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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 > Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com

1
Q

Which root word refers to the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Cardio

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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2
Q

What is the heart’s study with regard to diagnosis and disorder treatments?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Cardiology

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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3
Q

What is a hollow, muscular organ?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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4
Q

Which muscle’s primary function is to pump and force blood through the blood vessels, providing every cell in the body with vital nutrients and oxygen?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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5
Q

The heart pumps an average of ___ times each minute for life’s entirety.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

72

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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6
Q

The adult heart is about the size of a closed fist and weighs less than ___ lb.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

1

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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7
Q

What sits in the thoracic cavity within the lower mediastinum, between the two lungs, and behind the sternum?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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8
Q

Two-thirds of the heart is located to the ___ of the sternum’s midline and one-third is located to the ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

left

right

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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9
Q

Which upper, flat heart portion is located at the level of the second rib?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Base

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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10
Q

Which lower, pointed heart end is located at the fifth intercostal space?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Apex

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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11
Q

Which anterior chest wall area overlays the heart and great vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

A

Precordium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

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12
Q

Location of the Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

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13
Q

What are the heart’s three tissue layers?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

A

Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

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14
Q

What is the heart’s innermost layer?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

A

Endocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

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15
Q

Which layer lines the valves and is continuous with the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

A

Endocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

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16
Q

Which layer’s smooth, shiny surface allows blood to flow over it easily?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

A

Endocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

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17
Q

What is the heart’s middle and thickest layer?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

A

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

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18
Q

Which layer is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts as it pumps blood through the blood vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 311, 312)

A

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 311, 312)

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19
Q

Which layer’s fibers are striated and interconnected in a way that encourages rapid spread of electrical signal over it and a well-coordinated and forceful muscle contraction?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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20
Q

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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21
Q

Which slinglike structure supports the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Pericardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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22
Q

What attaches the heart to surrounding structures, such as the diaphragm and the large blood vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Pericardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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23
Q

What are the pericardium’s three layers?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Epicardium (Viseral Pericardium)

Parietal Pericardium

Pericardial Space (Pericardial Cavity)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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24
Q

What is the innermost pericardium layer (closest to the heart)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Epicardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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25
Q

What folds back and becomes the parietal pericardium?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Epicardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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26
Q

What attaches to the outer fibrous pericardium, which anchors the heart to its surrounding structures?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Parietal Pericardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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27
Q

Which space is between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Pericardial Space

Pericardial Cavity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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28
Q

The pericardial membranes are serous membranes that secrete a small amount of slippery serous fluid (___ to ___ mL) into the pericardial space.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

10

30

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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29
Q

Which fluid lubricates the pericardial membranes surfaces and allows them to slide past one another with little friction or rubbing?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

Pericardial Fluid

Serous Fluid

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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30
Q

Layers of the Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

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31
Q

What enables the heart to pump blood?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

A

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

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32
Q

What is a double pump that beats as one?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

A

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

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33
Q

The pumps are the ___ heart and the ___ heart.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

A

right

left

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

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34
Q

Which heart receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae, large veins that collect blood from all parts of the body?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

A

Right

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

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35
Q

Where does the blue-coloured right heart pump blood to be oxygenated?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

A

Lungs

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

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36
Q

Which circulation path does follows blood from the heart’s right side to and through the lungs and back to the left side of the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Pulmonary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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37
Q

Which circulation path’s function is to pump blood through the lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Pulmonary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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38
Q

___ diffuses from the lungs into the blood for delivery to the tissues, whereas ___ ___ diffuses from the blood into the lungs for excretion.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Oxygen

carbon dioxide

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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39
Q

Which heart receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all the organs of the body?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Left

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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40
Q

Which heart is red because it contains oxygenated blood?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Left

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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41
Q

Which circulation path follows blood from the left heart to all the organs of the body and back to the right heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Systemic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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42
Q

Which circulation path is larger?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Systemic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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43
Q

Double Pump and Two Circulations

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

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44
Q

What are the heart’s four chambers?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Atria x 2

Ventricles x 2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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45
Q

Which two upper chambers receive the blood in the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Atria

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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46
Q

Which two lower chambers pump blood out of the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Ventricles

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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47
Q

By which two septa are the left and right heart separted?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Interatrial

Interventricular

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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48
Q

Which septum separates the two atria?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Interatrial

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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49
Q

Which septum separates the two ventricles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Interventricular

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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50
Q

All structures that carry unoxygenated blood (right heart) are colored ___.

All structures (left heart) that carry oxygenated blood are colored ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

blue

red

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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51
Q

Which thin-walled cavity receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Right Atrium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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52
Q

Which artery collects blood from the head and upper body region?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Superior Vena Cava

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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53
Q

What receives blood from the lower parts of the body?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Inferior Vena Cava

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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54
Q

Which chamber receives unoxygenated blood from the right atrium?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Right Ventricle

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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55
Q

Which chamber’s primary function is to pump blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Right Ventricle

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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56
Q

Which thin-walled cavity receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Left Atrium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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57
Q

Which small, ear-shaped sac is in the left atrium wall?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Left Atrial Appendage

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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58
Q

Which strucuture’s function is unclear, but is a site of thrombus formation in persons with atrial fibrillation and therefore is sometimes clipped off surgically?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Left Atrial Appendage

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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59
Q

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Left Ventricle

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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60
Q

Which chamber’s primary function is to pump blood into the systemic circulation?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Left Ventricle

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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61
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the ___, the largest artery of the body.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

aorta

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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62
Q

Which layer is thicker in the ventricles as compared with the thinner atrial muscle?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Myocardial

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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63
Q

Which chambers are the myocardial muscles thicker in to create enough force to pump blood out of the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Ventricles

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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64
Q

The ___ ventricular myocardium is thicker than the ___ ventricular myocardium.

This difference is the result of the greater amount of force required to pump blood into the systemic circulation (___).

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

left

right

aorta

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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65
Q

Which muscle’s thickness reflects the amount of work it performs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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66
Q

If a ventricle is forced to overwork, it will eventually enlarge—a condition called ventricular ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

hypertrophy

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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67
Q

A chronically hypertensive (high blood pressure) person generally develops left ventricular ___.

The high blood pressure in the ___ makes it more difficult for the left ventricle to pump blood into the ___.

The left ventricle works harder and therefore enlarges, or ___.

If the blood pressure is not lowered, the left ventricle will eventually weaken and fail as a pump.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

hypertrophy

aorta x 2

hypertrophies

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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68
Q

A person with pulmonary artery hypertension develops right ventricular ___ and right heart failure.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

hypertrophy

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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69
Q

What are the five (large) great vessels attached to the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

A

Superior Venae Cavae

Inferior Venae Cavae

Pulmonary Trunk (Left & Right Pulmonary Arteries)

Pulmonary Veins x 4

Aorta

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

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70
Q

Heart Chambers and Great Vessels

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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71
Q

The purpose of the heart ___ is to keep the blood flowing in a forward direction.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

valves

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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72
Q

What lies at the ventricle’s entrances and exits?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

Valves

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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73
Q

What are the four heart valves?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) x 2

Semilunar Valves x 2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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74
Q

Which valves are located between the atria and the ventricles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

Atrioventricular (AV)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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75
Q

Through which valves does blood flow from the atria into the ventricles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

Atrioventricular (AV)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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76
Q

Which entry valves, that look like basketball nets, are refered to as so because they allow blood to enter the ventricles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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77
Q

Which valves are classfied as such because their cusps resemble a half-moon?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

Semilunar

Semi- means “half,” lunar means “moon”.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

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78
Q

Which valves control blood outflow from the right and left ventricles and are therefore exit valves?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

Semilunar

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

79
Q

The atrioventricular valves (AV Valves) are located between the ___ and the ___ on each side of the heart.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

A

atria

ventricles

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

80
Q

When the ventricles are ___, the ___ hang loosely within the ventricles; in this position, the valves are open and permit the flow of blood from the atria into the ventricles.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

relaxed

cusps

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

81
Q

What closes the atrioventricular valves (AV valves)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

82
Q

When the ventricles ___, the heart muscle compresses or squeezes the blood in the ventricles.

The blood then gets behind and pushes the ___ upward toward the atria, into a closed position.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

contract

cusps

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

83
Q

The closed atrioventricular valves (AV valves) prevent the backward flow of blood from the ___ to the ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

ventricles

atria

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

84
Q

Which structure stops the cusps from being pushed completely through the openings, into the atria, as ventricle pressure increases during muscle contraction?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Chordae Tendineae

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

85
Q

Which tough fibrous tissue bands attach cusps to the ventricular walls?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Chordae Tendineae

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

86
Q

What are attached to papillary muscles in the ventricular walls?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Chordae Tendineae

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

87
Q

Which muscles contract and pull on the chordae tendineae as blood pushes the cusps into a closed position?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Papillary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

88
Q

The stretched ___ ___ hold on to the cusps and prevent them from “blowing” through into the atria, like a storm-blown inside-out umbrella.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

chordae tendineae

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

89
Q

Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Right Atrioventricular (AV)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

90
Q

What is the right atrioventricular (AV) valve called because it has three cusps?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Tricuspid

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

91
Q

Which valve is open when blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Tricuspid

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

92
Q

Which valve closes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Tricuspid

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

93
Q

Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Left Atrioventricular (AV)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

94
Q

What is the left atrioventricular (AV) valve called because it has two cusps?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Bicuspid

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

95
Q

What is the left atrioventricular valve (AV valve) known as because it resembles a bishop’s mitre—a hat with two flaps?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Mitral

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

96
Q

Which valve is open when blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Mitral

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

97
Q

Which valve closes and prevents the flow of blood from the left ventricle back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

A

Mitral

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

98
Q

What are the two semilunar valves (exit valves)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Pulmonic

Aortic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

99
Q

The pulmonic semilunar valve is also called the ___ semilunar valve.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

right

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

100
Q

Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Pulmonic Semilunar

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

101
Q

Which valve is in a closed position when the right ventricle relaxes?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Pulmonic Semilunar

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

102
Q

When the right ventricle contracts, thus increasing intraventricular ___, blood from the ventricle forces the ___ valve open.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

pressure

pulmonic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

103
Q

What is the large vessel that carries the blood from the right ventricle to the right and left pulmonary arteries and lungs?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Pulmonary Trunk

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

104
Q

What snaps closed and prevents any blood from returning to the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk when the right ventricle relaxes?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Pulmonic Valve

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

105
Q

The aortic semilunar valve is also called the ___ semilunar valve.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

left

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

106
Q

Which valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Aortic Semilunar

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

107
Q

When the left ventricle ___, the valve is in a closed position.

When the left ventricle ___, thus increasing intraventricular pressure, blood from the ventricles forces the ___ valve open and flows into the ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

relaxes

contracts

aortic

aorta

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

108
Q

When the left ventricle ___, the ___ valve snaps closed and prevents any blood backflow from the ___ into the ventricle.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

relaxes

aortic

aorta

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

109
Q

What causes semilunar valves close?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Pressure

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

110
Q

The semilunar valves close when the pressure in the ___ ___ and the ___ becomes greater than the pressure in the relaxed ventricles.

The blood in these large blood vessels gets behind the cusps of the valves, snapping them closed.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

pulmonary trunk

aorta

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

111
Q

Which valves prevent blood backflow from the pulmonary trunk and aorta into the ventricles when closed?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Semilunar

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

112
Q

Heart Valves

113
Q

Which sounds are made by valve closure vibrations?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Heart

“Lubb-dupp, lubb-dupp”

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

114
Q

Which sounds change when valves become faulty?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

115
Q

What are abnormal heart sounds?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Murmurs

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

116
Q

Which sounds can be heard through a stethoscope placed over the chest wall?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

117
Q

What is the first heart sound (the “lubb”)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S1

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

118
Q

Which heart sound is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S1

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

119
Q

Which heart sound is best heard over the apex of the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S1

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

120
Q

What is second heart sound (the “dupp”)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

121
Q

Which heart sound is caused by semilunar valve closure at the beginning of ventricular relaxation?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

122
Q

Which heart sounds can be heard best at the base of the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

123
Q

Which two heart sounds can made by drumming two fingers on a table?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S1

S2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

124
Q

Which two extra heart sounds can sometimes be heard due to vibrations caused by the rapid blood flow into the ventricles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S3

S4

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

125
Q

Which two heart sounds cause a “gallop rhythm” when both occur?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

S3

S4

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

126
Q

Unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the ___ ____ ___ and ___ ___ ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

superior venae cava

inferior venae cava

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

127
Q

The blood flows through the ___ valve into the right ventricle.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

tricuspid

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

128
Q

From the right ventricle, the blood flows through the pulmonic valve into the ___ ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

pulmonary trunk

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

129
Q

The pulmonary trunk branches into the right and left ___ ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

A

pulmonary arteries

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

130
Q

What carries unoxygenated blood to the right and left lungs for gas exchange?

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 317, 318)

A

Pulmonary Arteries

Left & Right

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 317, 318)

131
Q

Where does blood release carbon dioxide as waste and pick up fresh oxygen supply?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Lungs

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

132
Q

The oxygenated blood flows through four ___ ___ from the lungs into the left atrium.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

pulmonary veins

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

133
Q

From the left atrium, the blood flows through the ___ (or ___) valve into the left ventricle.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

bicuspid

mitral

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

134
Q

Left ventricular contraction forces blood through the aortic valve into the aorta for distribution to the ___ circulation.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

systemic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

135
Q

Start: Right Atrium

The Heart’s Blood Flow and Pulmonary Circulation

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

136
Q

What does blood not norish although constantly flowin through the heart’s?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

137
Q

The blood supply that nourishes and oxygenates the myocardium is provided by the ____ arteries.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

coronary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

138
Q

Which arteries are called so because they resemble a crown encircling the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Coronary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

139
Q

Which arteries arise from the base of the ascending aorta, just distal to the aortic semilunar valve?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Coronary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

140
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Left & Right

Coronary Arteries

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

141
Q

Which coronary artery nourishes the right side of the heart, especially the right ventricle?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Right

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

142
Q

Which coronary artery supplies blood to the parts of the electrical conduction system, including the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Right

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

143
Q

Which two nodes are important in establishing normal heart rate and rhythm?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Sinoatrial (SA)
Atrioventricular (AV)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

144
Q

Which artery branches into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the circumflex artery?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Left Coronary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

145
Q

Which two arteries carry blood to the heart’s left side, especially the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD)

Circumflex

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

146
Q

Which veins collect the blood that nourishes the myocardium?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

Coronary

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

147
Q

Coronary veins carry the blood to the coronary ___, which empties the blood into the right atrium.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

A

sinus

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

148
Q

Coronary blood flow has three important characteristics:

  1. Coronary blood flow can ___.
  2. Coronary blood flow is greatest during myocardial ___.
  3. Coronary arteries can form ___, or multiple connections between the arteries.

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

A

increase

relaxation

anastomoses

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

149
Q

The heart must have a constant supply of oxygenated blood.

Under resting conditions, the heart muscle removes almost all oxygen from blood flowing through the ___ arteries.

Thus, if the heart needs more oxygen, the ___ arteries ___ and blood flow increases.

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

A

coronary x 2

dilate

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

150
Q

With exertion, coronary blood flow can increase up to ___ times in the normal heart.

However, coronary arteries that have severe fatty plaque buildup are usually maximally dilated at ___.

With exertion, coronary blood flow cannot increase, and the myocardium experiences ___ deprivation.

Thus patients with coronary artery disease will often experience pain (___) with exertion.

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

A

nine

rest

oxygen

angina

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

151
Q

Myocardium contraction externally compresses or squeezes the coronary arteries, thereby cutting off blood flow.

When the heart muscle___, the coronary arteries open, thereby restoring blood flow.

When the ___ phase is shortened, as in a “racing heart,” coronary blood flow decreases and the myocardial cells may experience signs of ___ deprivation, causing chest pain (___).

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

A

relaxes

relaxation

oxygen

angina

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

152
Q

What are multiple connections between the arteries?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

A

Anastomoses

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

153
Q

What allows blood to flow around an artery that is blocked?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

A

Anastomosis

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

154
Q

Additional collateral blood vessels develop in response to chronic diminished coronary blood flow, as often occurs with aging and chronic coronary artery disease.

For this reason, older persons often experience (less/more) myocardial damage from a heart attack than younger persons.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

A

less

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

155
Q

Blood Supply to the Heart: Coronary Blood Vessels

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

156
Q

Dead myocardial cells leak enzymes into the blood, causing plasma elevations of cardiac enzymes such as ___ ___ (CPK), ___ ___ (AST), and ___ ___ (LDH).

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

creatine phosphokinase

aspartate aminotransferase

lactic dehydrogenase

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

157
Q

Which regulator myocardial protein leaks out of the necrotic myocardium into the blood during myocardial cell death?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Troponin

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

158
Q

Which three enzymes and one protein are indicative of myocardial infarction (MI) when elevated in plasma?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)

Troponin

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

159
Q

Which cardiac system initiates an electrical signal and then moves that signal along a special pathway through the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Conduction

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

160
Q

Which cardiac system not only provides the stimulus (cardiac impulse) for muscle contraction but also coordinates the pumping activity of the atria and ventricles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Conduction

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

161
Q

First, both atria must contract, forcing blood into the relaxed ___.

Then, the ___ contract, forcing blood out of the heart.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

ventricles x 2

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

162
Q

Which system is located within the heart walls a septa?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Conduction

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

163
Q

What are the conduction system’s four structures?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Atrial Conducting Fibers

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

His-Purkinje System

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

164
Q

What is located in the right atrium’s upper posterior wall?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

165
Q

What is the electrical signal that originates within the sinoatrial (SA) node?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Cardiac Impulse

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

166
Q

The sinoatrial (SA) node fires a cardiac impulse 60 to 100 times per minute (average, ___ times per minute).

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

72

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

167
Q

Because the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node sets the rate at which the heart beats, or contracts and relaxes, it is called the heart’s ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

pacemaker

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

168
Q

What is an electrical signal that originates outside of the sinoatrial (SA) node considered?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

A

Ectopic

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

169
Q

The cardiac impulse spreads from the sinoatrial (SA) node through both atria along the ___ ___ ___.

The signal also spreads to the atrioventricular (AV) node.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

atrial conducting fibers

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

170
Q

What is located in the right atrium’s floor, near the interatrial septum?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

171
Q

The purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node is twofold: (1) it acts as a path for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atrial conducting fibers into the ___ ___ of ___, and (2) the atrioventricular (AV) node slows the cardiac impluse as it moves through the atrioventricular (AV) node into the ___ of ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

**ventricular bundle **of His

bundle of His

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

172
Q

The slowing of the ___ ___ by the atrioventricular (AV) node is important because it delays ventricular activation and gives the relaxed ventricle time to fill with blood during atrial contraction.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

cardiac impulse

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

173
Q

The cardiac impulse next enters the ___ of ___, specialized conduction tissue located in the interventricular septum.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

bundle of His

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

174
Q

Which two branches divide the bundle of His?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Left & Right

Bundle Branches

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

175
Q

Which branches send out numerous long fibers called Purkinje fibers?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Bundle

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

176
Q

Which fibers are distributed throughout the ventricular myocardium?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Purkinje

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

177
Q

Which fibres conduct the cardiac impulse very rapidly throughout the ventricles, thereby ensuring a coordinated contraction of both ventricles?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Purkinje

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

178
Q

Conduction System of the Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

179
Q

Pathway Followed by a Cardiac Impulse

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

180
Q

What refers to the cardiac pacemaker cell ability to generate their own electrical signal without help from extrinsic nerves coming from the central nervous system?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Automaticity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

181
Q

What is the heart said to have because cardiac tissue fires a cardiac impulse regularly?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Rhythmicity

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

182
Q

Where can heart rate rhythmicity be felt?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

A

Radial (Wrist)

Pulse

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

183
Q

There are many other pacemaker cells within the heart, but they fire at a slower rate.

For example, when the sinoatrial (SA) node fails to function as a pacemaker, the atrioventricular (AV) node takes over and fires at a slower rate of ___ to ___ beats/min.

Sometimes the ___ assume the pacemaker role and fire at a much slower rate of 30 to 40 beats/min.

Impaired pacemaker activity is common and often requires the insertion of an artificial pacemaker.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

40, 60

ventricles

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

184
Q

The cardiac impulse that stimulates muscle contraction is an ___ signal.

The entire ___ activity of the heart is measured by placing electrodes on the surface of the chest and attaching the electrodes to a recording device.

The record of these ___ signals is called an ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

electrical x 3

electrocardiogram

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

185
Q

What are the three electrocardiogram (ECG) components?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

P Wave

QRS

T Wave

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

186
Q

Which component reflects the electrical activity associated with atrial depolarization?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

P Wave

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

187
Q

Which conponent reflects the electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

QRS Complex

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

188
Q

What precedes and triggers contraction of the heart muscle?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

Depolarization

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

189
Q

Which conponent reflects the electrical activity associated with ventricular repolarization?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

T Wave

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

190
Q

Which interval represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria (P wave) to the ventricles (QRS complex)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

P - R

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

191
Q

Other measurements include the width of the ___ ___ and the length of the S -T interval.

A

QRS complex

192
Q

What means that the electrocardiogram (ECG) appears normal and that the impulse originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

193
Q

Electrocardiogram

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

A

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 (15 decks)

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