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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com

1
Q

Which system delivers oxygen-rich air into the body and excretes carbon dioxide–rich air from the body?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Respiratory

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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2
Q

Which system filters and humidifies inhaled air?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Respiratory

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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3
Q

Which system regulates acid-base balance?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Respiratory

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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4
Q

Which system produces and modulates various sounds, including the voice?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Respiratory

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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5
Q

Which system houses the olfactory (smell) chemoreceptors?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Respiratory

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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6
Q

Which respiratory tract contains the respiratory organs located outside the chest cavity: the nose and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Upper

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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7
Q

Which respiratory tract consists of organs located in the chest cavity: the lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Lower

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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8
Q

Where are the lower parts of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Lungs

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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9
Q

Which respiratory tract includes the pleural membranes and the muscles that form the chest cavity?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

A

Lower

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 400)

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10
Q

What is movement of air through the respiratory passages?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

A

Conduction

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

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11
Q

What are the tiny air sacs located at the distal ends of the respiratory passages?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

A

Alveoli

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

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12
Q

What are concerned with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide—the respiratory gases—between the air and the blood across the walls of the pulmonary capillaries?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

A

Alveoli

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

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13
Q

What are the two nose portions?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

External

Internal

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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14
Q

Which nose portion forms part of the face?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

External

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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15
Q

What is the internal nose portion called?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Nasal Cavities

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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16
Q

Which partition, made of bone and cartilage, separates the nasal cavity into right and left halves?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Septum

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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17
Q

Where does air enter the nasal cavities through?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Nostrils

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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18
Q

What filters large particles of dust that might otherwise be inhaled in the nostrils?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Hair

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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19
Q

What contains the receptor cells for the sense of smell?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Nasal Cavities

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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20
Q

Which receptors cover the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities’ upper parts and a part of the nasal septum?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Olfactory

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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21
Q

What are the bony projections that appear on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Conchae

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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22
Q

What increases the surface area of the nasal cavities and supports the ciliated mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Conchae

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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23
Q

Which membranes contain many blood vessels and mucus-secreting cells?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Mucus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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24
Q

What warms and moistens the air while the sticky mucus traps dust, pollen, and other small particles, thereby cleansing the air as it is inhaled?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Blood

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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25
Q

Where does mucus drain through into the nasal cavities?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Paranasal Sinuses

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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26
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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27
Q

Through which ducts do tears drain into the nasal cavities?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Nasolacrimal

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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28
Q

What is located behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavities and the larynx?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Pharynx

Throat

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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29
Q

What are the pharynx’s three parts?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Nasopharynx (Upper Section)
Oropharynx (Middle Section)
Laryngopharynx (Lower Section)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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30
Q

Which two pharynx parts are part of both the digestive and respiratory systems; they function as passageways for both food and air?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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31
Q

Where does the pharynx send food?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Esophagus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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32
Q

Which tube sends food toward the stomach?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Esophagus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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33
Q

Where does the pharynx conduct air as it moves toward the lungs?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Larynx

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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34
Q

Which two structures does the pharynx contain?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Eustachian Tubes (Auditory Tubes)
Tonsils

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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35
Q

What connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

Eustachian Tube

Auditory Tubes

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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36
Q

What is located between the pharynx and trachea?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Larynx

Voice Box

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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37
Q

What acts as a passageway for air during breathing, produces sound (your voice), and prevents food and other foreign objects from entering the distal respiratory structures?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Larynx

Voice Box

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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38
Q

Which triangular structure is made primarily of cartilage, muscles, and ligaments?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Larynx

Voice Box

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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39
Q

What are the largest cartilaginous larynx structures?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Thyroid

Adam’s Apple

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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40
Q

Which tough, hyaline cartilage protrudes in the front of the neck?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Thyroid

Adam’s Apple

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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41
Q

Which cartilaginous structure is located larynx’s top?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Epiglottis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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42
Q

What acts as an important flap?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Epiglottis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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43
Q

What covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Epiglottis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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44
Q

What contains the vocal cords?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Larynx

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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45
Q

What are the tissue folds composed of muscle and elastic ligaments covered by mucous membrane?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Vocal Cords

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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46
Q

What stretches across the larynx’s upper part?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Vocal Cords

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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47
Q

What is the space or opening between the vocal cords?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Glottis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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48
Q

What are the two vocal cord types?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

False
True

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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49
Q

Which vocal cord types do not produce sounds?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

False

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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50
Q

Which vocal cords muscles help to close the airway during swallowing?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

False

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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51
Q

Which vocal cords produce sound?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

True

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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52
Q

Which voice characteristic depends on the force with which the air moves past the true vocal cords?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Volume

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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53
Q

Which voice characteristic depends on the tension exerted on the muscles of the true vocal cords?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Pitch

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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54
Q

What is the formed sound with the pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lip movement?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Words

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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55
Q

Which chambers do the nasal cavities, sinuses, and pharynx act as to alter voice quality?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Resonating

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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56
Q

What influences the male larynx to enlarge and the vocal cords to become longer and thicker at puberty?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Testosterone

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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57
Q

What acts as a passageway for food, water, and air?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Pharynx

Throat

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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58
Q

Where should food and water in the pharynx not enter?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Larynx

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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59
Q

What opens when air is breathed and has air pass thorough it to tubes that carry it to the lungs?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Glottis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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60
Q

What covers the glottis when swallowing food, thereby preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passages?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Epiglottis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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61
Q

Which tube that empties into the stomach does food enter?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Esophagus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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62
Q

What moves upward and forward while the epiglottis moves downward when swallowing?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Larynx

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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63
Q

What closes during epiglottis movement?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Glottis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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64
Q

What plays a key role in preventing the entrance of food or water into the respiratory tubes?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Swallowing

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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65
Q

What is the entrance of food or water into the lungs?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

A

Aspiration

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 404)

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66
Q

What tube is 4 to 5 inches (10 to 12.5 cm) long and 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

Trachea

Windpipe

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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67
Q

What extends from the larynx downward into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into the right and left bronchi?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

Trachea

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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68
Q

What is the point at the manubriosternal junction (manubrium of the sternum meets the sternal body) where the trachea splits (bifurcates)?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

Carina

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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69
Q

What is sensitive and causes vigorous coughing when touched during suctioning?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

Carina

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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70
Q

What conducts air to and from the lungs?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

Trachea

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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71
Q

What lies in front of the esophagus (the food tube)?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

Trachea

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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72
Q

What cartilage structures partially surround the trachea for its entire length and serve to keep it open?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

C-Shaped Rings

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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73
Q

What are open on the back side of the trachea so that the esophagus can bulge forward as food moves along the esophagus to the stomach?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

C-Shaped Rings

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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74
Q

Which cartilaginous structures are felt along the front of the neck?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

C-Shaped Rings

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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75
Q

Which strong cartilaginous support would the trachea collapse without, shutting off the air flow through the respiratory passages?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

A

C-Shaped Rings

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 405)

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76
Q

What are the three bronchial tree parts?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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77
Q

What resemble an upside-down tree?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchial Tree

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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78
Q

Where is most of the bronchial tree?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Lungs

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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79
Q

What are formed as the lower part of the trachea divides into two tubes?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Primary Bronchi (Right and Left)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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80
Q

Which region does the primary bronchi enter the lungs?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Hilus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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81
Q

What do the primary bronchi branch into?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Secondary Bronchi

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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82
Q

What does the secondary bronchi branch into?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Tertiary Bronchi

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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83
Q

Which bronchus is narrower and positioned more horizontally?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Left

Because the heart lies toward the left side of the chest.

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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84
Q

Which bronchus is shorter and wider and extends downward in a more vertical direction?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Right

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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85
Q

Which bronchus are food particles and small objects more easily inhaled or aspirated because of the differences in the size and positioning?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Right

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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86
Q

Which cartilaginous structures do the upper segments of the bronchi have to help keep it open?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

C-Shaped Rings

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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87
Q

What decreases and finally disappears as the bronchi extend into the lungs?

A

Cartilage

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88
Q

What does not exist in the finer and more distal branches of the bronchi?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Cartilage

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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89
Q

Which smaller tubes do the bronchi divide repeatedly into?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchioles

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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90
Q

Which structure’s walls contain smooth muscle and no cartilage?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchioles

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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91
Q

Where do the bronchioles regulate air flow?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Alveoli

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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92
Q

What causes the bronchiolar smooth muscle to constrict, thereby decreasing the bronchiolar lumen (opening) and thus decreasing air flow?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Contraction

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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93
Q

What causes the lumen to increase, thereby increasing the flow of air?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Relaxation

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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94
Q

What do bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants cause, thereby improving air flow and relieving wheezing?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchodilation

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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95
Q

Which structure contains beta2-adrenergic receptors?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchioles

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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96
Q

Which receptors cause relaxation of the bronchiolar smooth muscle, thus inducing bronchodilation and improved air flow when stimulated?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Beta2-Adrenergic

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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97
Q

What does a beta2-adrenergic agonist drug, such as albuterol, cause?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchodilaton

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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98
Q

What a beta-adrenergic blocker drug, such as propranolol, cause?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Bronchoconstriction

Contraindicated in asthmatic patients.

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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99
Q

Which ducts do the bronchioles divide into and give rise?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Alveolar

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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100
Q

Which ducts end in very small, grapelike structures called alveoli?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Alveolar

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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101
Q

What are the tiny air sacs that form at the distal ends of the respiratory passages?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Alveoli

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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102
Q

What do pulmonary capillaries surround?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Alveolus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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103
Q

What functions to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar–pulmonary capillary membrane?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Alveoli

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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104
Q

What diffuses from the alveoli into the blood?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Oxygen

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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105
Q

What diffuses from the blood into the alveoli?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

A

Carbon Dioxide

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 407)

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106
Q

What extends from an area just above the clavicles to the diaphragm?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Lungs

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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107
Q

Which cavities are the lungs located?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Pleural

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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108
Q

What are the soft cone-shaped organs that are so large they occupy most of the thoracic cavity space?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Lungs

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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109
Q

What are the lungs subdivied into?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Lobes

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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110
Q

What are the right lung’s three lobes?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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111
Q

What are the left lung’s two lobes?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Superior
Inferior

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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112
Q

Which lung only has two lobes because of the heart’s location in the chest?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Left

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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113
Q

What is the upper rounded lung portion?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Apex

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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114
Q

What is the lower lung portion?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Base

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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115
Q

Which lung portion rests on the diaphragm?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Base

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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116
Q

Organs of the Respiratory System

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 401)

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117
Q

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 402)

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118
Q

FIX AND COVER ORPHARYN

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 403)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 403)

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119
Q

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 406)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 406)

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120
Q

Which continuous serous membrane lines the outside of each lung and inner chest wall?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Pleura

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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121
Q

Which pleura membrane lines the outer lung’s surface?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Visceral

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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122
Q

Which pleura membrane lines the chest wall?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Parietal

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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123
Q

What are attracted to each other like two flat plates of glass whose surfaces are wet (able to slide past one another, but offering some resistance when pulled apart)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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124
Q

What is the space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Intrapleural

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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125
Q

Which fluid do the pleural membranes secrete a small amount of (approximately 25 mL)?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Serous

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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126
Q

Which fluid lubricates the pleural membranes and allows them to slide past one another with little friction or discomfort?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Serous Fluid

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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127
Q

Which abnormal condition exists when the intrapleural space accumulate excess fluid, blood, and air?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Pleural Effusion

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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128
Q

What is an excess secretion of pleural fluid?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Pleural Effusion

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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129
Q

What is a purulent (with pus) pleural effusion?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Empyema

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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130
Q

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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131
Q

Which state must the lungs be in to occupy most of the thoracic cage?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Expanded

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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132
Q

What expands similarly to inflated balloons?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Lungs

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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133
Q

What happens to a balloon (lung) when the open end is not tied and air rushed out?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

A

Collapse

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 408)

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134
Q

Which fiber arrangement causes lungs to collapse?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Elastic

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

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135
Q

Which fibers remains stretched only when tension is applied [the air blown into the balloon (lung) stretches the balloon (lung)]?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Elastic

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

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136
Q

What occurs to elastic fibers when the end of the balloon (lung) is not tied off, forcing air out and collapsing the balloon (lung)?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Recoil

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

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137
Q

What occurs when the lung’s elastic tissue stretches and then returns to its unstretched position if tension is released?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Recoil

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

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138
Q

Which force causes lungs to collapse?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Surface Tension

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

139
Q

What does a thin layer of water line the inside of?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Alveolus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

140
Q

Which polar molecule has a positive (+) charge on one end and a negative (−) charge on the other?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Water

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

141
Q

Which mocule’s positive (+) end is attracted to the negative (−) charge on a second molecule?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Water

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

142
Q

Which molecule pulls on the other and on the molecules beneath them?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Water

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

143
Q

What is the electrical attraction of the water molecules?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Surface Tension

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

144
Q

What is made smaller as water molecules pull on one another?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Alveolus

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

145
Q

What collapses as the water molecules pull on one another?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Alveoli

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

146
Q

What is normall very high in pure water?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Surface Tension

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

147
Q

What do special alveolar cells in the mature secrete?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Surfactants

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

148
Q

What are detergent-like lipoproteins that decrease surface tension by interfering with the electrical attraction between the water molecules on the inner surface of the alveolus?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Surfactants

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

149
Q

What stimulates surfactant secretion?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Sigh

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

150
Q

What is the larger-than-normal breath a person takes after every five or six breaths?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Sigh

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

151
Q

What stretches the alveoli, promoting the surfactant secretion?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Sigh

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

152
Q

What lowers surface tension but does not eliminate it?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Surfactants

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

153
Q

What remains a force that acts to collapse the alveoli?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

Surface Tension

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

154
Q

Which lung state depends on intrapleural space pressure?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Expansion

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

155
Q

What the three intrapleural space pressures?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Atmospheric Pressure (P1)
Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2)
Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

156
Q

Which intrapleural space pressure is outside the chest (the pressure in the room)?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Atmospheric Pressure (P1)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

157
Q

Which intrapleural space pressure is in the lung?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

158
Q

Which intrapleural space pressure is in the intrapleural space?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

159
Q

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 409)

160
Q

What is created in the right chest wall so that the right lung collapses?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Hole

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

161
Q

What, in the chest wall, causes all the pressures are equal?

P1 = P2 = P3

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Hole

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

162
Q

Which pressure decreases and becomes negative (lower) when a tube attached to an air removal pump is inserted through a hole in the right chest wall?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410)

A

Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

Lower than Atmospheric Pressure (P1) and Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2).

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 410, 411)

163
Q

Which pressure pushes the lung toward the chest wall, causing the lung to expand [greater intrapulmonic pressure (P2)]?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

164
Q

Which pressure pushes the chest wall inward toward the lung [higher atmospheric pressure (P1)]?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

165
Q

What occurs when the chest wall and the lungs meet?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Expansion

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

166
Q

Which pressure causes the lungs to expands and remain expanded?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

167
Q

Which pressure is eliminated when an air pump is removed, creating a hole in the chest wall [higher atmospheric pressure (P1)], and air rushes into the intrapleural space through the hole (as a result, the lung collapes)?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

168
Q

Which pressure must exist for the lungs to expand?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

169
Q

Which pressure does air rushing into the intrapleural space by a hole created by a knife eliminate?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Negative Intrapleural Pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

170
Q

What is the introduction of air into the intrapleural space and subsequent collapse of the lung?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Pneumothorax

Pneumo means “air”; thorax means “chest”.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

171
Q

Which space causes the lungs to collapse when air is introduced through a surgical incision of the chest wall into the pleural cavity?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Intrapleural

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

172
Q

Because the ___ ___ (___) is higher than the ___ ___ (___), air rushes into the intrapleural space through the hole in the lung, thereby eliminating the negative intrapleural pressure and collapsing the lung.

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

intrapulmonic pressure (P2)
intrapleural pressure (P3)

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

173
Q

Sometimes people with ___ develop blebs, or blisters, on the outer surface of their lungs.

The blebs rupture and create a hole between the intrapulmonic and intrapleural spaces, causing air to rush into the intrapleural space and collapsing the lung.

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

emphysema

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

174
Q

What can be done for a collapsed lung?

The physician inserts a tube through the chest wall into the intrapleural space and pulls air out of the intrapleural space.

As the air leaves the intrapleural space, ___ pressure is reestablished, and the lung expands.

Sometimes the physician inserts a large needle into the intrapleural space to aspirate, or withdraw, air, blood, and pus in a procedure called a ___, which facilitates lung expansion.

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

negative

thoracentesis

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

175
Q

The ___ pressure remains negative only when no hole exists in the chest wall or the lungs.

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

intrapleural

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

176
Q

Lung Expansion and Collapse

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

A) Expand
B) Collapse
C) Expand
D) Expand
E) Collapse
Collapse

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

177
Q

What elastic recoil’s measurement that can be illustrated by two balloons?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

Compliance

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

178
Q

One balloon has never been inflated and is stiff.

A second balloon has been inflated many times and has lost some of its elasticity (elastic recoil); it appears baggy.

The baggy balloon is easier to inflate because it has lost some of its elasticity and is less stiff.

Translation: The baggy balloon is more ___ (stretchy).

The new balloon is less ___ (stiff) and is therefore more difficult to inflate.

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

A

compliant x 2

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 411)

179
Q

What includes breathing and involves the entire gas exchange process between the atmosphere and the body’s cells?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Respiration

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

180
Q

What is respiration’s three steps?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Ventilation (Breathing)
Exchange - Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Transport - Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide by Blood

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

181
Q

What air movement in and out of the lungs?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Ventilation

Breathing

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

182
Q

What are ventilation’s two phases?

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Inhalation
Exhalation

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

183
Q

Which phase is breathing-in?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Inspiration

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

184
Q

What occurs when oxygen-rich air moves into tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Inspiration

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

185
Q

What phase is breathing-out?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Exhalation

Expiration

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

186
Q

Wich phase occurs when air rich in carbon dioxide is moved out of the lungs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

187
Q

Which cycle consists of one inhalation and one exhalation?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Respiratory

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

188
Q

What law explains the relationship between pressure and volume?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Boyle’s

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

189
Q

What causes high bicycle tire pressure when small?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Volume

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

190
Q

What causes low bicycle tire pressure when great?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Volume

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

191
Q

What law states that if volume changes, pressure changes?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Boyle’s

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

192
Q

What law is ventilation based on?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

A

Boyle’s

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 412)

193
Q

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Boyle’s Law

A) Low volume, high pressure
B) High volume, low pressure

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

194
Q

Which phase includes increased lung volume when the thoracic cage moves up and out?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Inhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

195
Q

Which pressure does the increased lung volume, during inhalation, decrease?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Intrapulmonic Pressure (P2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

196
Q

During inhlation, ___ ___ (___) becomes less than ___ ___ (___) (the air breathed).

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

intrapulmonic pressure (P2)
atmospheric pressure (P1)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

197
Q

Which phase includes air flowing from higher pressure to lower pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Inhalation

From the nose and into the lungs.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

198
Q

Which phase includes decreased lung volume when the ribs cage returns to its resting poistion?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

199
Q

During exhalation, decreased lung volume causes ___ ___ (___) to increase and become higher than ___ ___ (___).

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

intrapulmonic pressure (P2)
atmospheric pressure (P1)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

200
Q

Which phase includes air flowing from lower pressure to higher pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Exhalation

Air flows out of the lungs through the nose.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

201
Q

What makes air flow respond?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

202
Q

Which muscles (contraction and relaxtion) cause thoracic volume change?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Respiratory

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

203
Q

Which two respiratory muscles contract on inhalation?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

A

Diaphragm
Intercostals

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

204
Q

Which dome-shaped muscle forms the thoracic cavity floor and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 413, 414)

A

Diaphragm

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

205
Q

What is inhalation’s chief muscle?

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 413, 414)

A

Diaphragm

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 413)

206
Q

Which muscle state flattens the diaphragm and pulls it downward, toward the abdomen?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

Contraction

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

207
Q

Which muscle increases the thoracic cavity length when contracted?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

Diaphragm

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

208
Q

Which muscle accounts for most of the thoracic volume increase during quiet breathing?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

Diaphragm

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

209
Q

Which muscles are located between the ribs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

Intercostals

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

210
Q

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

211
Q

What are the two intercostal muscles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

External
Internal

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

212
Q

Which intercostal muscles move the rib cage up and out, thereby increasing the width of the thoracic cavity when contracted?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

External

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

213
Q

Which cavity’s size increases in three directions: front to back, side to side, and lengthwise?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

A

Thoracic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 414)

214
Q

Which volume increases as lung volume increases?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Thoracic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

215
Q

Which phase occurs when the respiration muscles relax and allow the ribs and diaphragm to return to their original positions?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Exhaltion

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

216
Q

Which phase decreases thoracic and lung volume and increases lung pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

217
Q

What does lung tissue’s elastic recoil and surface tension within the alveoli aid with?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

218
Q

Which exhalation uses the respiratory accessory muscles including the abdominal wall and internal intercostal muscles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Forced

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

219
Q

Which exhalation process includes accessory respiration muscle contraction, pulling the bottom of the rib cage down and in, and forcing the abdominal viscera upward toward the relaxed diaphragm?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Forced

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

220
Q

Which phase is an active process?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Inhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

221
Q

Which phase uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy) during muscle contraction?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Inhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

222
Q

Which phase, associated with normal quiet breathing, is passive?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

223
Q

Which phase is caused by muscle relaxation and requires no adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

224
Q

Which exhalation process includes excercise, where the accessory respiratory muscles contract and become energy using or active?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Forced

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

225
Q

What occurs in response to changes in the thoracic volume (caused by muscle contraction and relaxation)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Ventilation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

226
Q

What stimulates the respiratory muscles (skeletal muscles) to contract?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Motor Nerves

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

227
Q

Which two motor nerves supply the respiratory muscles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Phrenic
Intercostal

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

228
Q

Which nerve exits from the spinal cord at the C4 level, travels within the cervical plexus, and is distributed to the diaphragm?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Phrenic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

229
Q

Which nerve stimulates diaphragm contraction when fired?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Phrenic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

230
Q

Which nerves supply the intercostal muscles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Intercostal

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

231
Q

Which two nerves initiate inhalation when fired?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

A

Phrenic
Intercostal

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 415)

232
Q

EDIT EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
Steps in Ventilation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

A

EDIT EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

233
Q

Which phase delivers fresh oxygen-rich air to the alveoli?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

A

Inhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

234
Q

Which phase removes carbon dioxide–laden air from the alveoli?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

235
Q

What is exchanged respiration’s second step?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

A

Gas

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

236
Q

What are the two respiratory gas exchange sites?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

A

Lungs
Cells

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 416)

237
Q

Which gas exange site exists across the membranes of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Lungs

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

238
Q

Three conditions make the alveoli well suited for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange: a large ___ ___, thin ___ and ___ ___ walls, and a short distance between the ___ and ___ ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

surface area
alveolar, pulmonary capillary
alveoli, pulmonary capillaries

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

239
Q

What creates a total surface area of half a tennis court with 350 million per lung?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Alveoli

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

240
Q

EDIT: CITE

What creates a large surface to increase oxygen and carbon dioxide amounts exchanged across the alveolar membranes?

( )

A

Alveoli

241
Q

Which two lung components have thin walls to favor diffusion because they do not offer much resistance to the oxygen and carbon dioxide across movement the membranes?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Alveolar
Pulmonary Capillaries

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

242
Q

Which lung component is close to the pulmonary capillaries to ensure a high diffusion rate?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Alveoli

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

243
Q

What relates gas concetrations such as oxygen and carbon dioxide?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

244
Q

What is high when gas molecules are highly concentrated?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

245
Q

What happens to molcules that move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Diffusion

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

246
Q

What term refers to the total pressure in which each gas part contributes; that is, ordinary room air gas being composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 0.04% carbon dioxide?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Partial

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

247
Q

What is oxygen’s partial pressure symbol?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

PO2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

248
Q

What is carbon dioxide’s partial pressure symbol?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

PCO2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

249
Q

Which gas does the body not use?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

A

Nitrogen

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 417)

250
Q

What diffuses from an area of higher pressure (the alveolus) to the area of lower pressure (the pulmonary capillary)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen (O2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

251
Q

What increases in the blood from 40 mm Hg (blue) to 95 mm Hg (red)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen’s Parital Pressure (PO2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

252
Q

Which pressure increases when blood is oxygenated?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen’s Partial Pressure (PO2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

253
Q

What diffuses from the capillary, the area of higher pressure, to the alveolus, the area of lower pressure?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

254
Q

Where is carbon dioxide’s partial pressure (PCO2) 40 mm Hg when the blood’s carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) (blue capillary) is 45 mm Hg?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Alveolus

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

255
Q

Because of the carbon dioxide’s diffusion out of the blood, carbon dioxide’s blood partial pressure (PCO2) decreases from 45 mm Hg at the (blue/red) end of the capillary to 40 mm Hg at the (blue/red) end of the capillary.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

blue
red

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

256
Q

Blood coming from the right side of the heart (blue/red) becomes oxygenated, and the oxygenated blood (blue/red) eventually returns to the left side of the heart, so that it can be pumped throughout the body.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

blue
red

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

257
Q

What is removed as oxygenation occurs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

258
Q

What leaves the lungs during exhalation?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

259
Q

What leaves the blood and diffuses into the cells, where it can be used during cell metabolism?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen (O2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

260
Q

What diffuses into the blood as a cell metabolism consequence?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

261
Q

CITATION
What has an oxygen parital pressure (PO2) of 40 mm Hg when the the arterial blood’s oxygen parital pressure (PO2) is 95 mm Hg?

A

Cells

262
Q

What diffuses from the blood into the space surrounding the cells during gas exchange?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen (O2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

263
Q

What has a carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) of 50 mm Hg when the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) is 40 mm Hg?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Cells

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

264
Q

What diffuses from cells into the blood?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

265
Q

What carries carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs for excretion?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

266
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood from the lungs carry the oxygen?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Cells

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

267
Q

What diffuses from the blood into the cells?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

268
Q

What waste do metabolizing cells produced?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

269
Q

What is 40 Hg because the oxygen has been used up by the cells when blood leaves the cells?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen’s Partial Pressure (PO2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

270
Q

What is 45 Hg because the waste was removed from the cells?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide’s Partial Pressure (PCO2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

271
Q

What, in the red blood cells, transports almost all oxygen (98%)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Hemoglobin

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

272
Q

Where is the remaining 2% of oxygen dissolved?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Plasma

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

273
Q

What does oxygen form a loose bond with on hemoglobin as soon as it enters pulmonary capillary blood?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Iron

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

274
Q

What is the hemoglobin-oxygen molecule?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxyhemoglobin

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

275
Q

Which molecule does oxygen (O2) unload from to diffuse across the capillary walls to cells as oxygenated blood travels throughout the body?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Hemoglobin

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

276
Q

What used by metabolizing cells?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Oxygen (O2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

277
Q

What carries carbon dioxide (CO2) from the metabolizing cells to the lungs, where it is exhaled?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

278
Q

To which ion is seventy percent of carbon dioxide converted?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Bicarnonate (HCO3 −)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

279
Q

CITE
In which form does blood carry most of carbon dioxide (CO2)?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3 −)

280
Q

What does twenty percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) combine with hemoglobin to form?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

281
Q

What carries both oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) but at different sites?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Hemoglobin

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

282
Q

What bonds with the globin or protein (amino acids) portion of the hemoglobin?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

283
Q

Where is the remaining ten percent of carbon dioxide dissolved?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

Plasma

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

284
Q

Oxygen (PO2) and Carbon Dioxide (PCO2) Partial Pressure within the Lungs and at the Cellular Level (in Millimeters of Mercury).

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 418)

285
Q

What are the four pulmonary volumes?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Tidal
Inspiratory Reserve
Expiratory Reserve
Residual

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

286
Q

Which volume includes the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath and increases with exercise?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Tidal

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

287
Q

What is the average tidal volume during normal quiet breathing?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

500 mL

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

288
Q

Which volume includes additional inhaled air?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Inspiratory Reserve

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

289
Q

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3000 mL

290
Q

Which volume includes extra exhaled air?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Expiratory Reserve

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

291
Q

What is the average expiratory reserve volume?

A

1100 mL

292
Q

Which volume includes air that remains in the lungs even after a forced exhalation?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Residual

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

293
Q

What is the average residual volume?

A

1200 mL

294
Q

Which volume remains in the lungs at all times, even between breaths?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Residual

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

295
Q

What term refer to he four pulmonary volumes added together?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Total Lung Capacity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

296
Q

What term refer to a combination of pulmonary volumes?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Pulmonary Capacity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

297
Q

What term refers to the combination of tidal volume (500 mL), inspiratory reserve volume (3000 mL), and expiratory reserve volume (1100 mL)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Vital Capacity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

298
Q

What is the average vital capacity?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

4600 mL

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

299
Q

Which measurement is commonly used in pulmonary function tests?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Vital Capcity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

300
Q

What measures the maximal amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

Vital Capacity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

301
Q

What is a commonly used clinical term for forced vital capacity?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

302
Q

Which measurement includes the fraction of the forced vital capacity exhaled in a specific number of seconds?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

303
Q

Which measurement’s subscript indicates the number of seconds that it lasted?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

FEV1 = 1 Second

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

304
Q

Which measurement is defined as the maximal airflow rate during expiration and is found by a handheld flow meter?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

305
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities

A
306
Q

DELETE

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

307
Q

DELETE

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

308
Q

DELETE

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

309
Q

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

(Barbara Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

310
Q

Where does inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli and stays in the conducting passageways of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles occupy?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Dead Space

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

311
Q

Which space does air occupy when it is unavailable for gas exchange?

A

Dead

312
Q

How much air does dead space hold?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

150 mL

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

313
Q

Where does rapid panting cause a greater percentage inhaled air volume to remain?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Dead Space

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

314
Q

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 419)

315
Q

What is rhythmic and involuntary when normal?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Breathing

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

316
Q

What are the two mechanisms that control breathing?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Nervous
Chemical

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

317
Q

Which mechanism involves several areas of the brain, the most important being the brain stem?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Nervous

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

318
Q

Throughout what two brain stem areas are special neuron groups widely scattered?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

319
Q

What is the main control center for breathing?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Medulla Oblongata

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

320
Q

What is the respiratory control center?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Medulla Oblongata

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

321
Q

What sets the basic breathing rhythm?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

A

Medulla Oblongata

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 420)

322
Q

What occurs when the inspiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata fire, giving rise to nerve impulses?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

A

Inhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

323
Q

What travels from the medulla oblongata along the phrenic and intercostal nerves to the muscles of respiration?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

A

Nerve Impulses

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

324
Q

What does contraction of the respiratory muscles causes?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

A

Inhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

325
Q

What occurs when the expiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata fire and shut down the inspiratory neurons?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

326
Q

What inhibits the formation of nerve impulses and causes the respiratory muscles to relax?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421, 422)

A

Exhalation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421, 422)

327
Q

What is the result of the alternate firing of the inspiratory and expiratory neurons?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Breathing

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 42)

328
Q

What contains the pneumotaxic and the apneustic centers?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Pons

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

329
Q

What two pon centers modify and help control breathing patterns?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Pneumotaxic
Apneustic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

330
Q

What processes emotional responses, such as anxiety and fear and, in turn, stimulates the brain stem and changes the breathing pattern?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Hypothalamus

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

331
Q

Of which response is rapid breathing, a response to anxiety or fear, part?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Fight-or-Flight

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

332
Q

What controls the depth and rate of voluntarily breathing?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Cerebral Cortex

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

333
Q

Which nerve carries nerve impulses from the lungs to the brain stem?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Vagus

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

334
Q

Which reflex involves nerve impulses traveling to the brain stem, inhibiting the inspiratory neurons when the lungs become inflated?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Hering-Breuer

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

335
Q

Which reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Hering-Breuer

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

336
Q

What are coughing, sneezing, and yawning considered?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Reflexes

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

337
Q

What three chemicals, dissolved in the blood, affect breathing?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen Ion
Oxygen (O2)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

338
Q

Which chemical determines pH?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Hydrogen Ion

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

339
Q

What are the chemosensitive cells that detect chemicals?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Chemoreceptors

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

340
Q

What stimulates the areas of the brain stem concerned with respiration when activated?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Chemoreceptors

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

341
Q

What are the two chemoreceptors types?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Central
Peripheral

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

342
Q

Which chemoreceptors are located in the central nervous system (CNS)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Central Chemoreceptors

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

343
Q

Which chemoreceptors are located outside the central nervous system (CNS)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 422)

344
Q

EDIT CHEMOREPTORS
Neural and Chemical Factors That Influence Breathing

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 421)

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 (9 decks)

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