Respiratory System Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com
Which system delivers oxygen-rich air into the body and excretes carbon dioxide–rich air from the body?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Respiratory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Which system filters and humidifies inhaled air?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Respiratory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Which system regulates acid-base balance?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Respiratory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Which system produces and modulates various sounds, including the voice?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Respiratory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Which system houses the olfactory (smell) chemoreceptors?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Respiratory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Which tract contains the respiratory organs located outside the chest cavity: the nose and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Upper
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Which respiratory tract consists of organs located in the chest cavity: the lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Lower
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Where are the lower parts of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Lungs
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Which respiratory tract includes the pleural membranes and the muscles that form the chest cavity?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
Lower
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)
What is the movement of air through the respiratory passages?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
Conduction
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
What are the tiny air sacs located at the distal ends of the respiratory passages?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
What is concerned with oxygen and carbon dioxide (respiratory gas) exhange - between air and blood across the pulmonary capillaries walls?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
What are the two nose portions?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
External
Internal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Which nose portion forms part of the face?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
External
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What is the internal nose portion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Nasal Cavity
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Which partition, made of bone and cartilage, separates the nasal cavity into right and left halves?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Septum
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Where does air enter the nasal cavities?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Nostrils
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What filters large dust particles that might otherwise be inhaled in the nostrils?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Hair
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What contains the receptor cells for the sense of smell?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Nasal Cavities
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Which receptors are responsible for covering the mucous membrane of the upper parts of the nasal cavities and a portion of the nasal septum?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Olfactory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What are the bony projections that appear on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Conchae
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What increases the surface area of the nasal cavities and supports the ciliated mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Conchae
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Which membranes contain many blood vessels and mucus-secreting cells?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Mucus
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What warms and moistens air while sticky mucus traps dust, pollen, and other small particles, thereby cleansing the air as it is inhaled?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Blood
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Where does mucus drain through into the nasal cavities?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Paranasal Sinuses
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Through which ducts do tears drain into the nasal cavities?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Nasolacrimal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What is located behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavities and the larynx?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Pharynx
Throat
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What are the pharynx’s three parts?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Nasopharynx (Upper Section)
Oropharynx (Middle Section)
Laryngopharynx (Lower Section)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Which two pharynx parts are part of both the digestive and respiratory systems; they function as passageways for both food and air?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Where does the pharynx send food?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Esophagus
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Which tube sends food toward the stomach?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Esophagus
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Where does the pharynx conduct air as it moves toward the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Larynx
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Which two structures does the pharynx contain?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Eustachian Tubes (Auditory Tubes)
Tonsils
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
Eustachian Tube
Auditory Tubes
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
What is located between the pharynx and trachea?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Larynx
Voice Box
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What acts as a passageway for air during breathing, produces sound (voice), and prevents food and other foreign objects from entering the distal respiratory structures?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Larynx
Voice Box
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which triangular structure is made primarily of cartilage, muscles, and ligaments?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Larynx
Voice Box
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What are the largest cartilaginous larynx structures?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Thyroid
Adam’s Apple
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What is the tough, hyaline cartilage that protrudes in the front of the neck?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Thyroid
Adam’s Apple
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which cartilaginous structure’s location is at the top of the larynx?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Epiglottis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What acts as an important flap?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Epiglottis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What covers the trachea opening during swallowing ensuring food does not enter the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Epiglottis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What contains the vocal cords?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Larynx
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What are the tissue folds composed of muscle and elastic ligaments covered by mucous membrane?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Vocal Cords
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What stretches across the larynx’s upper part?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Vocal Cords
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What is the space or opening between the vocal cords?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Glottis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What are the two vocal cord types?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
False
True
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which vocal cord type does not produce sound?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
False
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which vocal cord’s muscles help to close the airway during swallowing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
False
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which vocal cords produce sound?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
True
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which voice characteristic depends on the force with which the air moves past the true vocal cords?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Volume
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which voice characteristic depends on the tension exerted on the true vocal cord muscles?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Pitch
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What is the formed sound with the pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lip movement?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Words
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What kind of chamber do the nasal cavities, sinuses, and pharynx act as to alter voice quality?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Resonating
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What influences the male larynx to enlarge and the vocal cords to become longer and thicker at puberty?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Testosterone
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What acts as a passageway for food, water, and air?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Pharynx
Throat
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Where should food and water in the pharynx not enter?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Larynx
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What opens for air to pass thorough to tubes that carry the air to the lungs during breath?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. ?)
Glottis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. ?)
What covers the glottis when swallowing food, thereby preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passages?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Epiglottis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Which tube empties food into the stomach?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Esophagus
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What moves upward and forward while the epiglottis moves downward during swallowing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Larynx
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What closes during epiglottis movement?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Glottis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What action plays a key role in preventing the entrance of food and water into the respiratory tubes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Swallowing
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What is the entrance of food or water into the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
Aspiration
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)
What is 4 to 5 inches (10 to 12.5 cm) long and 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Trachea
Windpipe
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What extends from the larynx downward into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into the right and left bronchi?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Trachea
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What is the point at the manubriosternal junction (where the sternum’s manubrium meets the sternal body) where the trachea splits (bifurcates)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Carina
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What is sensitive, causing vigorous coughing when touched during suctioning?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Carina
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What conducts air to and from the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Trachea
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What lies in front of the esophagus (the food tube)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Trachea
Windpipe
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What are the cartilage structures that partially surround the trachea for its entire length and serve to keep it open?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
C-Shaped Rings
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Which structures remain open on the trachea’s backside, buldging the esophagus forward as food moves along the esophagus to the stomach?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
C-Shaped Rings
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
Which cartilaginous structures are felt along the front of the neck?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
C-Shaped Rings
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What strong, cartilaginous supports would the trachea collapse without, shutting off the air flow through the respiratory passages?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
C-Shaped Rings
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)
What are the three bronchial tree parts?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What resembles an upside-down tree?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchial Tree
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Where is most of the bronchial tree?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Lungs
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What forms as the lower trachea divides into two tubes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Primary Bronchi
Right and Left
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What is the region where the primary bronchi enter the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Hilus
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What do the primary bronchi branch into?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Secondary Bronchi
Left and Right
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What does the secondary bronchi branch into?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Tertiary Bronchi
Left and Right
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Which bronchus is narrow and positioned horizontally?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Left
Because the heart lies toward the left side of the chest.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Which bronchus is shorter and wider, extending downward in a more vertical direction?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Right
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Which bronchus is anatomically positioned and sized in a way that makes it more likely for food particles and small objects to be inhaled or aspirated?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Right
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Which cartilaginous structures help keep the brochi’s upper segments open?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
C-Shaped Rings
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What decrease and disappear as the bronchi extend into the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Cartilage
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What does not exist in the fine and distal bronchi branches?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Cartilage
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What are the smaller tubes the bronchi divide repeatedly into?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchioles
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What has walls containing smooth muscle with no cartilage?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchioles
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Where do the bronchioles regulate air flow?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What is bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction - as in decreased bronchiolar lumen (opening) and air flow?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Contraction
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What state are muscle in when lumen increases - as in increased air flow?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Relaxed
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What do bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants cause, thereby improving air flow and relieving wheezing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchodilation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What contains beta2-adrenergic receptors?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchioles
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Which receptors cause bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation when stimulated, thus inducing bronchodilation and improved air flow?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Beta2-Adrenergic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What does a beta2-adrenergic agonist drug, such as albuterol, cause?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchodilaton
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What does a beta-adrenergic blocker drug, such as propranolol, cause?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Bronchoconstriction
Contraindicated in asthmatic patients.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Which ducts do the bronchioles divide into and give rise?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Alveolar
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Which ducts end in very small, grapelike structures called alveoli?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Alveolar
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What are the tiny air sacs that form at the distal ends of the respiratory passages?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What do pulmonary capillaries surround?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What functions to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar–pulmonary capillary membrane?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What diffuses from the alveoli into the blood?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Oxygen
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What diffuses from the blood into the alveoli?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
Carbon Dioxide
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)
What extends from just above the clavicles to the diaphragm?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Lungs
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
In which cavities are the lungs located?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Pleural
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What are the soft cone-shaped organs that are so large they occupy most of the thoracic cavity space?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Lungs
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What are the lungs subdivied into?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Lobes
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What are the right lung’s three lobes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Superior
Middle
Inferior
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What are the left lung’s two lobes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Superior
Inferior
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which lung only has two lobes because of the heart’s chest location?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Left
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What is the upper rounded lung portion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Apex
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What is the lower lung portion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Base
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which lung portion rests on the diaphragm?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Base
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Organs of the Respiratory System
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 403)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 403)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 406)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 406)
Which continuous serous membrane lines the outside of each lung and inner chest wall?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Pleura
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which pleura membrane lines the outer lung surface?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Visceral
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which pleura membrane lines the chest wall?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Parietal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What two structures are attracted to each other in a manner similar to two flat, wet glass plates—able to slide past one another but offering resistance when pulled apart?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What is the space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Intrapleural
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which fluid type do the pleural membranes secrete in small amounts (approximately 25 mL)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Serous
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which fluid lubricates the pleural membranes and allows them to slide past one another with little friction or discomfort?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Serous
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which abnormal condition exists when the intrapleural space accumulates excess fluid, blood, and air?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Pleural Effusion
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What is excess pleural fluid secretion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Pleural Effusion
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What is a purulent (with pus) pleural effusion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Empyema
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Which state must the lungs be in to occupy most of the thoracic cage?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Expanded
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What expands similarly to inflated balloons?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Lungs
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What happens to a balloon (lung) when the open end is not tied and air rushed out?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
Collapse
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)
What fibre arrangement causes lungs to collapse?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Elastic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which fibers remains stretched only when tension is applied [the air blown into the balloon (lung) stretches the balloon (lung)]?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Elastic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What occurs to elastic fibers when the end of the balloon (lung) is not tied off, forcing air out and collapsing the balloon (lung)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Recoil
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What occurs when the lung’s elastic tissue stretches and then returns to its unstretched position when tension is released?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Recoil
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which force causes lungs to collapse?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Surface Tension
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which structure has a thin water layer lining its interior?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which polar molecule has a positive (+) charge on one end and a negative (−) charge on the other?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Water
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which mocule’s positive (+) end is attracted to the negative (−) charge on a second molecule?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Water
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which molecule pulls on the others and on molecules beneath them?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Water
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What is electrical attraction of water molecules?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Surface Tension
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What is made smaller as water molecules pull on one another?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which structures collapse as water molecules pull on one another?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What is normally very high in pure water?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Surface Tension
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What do special alveolar cells in the lung secrete?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Surfactants
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What are detergent-like lipoproteins that decrease surface tension by interfering with electrical attraction between water molecules on the inner alveoli surface?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Surfactants
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What stimulates surfactant secretion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Sigh
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What is the larger-than-normal breath a person takes after every five or six breaths?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Sigh
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What stretches alveoli, promoting surfactant secretion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Sigh
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What lowers surface tension but does not eliminate it?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Surfactants
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What remains a force that acts to collapse alveoli?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Surface Tension
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
Which lung state depends on intrapleural space pressure?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Expansion
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
What are the three intrapleural space pressures?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Atmospheric Pressure (P1)
Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2)
Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Which intrapleural space pressure is outside the chest (the pressure in the room)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Atmospheric Pressure (P1)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Which intrapleural space pressure is in the lung?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Which intrapleural space pressure is in the intrapleural space?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)
What would need to be created in the right chest wall so the right lung collapses?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Hole
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
What, in the chest wall, would cause all the pressures to be equal?
P1 = P2 = P3
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Hole
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Which pressure decreases and becomes negative (lower) when a tube attached to an air removal pump is inserted through a hole in the right chest wall?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)
Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
Lower than Atmospheric Pressure (P1) and Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 410, 411)
Which pressure pushes the lung toward the chest wall, causing the lung to expand [greater intrapulmonic pressure (P2)]?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Which pressure pushes the chest wall inward toward the lung [higher atmospheric pressure (P1)]?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
What occurs when the chest wall and the lungs meet?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Expansion
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Which pressure causes the lungs to expands and remain expanded?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Which pressure is eliminated when an air pump is removed, creating a hole in the chest wall [higher atmospheric pressure (P1)], and air rushes into the intrapleural space through the hole (as a result, the lung collapes)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Which pressure must exist for the lungs to expand?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Which pressure does air rushing into the intrapleural space by a hole created by a knife eliminate?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
What is a collapsed lung from air being introduced in the intrapleural space?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Pneumothorax
Pneumo means “air”; thorax means “chest”.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Which space causes the lungs to collapse when air is introduced through a surgical incision of the chest wall into the pleural cavity?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Intrapleural
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
When ___ ___ (___) is higher than ___ ___ (___), air rushes into the intrapleural space through the hole in the lung, thereby eliminating the negative intrapleural pressure and collapsing the lung.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
intrapulmonic pressure (P2)
intrapleural pressure (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Sometimes people with ___ develop blebs, or blisters, on the outer lung surface.
The blebs rupture and create a hole between the intrapulmonic and intrapleural spaces, causing air to rush into the intrapleural space, collapsing the lung.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
emphysema
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
What can be done for a collapsed lung?
A physician inserts a tube through the chest wall into the intrapleural space and pulls air out.
As air leaves the intrapleural space, ___ pressure is reestablished, and the lung expands.
Sometimes the physician inserts a large needle into the intrapleural space to aspirate, or withdraw, air, blood, and pus in a procedure called a ___, which facilitates lung expansion.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
negative
thoracentesis
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Which pressure remains negative only when no hole exists in the chest wall or lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Intrapleural (P3)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Lung Expansion and Collapse
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
What is elastic recoil measurement; it is illustrated by two balloons?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
Compliance
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
One balloon has never been inflated and is stiff.
A second balloon has been inflated many times and has lost some of its elasticity (elastic recoil); it appears baggy.
The baggy balloon is easier to inflate because it has lost some of its elasticity and is less stiff.
Translation: The baggy balloon is more ___ (stretchy).
The new balloon is less ___ (stiff) and is therefore more difficult to inflate.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
compliant x 2
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)
What includes breathing and involves the entire gas exchange process between the atmosphere and the body’s cells?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Respiration
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What are the three respiratory steps?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Ventilation (Breathing)
Exchange - Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Transport - Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide by Blood
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What is the movement of air in and out of the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Ventilation
Breathing
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What are ventilation’s two phases?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Inhalation
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Which phase is breathing-in?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Inspiration
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What occurs when oxygen-rich air moves into tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Inspiration
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What phase is breathing-out?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Exhalation
Expiration
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Which phase occurs when air rich in carbon dioxide is moved out of the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Which cycle consists of one inhalation and one exhalation?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Respiratory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What law explains the relationship between pressure and volume?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Boyle’s
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What causes high bicycle tire pressure when small?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Volume
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What causes low bicycle tire pressure when great?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Volume
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What law states that if volume changes, pressure changes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Boyle’s
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
What law is ventilation based on?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
Boyle’s
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Boyle’s Law
A) Low volume, high pressure
B) High volume, low pressure
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which phase includes increased lung volume when the thoracic cage moves up and out?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Inhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which pressure does increased lung volume, during inhalation, decrease?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
During inhlation, ___ ___ (___) becomes less than ___ ___ (___) (the air breathed).
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
intrapulmonic pressure (P2)
atmospheric pressure (P1)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which phase includes air flowing from higher pressure to lower pressure?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Inhalation
From the nose and into the lungs.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which phase includes decreased lung volume when the ribs cage returns to its resting poistion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
During exhalation, decreased lung volume causes ___ ___ (___) to increase and becomes higher than ___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
intrapulmonic pressure (P2)
atmospheric pressure (P1)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which phase includes air flowing from lower pressure to higher pressure?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Exhalation
Air flows out of the lungs through the nose.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
What makes air flow respond?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Pressure
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which muscles (contraction and relaxtion) cause thoracic volume change?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Respiratory
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which two respiratory muscles contract on inhalation?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Diaphragm
Intercostals
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which dome-shaped muscle forms the thoracic cavity floor and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 413, 414)
Diaphragm
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
What is inhalation’s chief muscle?
(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 413, 414)
Diaphragm
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)
Which muscle state flattens the diaphragm and pulls it downward, toward the abdomen?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Contraction
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Which muscle increases the thoracic cavity length when contracted?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Diaphragm
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Which muscle accounts for most of the thoracic volume increase during quiet breathing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Diaphragm
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Which muscles are located between the ribs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Intercostal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
What are the two intercostal muscles?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
External
Internal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Which intercostal muscles move the rib cage up and out, thereby increasing the width of the thoracic cavity when contracted?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
External
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Which cavity’s size increases in three directions: front to back, side to side, and lengthwise?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Thoracic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)
Which volume increases as lung volume increases?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Thoracic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which phase occurs when the respiration muscles relax and allow the ribs and diaphragm to return to their original positions?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Exhaltion
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which phase decreases thoracic and lung volume and increases lung pressure?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
What does lung tissue’s elastic recoil and surface tension within the alveoli aid with?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which exhalation uses the respiratory accessory muscles including the abdominal wall and internal intercostal muscles?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Forced
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which exhalation process includes accessory respiration muscle contraction, pulling the bottom of the rib cage down and in, and forcing the abdominal viscera upward toward the relaxed diaphragm?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Forced
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which phase is an active process?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Inhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which phase uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy) during muscle contraction?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Inhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which phase, associated with normal quiet breathing, is passive?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which phase is caused by muscle relaxation and requires no adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which exhalation process includes excercise, where the accessory respiratory muscles contract and become energy using or active?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Forced
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
What occurs in response to changes in thoracic volume (caused by muscle contraction and relaxation)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Ventilation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
What stimulates the respiratory muscles (skeletal muscles) to contract?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Motor Nerves
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which two motor nerves supply the respiratory muscles?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Phrenic
Intercostal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which nerve exits from the spinal cord at the C4 level, travels within the cervical plexus, and is distributed to the diaphragm?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Phrenic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which nerve stimulates diaphragm contraction when fired?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Phrenic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which nerves supply the intercostal muscles?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Intercostal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Which two nerves initiate inhalation when fired?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
Phrenic
Intercostal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)
EDIT EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
Steps in Ventilation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
EDIT EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Which phase delivers oxygen-rich air to the alveoli?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Inhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Which phase removes carbon dioxide–laden air from the alveoli?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
What is the second step in respiration?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Gas Exchange
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Where are the two respiratory gas exchange sites?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Lungs
Cells
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)
Which gas exange site exists across the membranes of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Lungs
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Three conditions make the alveoli well suited for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange: a large ___ ___, thin ___ and ___ ___ walls, and a short distance between the ___ and ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
surface area
alveolar, pulmonary capillary
alveoli, pulmonary capillaries
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Which structure has a total surface area of half a tennis court with 350 million per lung?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
EDIT: CITE
What creates a large surface to increase oxygen and carbon dioxide amounts exchanged across the alveolar membranes?
( )
Alveoli
Which two lung components have thin walls to favor diffusion because they do not offer much resistance to the oxygen and carbon dioxide movement across membranes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Alveolar
Pulmonary Capillaries
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Which lung component is close to the pulmonary capillaries to ensure a high diffusion rate?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
What relates gas concetrations such as oxygen and carbon dioxide?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Pressure
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
What is high when gas molecules are highly concentrated?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Pressure
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
What happens to molcules that move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Diffusion
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
What term refers to the total pressure in which each gas part contributes; that is, ordinary room air gas being composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 0.04% carbon dioxide?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Partial
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
What is oxygen’s partial pressure symbol?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
PO2
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
What is carbon dioxide’s partial pressure symbol?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
PCO2
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Which gas does the body not use?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
Nitrogen
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)
What diffuses from an area of higher pressure (the alveoli) to the area of lower pressure (the pulmonary capillary)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen (O2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What increases in the blood from 40 mm Hg (blue) to 95 mm Hg (red)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen’s Parital Pressure (PO2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Which pressure increases when blood is oxygenated?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen’s Partial Pressure (PO2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What diffuses from a capillary (an area of higher pressure) to the alveoli (an area of lower pressure)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Where is carbon dioxide’s partial pressure (PCO2) 40 mm Hg when the blood’s carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) (blue capillary) is 45 mm Hg?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Alveoli
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Because of the carbon dioxide’s diffusion out of the blood, carbon dioxide’s blood partial pressure (PCO2) decreases from 45 mm Hg at the (blue/red) end of the capillary to 40 mm Hg at the (blue/red) end of the capillary.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
blue
red
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Blood coming from the right side of the heart (blue/red) becomes oxygenated, and the oxygenated blood (blue/red) eventually returns to the left side of the heart, so that it can be pumped throughout the body.
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
blue
red
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What is removed as oxygenation occurs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What leaves the lungs during exhalation?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What leaves the blood and diffuses into the cells, where it can be used during cell metabolism?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen (O2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What diffuses into the blood as a cell metabolism consequence?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
CITATION
What has an oxygen parital pressure (PO2) of 40 mm Hg when the the arterial blood’s oxygen parital pressure (PO2) is 95 mm Hg?
Cells
What diffuses from blood into the space surrounding cells during gas exchange?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen (O2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What has a carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) of 50 mm Hg when the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) is 40 mm Hg?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Cells
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What diffuses from cells into blood?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What carries carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs for excretion?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Blood
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Where does oxygenated blood from the lungs carry the oxygen?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Cells
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What diffuses from blood into cells?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What waste do metabolizing cells produced?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What is 40 Hg because oxygen has been used up by the cells when blood leaves the cells?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen’s Partial Pressure (PO2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What is 45 Hg because the waste was removed from the cells?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide’s Partial Pressure (PCO2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What, in the red blood cells, transports almost all oxygen (98%)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Hemoglobin
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Where is the remaining 2% of oxygen dissolved?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Plasma
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What does oxygen form a loose bond with on hemoglobin as soon as it enters pulmonary capillary blood?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Iron
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What is the hemoglobin-oxygen molecule?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxyhemoglobin
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Which molecule does oxygen (O2) unload from to diffuse across the capillary walls to cells as oxygenated blood travels throughout the body?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Hemoglobin
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What used by metabolizing cells?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen (O2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What carries carbon dioxide (CO2) from the metabolizing cells to the lungs, where it is exhaled?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Blood
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
To which ion is seventy percent of carbon dioxide converted?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Bicarnonate (HCO3 −)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
CITE
In which form does blood carry most of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
Bicarbonate (HCO3 −)
What does twenty percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) combine with hemoglobin to form?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbaminohemoglobin
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What carries both oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) but at different sites?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Hemoglobin
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What bonds with the globin or protein (amino acids) portion of the hemoglobin?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Where is the remaining ten percent of carbon dioxide dissolved?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Plasma
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
Oxygen (PO2) and Carbon Dioxide (PCO2) Partial Pressure within the Lungs and at the Cellular Level (in Millimeters of Mercury).
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)
What are the four pulmonary volumes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Tidal
Inspiratory Reserve
Expiratory Reserve
Residual
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Which volume includes the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath and increases with exercise?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Tidal
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What is the average tidal volume during normal quiet breathing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
500 mL
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Which volume includes additional inhaled air?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Inspiratory Reserve
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What is the average inspiratory reserve volume?
3000 mL
Which volume includes extra exhaled air?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Expiratory Reserve
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What is the average expiratory reserve volume?
1100 mL
Which volume includes air that remains in the lungs even after a forced exhalation?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Residual
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What is the average residual volume?
1200 mL
Which volume remains in the lungs at all times, even between breaths?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Residual
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What term refer to he four pulmonary volumes added together?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Total Lung Capacity
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What term refer to a combination of pulmonary volumes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Pulmonary Capacity
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What term refers to the combination of tidal volume (500 mL), inspiratory reserve volume (3000 mL), and expiratory reserve volume (1100 mL)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Vital Capacity
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What is the average vital capacity?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
4600 mL
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Which measurement is commonly used in pulmonary function tests?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Vital Capcity
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What measures the maximal amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
Vital Capacity
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What is a commonly used clinical term for forced vital capacity?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Which measurement includes the fraction of the forced vital capacity exhaled in a specific number of seconds?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Which measurement’s subscript indicates the number of seconds that it lasted?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
FEV1 = 1 Second
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Which measurement is defined as the maximal airflow rate during expiration and is found by a handheld flow meter?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Lung Volumes and Capacities
DELETE
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
DELETE
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
DELETE
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Where does inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli and stays in the conducting passageways of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles occupy?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Dead Space
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Which space does air occupy when it is unavailable for gas exchange?
Dead
How much air does dead space hold?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
150 mL
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Where does rapid panting cause a greater percentage inhaled air volume to remain?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Dead Space
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)
What is rhythmic and involuntary when normal?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Breathing
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
What are the two mechanisms that control breathing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Nervous
Chemical
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Which mechanism involves several areas of the brain, the most important being the brain stem?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Nervous
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Throughout what two brain stem areas are special neuron groups widely scattered?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
What is the main control center for breathing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Medulla Oblongata
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
What is the respiratory control center?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Medulla Oblongata
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
What sets the basic breathing rhythm?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
Medulla Oblongata
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)
What occurs when the inspiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata fire, giving rise to nerve impulses?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
Inhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
What travels from the medulla oblongata along the phrenic and intercostal nerves to the muscles of respiration?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
Nerve Impulses
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
What does contraction of the respiratory muscles causes?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
Inhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
What occurs when the expiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata fire and shut down the inspiratory neurons?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
What inhibits the formation of nerve impulses and causes the respiratory muscles to relax?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421, 422)
Exhalation
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421, 422)
What is the result of the alternate firing of the inspiratory and expiratory neurons?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Breathing
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 42)
What contains the pneumotaxic and the apneustic centers?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Pons
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What two pon centers modify and help control breathing patterns?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Pneumotaxic
Apneustic
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What processes emotional responses, such as anxiety and fear and, in turn, stimulates the brain stem and changes the breathing pattern?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Hypothalamus
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Of which response is rapid breathing, a response to anxiety or fear, part?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Fight-or-Flight
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What controls the depth and rate of voluntarily breathing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Cerebral Cortex
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Which nerve carries nerve impulses from the lungs to the brain stem?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Vagus
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Which reflex involves nerve impulses traveling to the brain stem, inhibiting the inspiratory neurons when the lungs become inflated?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Hering-Breuer
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Which reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Hering-Breuer
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What are coughing, sneezing, and yawning considered?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Reflexes
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What three chemicals, dissolved in the blood, affect breathing?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen Ion
Oxygen (O2)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Which chemical determines pH?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Hydrogen Ion
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What are the chemosensitive cells that detect chemicals?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Chemoreceptors
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What stimulates the areas of the brain stem concerned with respiration when activated?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Chemoreceptors
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
What are the two chemoreceptors types?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Central
Peripheral
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Which chemoreceptors are located in the central nervous system (CNS)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Central Chemoreceptors
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Which chemoreceptors are located outside the central nervous system (CNS)?
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)
EDIT CHEMOREPTORS
Neural and Chemical Factors That Influence Breathing
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)
