
