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A&P100 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Study of Tissues called

A

Histology

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2
Q

4 Main Types of Tissues

A

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

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3
Q

What are Germ Layers

A

First types of tissues in embryonic development

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4
Q

What are the 3 Primary Germ Layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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5
Q

What do the 3 Primary Germ Layers have in common

A

Epithelial Tissue

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6
Q

Defining Characteristics of the Endoderm Germ Layer

A

GI, Respiratory and Urinary Tissues

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7
Q

Defining Characteristics of the Mesoderm Germ Layer

A

Most muscle and ALL Connective Tissue

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8
Q

Defining Characteristics of the Ectoderm Germ Layer

A

Nervous Tissue

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9
Q

What are the 5 Types of Cell Junctions

A 
Tight
Adherens
Desmosome
Hemidesmosome
Gap
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10
Q

Define Cell Junctions

A

The junction and adherence between the plasma membranes of cells

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11
Q

Define Tight Junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins fuse the outer surface of adjacent cells to prevent the passage of substances into or out of blood and tissues

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12
Q

Where in the body are Tight Junctions found (3)

A

Stomach
Intestines
Bladder

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13
Q

What does Plaque refer to

A

Dense protein on inside of cell membrane that is involved in Adherens Junctions

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14
Q

Describe Adherens Junctions

A

The cells’s plaque is associated with Actin Microfilaments that attach to Cadherin (transmembrane) proteins to form an adhesion belt (that often circumnavigates the entire cell membrane)

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15
Q

What do Adherens Junctions Prevent

A

Separation of the layers of cells

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16
Q

Analogy for Adherens Junctions

A

Velcro Strips

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17
Q

Describe Desmosomes

A

Plaque at specific locations on the inside of the cell membrane attach to Intermediate Filaments (made of Keratin) as well as to the Transmembrane Protein Cadherin

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18
Q

Analogy for Desmosomes

A

Buttons

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19
Q

Where in the body are Desmosome Junctions found (2)

A

Epidermis

Cardiac Muscle

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20
Q

How do Hemidesmosomes differ from Desmosomes

A

Glycoprotein is Integrin instead of Cadherin, which binds to another external membrane protein called Laminin

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21
Q

Function of Hemidesmopsome Junctions

A

Attach a cell to the basement membrane

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22
Q

Where in the body are Hemidesmosomes found (1)

A

Between Epidermis and Dermis

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23
Q

Describe Gap Junctions

A

Tunnel like connections made up of the glycoprotein Connexin

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24
Q

Function of Gap Junctions

A

Attach adjacent cells together while still allowing communication or the movement of substances (wastes, ions, nutrients, electrical signals etc)

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25
Q

Where in the body are Gap Junctions found

A

Many places!

Nervous and Muscle Tissue

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26
Q

How do nerve and muscle cells conduct electrical impulses

A

Via Gap Junctions

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27
Q

Which type of cell junction contains Keratin and Intermediate Filaments

A

Desmosomes

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28
Q

Which type of cell junction(s) contain Cadherin

A

Adherens and Desmosomes

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29
Q

Which type of cell junction contains Actin and Microfilaments

A

Adherens

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30
Q

Which type of cell junction contains Connexin

A

Gap Junctions

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31
Q

Which type of cell junction contains Integrin

A

Hemidesmosomes

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32
Q

How are epithelial cells arranged

A

In layers - single or multiple, depending on area of body

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33
Q

Describe the nerve and blood supply to epithelial tissue

A

Innervated well but Avascular

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34
Q

4 Key Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

Protection
Absorption of nutrients
Excretion of wastes
Secretion of hormones

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35
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of epithelial cells

A

Apical
Lateral
Basal

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36
Q

Describe the Apical surface of an epithelial cell

A

Free side that opens up into body cavity or lumen of an organ/vessel

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37
Q

What does Lumen refer to

A

Cavity space of an organ or vessel

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38
Q

Describe the Lateral surface of an epithelial cell

A

The side shared with adjacent cells

Where cell junctions are found

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39
Q

Describe the Basal surface of an epithelial cell

A

The side opposite to the Apical surface

Attaches cell to basement membrane

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40
Q

On which cell surface would cilia or microvilli be found

A

Apical

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41
Q

What is the Basement Membrane

A

Layer that attaches epidermis to underlying connective tissue

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42
Q

What is analogous to the Basement Membrane

A

The layer that connects carpet to the ground

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43
Q

What does the Basement Membrane consist of (2)

A

Basal Lamina

Reticular Lamina

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44
Q

Which layer of the Basement Membrane is the deepest

A

Reticular Lamina

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45
Q

What are the 3 Cell Arrangement Types (Epithelium)

A

Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified

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46
Q

Describe Simple Epithelium

A

Single layer

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47
Q

Describe Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Single layer but appears multilayered due to projections that give it a stratified look

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48
Q

Describe Stratified Epithelium

A

Multilayered

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49
Q

Example of place in body where Simple Epithelium are found

A

Alveolar sacs of the lungs (gas exchange - happens quickly!)

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50
Q

Where in the body are Stratified Epithelium found

A

Areas that require strength/reinforcement

Areas where a layer of cells may slough off easily and need replacing

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51
Q

What are the 4 Shapes of Epithelial Cells

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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52
Q

Describe Squamous Shaped Cells and their Function

A

Flat
F: High absorption rate
Ex. Lungs and capillaries

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53
Q

Describe Cuboidal Shaped Cells and their Function

A

Cube shaped with microvilli

F: Secretion and Absorption

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54
Q

Describe Columnar Shaped Cells and their Function

A

Column shaped with microvilli

F: Secretion and Absorption

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55
Q

Describe Transitional Shaped Cells and their Function

A

Flat to Cuboidal shape

F: Allows for distention and stretch

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56
Q

4 General Epithelia Cell Terms

A

Goblet
Ciliated
Mesothelium
Endothelium

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57
Q

Describe Goblet Cells (3)

A

Cells that produce and secrete mucus
Modified Columnar Shape
Can be Endocrine or Exocrine

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58
Q

Where are Ciliated Epithelial Cells Found in the Body

A

Trachea and Fallopian Tubes

59
Q

Describe Mesothelium Cells

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium of Serous Membranes

60
Q

Where in the Body are Mesothelium Cells Found

A

Lining of Body Cavities

61
Q

Describe Endothelium Cells

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium of Blood and Lymphatic Vessels

62
Q

Definition of Glands

A

Specialized epithelium tissues that produce and release secretions

63
Q

Where do Glands release their secretions (3)

A

Into Ducts
Into the Bloodstream
Onto the surface of organs

64
Q

What are the 2 Main Types of Glands

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

65
Q

Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

A

Exocrine glands secrete into ducts to be carried away into the lumen or onto the surface of the skin

Endocrine glands secrete into the bloodstream to be used locally or elsewhere in the body

66
Q

Examples of Exocrine Glands (3)

A

Tears
Sweat
Oil

67
Q

What are Endocrine secretions called

A

Hormones

68
Q

5 (less obvious) Examples/Locations of Connective Tissue

A 
Bones
Blood
Surrounds organs and muscles
Layer deep to Epidermis
Surfaces of Joints (Cartilage)
69
Q

What are the Components of Connective Tissue

A

Cells and Extracellular Matrix

70
Q

What makes up the Extracellular Matrix

A

Fibers and Ground Substance

71
Q

Define Matrix

A

The substance that surrounds cells and solutes that “fills” spaces

72
Q

What is Ground Substance

A

The Matrix of Connective Tissues

Fills the space between the cells and fibers

73
Q

What is Ground Substance made up of

A

Mainly water and organic substances such as GAGs (polysaccharides) and proteins

74
Q

What does GAG stand for

A

Glycos-Amino-Glycans

75
Q

Function of Ground Substance

A

Support

Binding for cells

76
Q

Characteristics of Ground Substance

A

May be fluid, calcified, gelatinous or semi-fluid

77
Q

What produces the Extracellular Matrix

A

The cells

78
Q

What are Blasts

A

Immature or young cells that can reproduce/divide

79
Q

What are Chondroblasts

A

Cells that produce Cartilage

80
Q

What are Osteoblasts

A

Cells that produce Bone

81
Q

What are Cytes

A

Mature cells
Regulatory
Less metabolically active
No longer able to divide/reproduce

82
Q

3 Types of Fibers

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

83
Q

Describe Collagen Fibers

A

Made up of Collagen Protein

Provide majority of strength and stability for cartilage, tendons and ligaments

84
Q

Describe Elastic Fibers

A

Made up of Elastin and Fibrillin Proteins

Allows stretchability of fibers up to 150% of its original length

85
Q

Describe Reticular Fibers

A

Made up of Collagen Fibers
Thinner and more widespread
Forms a network to aid in support and strength

86
Q

Define Stroma

A
  • Reticular fibers that form a covering or supportive framework for organs
  • forms internal structure of organs and forms its characteristic shape
87
Q

What are the 6 Types of CT cells

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells
Adipocytes
White Blood Cells
88
Q

Describe Fibroblasts

A

Most numerous of CT cells

Produces/releases fibers and ground substance (ECM of CT)

89
Q

Describe Macrophages

A

“Big Eater Cell”
Involved in Inflammatory and Immune Response
Develop from Monocytes (type of blood cell)

90
Q

Describe Plasma Cells

A

Main cells that produce Antibodies

Involved in immune responses

91
Q

Describe Mast Cells

A

Produce Histamine
Involved in inflammatory responses
Cause localized vasodilation of blood vessels and constricting of bronchiole tubes in lungs

92
Q

Describe Adipocytes

A

Adipose/fat cells

Produces/Stores/Secretes lipid compounds

93
Q

Describe White Blood Cells

A

AKA Leukocytes

Involved in Allergic/Inflammatory/Immune responses against viruses and bacteria

94
Q

What Classification of Embryonic Connective Tissue does all CT arise from/has stem cell capabilities

A

Mesenchyme

95
Q

5 Types of Mature CT

A 
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone 
Liquid
96
Q

3 Types of Loose CT

A

Loose Aereolar
Loose Adipose
Loose Reticular

97
Q

Loose Aereolar CT - Function, Location and Types of Cells

A

F: Strength, Elasticity and Support
L: Most abundant in body
C: Most types

98
Q

Loose Adipose CT - Function and Types of Cells

A

F: Temperatrue Regulator, Strength and Support
C: Mainly Adipocytes

99
Q

Loose Reticular CT - Function, Location and Types of Cells

A

F: Binds tissues together, Structure and Support
L: Stroma of internal organs
C: Reticular Cells

100
Q

3 Types of Dense CT

A

Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Dense Elastic

101
Q

Describe Dense Regular CT

A

Collagen Fibers
Regular pattern arrangement
Ex Tendons and Ligaments

102
Q

Describe Dense Irregular CT

A

Collagen Fibers
Irregular pattern arrangement
Ex Epidermis, Sheaths, Periosteum

103
Q

Describe Dense Elastic CT

A

Elastic Fibers
Looks yellow
Ex Blood Vessels, Lungs

104
Q

What is Cartilage

A

Dense network of collagen and elastin embedded in chondroitin sulphate
Can endure high amounts of stress and tension without losing its shape

105
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage

106
Q

Which cells maintains the health and metabolism of joints

A

Chondrocytes

107
Q

Which Type of Cartilage is most abundant in the body

A

Hyaline

108
Q

Where in the body is Fibrocartilage found

A

Knees (menisci)
Pubic Symphysis
IVD (vertebrae)

109
Q

Where in the body is Elastic Cartilage Found

A

Ears

Epiglottis

110
Q

What type of Cells do Bones consist of

A

Osseous Cells

111
Q

What are the Components of Compact Bone

A

Haversian Canals
Lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi

112
Q

What is the Main Component of Spongy Bone

A

Trabeculae

113
Q

2 Main Types of Liquid Connective Tissue

A

Blood

Lymph

114
Q

What is the ECM of Blood called

A

Plasma

115
Q

What are the 3 Key Blood Cells and their Functions

A

Red Blood Cells - O2 transport
White Blood Cells - Immune Response
Platelets - Clotting

116
Q

What is Lymph

A

Extra-cellular Fluid of Lymphatic System

117
Q

Components of Lymph (3)

A

Lymphocytes, lipids, broken down particles/substances

118
Q

3 Main Functions of Muscle Tissue

A

Initiates movement of body
Heat Production
Posture/Form

119
Q

3 Basic Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

120
Q

2 Main Characteristics of Skeletal Muscles

A

Striated

Under voluntary control

121
Q

Defining Characteristics of Smooth Muscle

A

Non-Striated
Involuntary
Ex GI Tract and Organs, Blood Vessels

122
Q

Defining Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle

A

Unique striations
Involuntary
Contain Intercalated Discs

123
Q

What are Intercalated Discs

A

Transverses thickenings of the cell membrane that contain desmosomes and gap junctions

124
Q

Function of Intercalated Discs

A

Increase stability and strength during contraction of heart

125
Q

2 Main Types of Nervous Tissue Cells

A

Neurons

Neuroglial

126
Q

Describe Neurons

A

Nerve cells
Have neuronal bodies, axons and dendrites
Conduct nerve impulses

127
Q

Describe Neuroglial Cells

A

Non-conductive support cells for neurons

128
Q

2 Examples of Neuroglial Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann Cells

129
Q

What are Membranes

A

Sheets of tissue that line or cover a portion of the body

130
Q

Where in the Body are Membranes Found (3)

A

Cavities
Organs
Tracts

131
Q

What is the External Environment within our Internal Environment referring to

A

Alimentary Canal

132
Q

Order of Operations for the Alimentary Canal

A 
Oral Cavity 
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and Large Intestines
Colon
Rectum
Anus
133
Q

2 Types of Membranes

A

Epithelial

Synovial

134
Q

Difference between Epithelial and Synovial Membranes

A
  • Epithelial membranes form a lining

- Synovial Membranes are only found in joints and do not open to the external world

135
Q

3 Subcategories of Epithelial Membranes

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous

136
Q

What are Mucous Membranes

A

Protective lining that opens directly onto the exterior of the body
Ex Respiratory, GI, Reproductive, Urinary

137
Q

What are Serous Membranes

A

Line body cavities that do NOT open to the outside world as well as the organs found within those cavities
Ex Abdominal and Thoracic Cavities (and their organs)

138
Q

Name and Describe 2 Main Layers of Serous Membranes

A

Parietal - the layer that lines the inside of the body wall

Visceral - the layer that surrounds and envelopes the organ itself

139
Q

What is found between the Parietal and Visceral layers of Serous Membranes

A

Mesothelium - secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organ and body wall

140
Q

Describe the Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin
Located only on the surface of the body
Consists of Epidermis and Dermis

141
Q

Which Cells Secrete Synovial Fluid

A

Synoviocytes

*These also produce NO2 gas

142
Q

What is SLE

A

Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus

143
Q

What is Sjogrens Syndrome

A

Autoimmune disorder that destroys Exocrine glands

A&P100 (11 decks)

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