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Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Study of Tissues called

A

Histology

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2
Q

4 Main Types of Tissues

A

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

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3
Q

What are Germ Layers

A

First types of tissues in embryonic development

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4
Q

What are the 3 Primary Germ Layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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5
Q

What do the 3 Primary Germ Layers have in common

A

Epithelial Tissue

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6
Q

Defining Characteristics of the Endoderm Germ Layer

A

GI, Respiratory and Urinary Tissues

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7
Q

Defining Characteristics of the Mesoderm Germ Layer

A

Most muscle and ALL Connective Tissue

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8
Q

Defining Characteristics of the Ectoderm Germ Layer

A

Nervous Tissue

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9
Q

What are the 5 Types of Cell Junctions

A 
Tight
Adherens
Desmosome
Hemidesmosome
Gap
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10
Q

Define Cell Junctions

A

The junction and adherence between the plasma membranes of cells

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11
Q

Define Tight Junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins fuse the outer surface of adjacent cells to prevent the passage of substances into or out of blood and tissues

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12
Q

Where in the body are Tight Junctions found (3)

A

Stomach
Intestines
Bladder

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13
Q

What does Plaque refer to

A

Dense protein on inside of cell membrane that is involved in Adherens Junctions

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14
Q

Describe Adherens Junctions

A

The cells’s plaque is associated with Actin Microfilaments that attach to Cadherin (transmembrane) proteins to form an adhesion belt (that often circumnavigates the entire cell membrane)

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15
Q

What do Adherens Junctions Prevent

A

Separation of the layers of cells

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16
Q

Analogy for Adherens Junctions

A

Velcro Strips

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17
Q

Describe Desmosomes

A

Plaque at specific locations on the inside of the cell membrane attach to Intermediate Filaments (made of Keratin) as well as to the Transmembrane Protein Cadherin

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18
Q

Analogy for Desmosomes

A

Buttons

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19
Q

Where in the body are Desmosome Junctions found (2)

A

Epidermis

Cardiac Muscle

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20
Q

How do Hemidesmosomes differ from Desmosomes

A

Glycoprotein is Integrin instead of Cadherin, which binds to another external membrane protein called Laminin

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21
Q

Function of Hemidesmopsome Junctions

A

Attach a cell to the basement membrane

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22
Q

Where in the body are Hemidesmosomes found (1)

A

Between Epidermis and Dermis

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23
Q

Describe Gap Junctions

A

Tunnel like connections made up of the glycoprotein Connexin

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24
Q

Function of Gap Junctions

A

Attach adjacent cells together while still allowing communication or the movement of substances (wastes, ions, nutrients, electrical signals etc)

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25
Where in the body are Gap Junctions found
Many places! | Nervous and Muscle Tissue
26
How do nerve and muscle cells conduct electrical impulses
Via Gap Junctions
27
Which type of cell junction contains Keratin and Intermediate Filaments
Desmosomes
28
Which type of cell junction(s) contain Cadherin
Adherens and Desmosomes
29
Which type of cell junction contains Actin and Microfilaments
Adherens
30
Which type of cell junction contains Connexin
Gap Junctions
31
Which type of cell junction contains Integrin
Hemidesmosomes
32
How are epithelial cells arranged
In layers - single or multiple, depending on area of body
33
Describe the nerve and blood supply to epithelial tissue
Innervated well but Avascular
34
4 Key Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Protection Absorption of nutrients Excretion of wastes Secretion of hormones
35
What are the 3 surfaces of epithelial cells
Apical Lateral Basal
36
Describe the Apical surface of an epithelial cell
Free side that opens up into body cavity or lumen of an organ/vessel
37
What does Lumen refer to
Cavity space of an organ or vessel
38
Describe the Lateral surface of an epithelial cell
The side shared with adjacent cells | Where cell junctions are found
39
Describe the Basal surface of an epithelial cell
The side opposite to the Apical surface | Attaches cell to basement membrane
40
On which cell surface would cilia or microvilli be found
Apical
41
What is the Basement Membrane
Layer that attaches epidermis to underlying connective tissue
42
What is analogous to the Basement Membrane
The layer that connects carpet to the ground
43
What does the Basement Membrane consist of (2)
Basal Lamina | Reticular Lamina
44
Which layer of the Basement Membrane is the deepest
Reticular Lamina
45
What are the 3 Cell Arrangement Types (Epithelium)
Simple Pseudostratified Stratified
46
Describe Simple Epithelium
Single layer
47
Describe Pseudostratified Epithelium
Single layer but appears multilayered due to projections that give it a stratified look
48
Describe Stratified Epithelium
Multilayered
49
Example of place in body where Simple Epithelium are found
Alveolar sacs of the lungs (gas exchange - happens quickly!)
50
Where in the body are Stratified Epithelium found
Areas that require strength/reinforcement | Areas where a layer of cells may slough off easily and need replacing
51
What are the 4 Shapes of Epithelial Cells
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional
52
Describe Squamous Shaped Cells and their Function
Flat F: High absorption rate Ex. Lungs and capillaries
53
Describe Cuboidal Shaped Cells and their Function
Cube shaped with microvilli | F: Secretion and Absorption
54
Describe Columnar Shaped Cells and their Function
Column shaped with microvilli | F: Secretion and Absorption
55
Describe Transitional Shaped Cells and their Function
Flat to Cuboidal shape | F: Allows for distention and stretch
56
4 General Epithelia Cell Terms
Goblet Ciliated Mesothelium Endothelium
57
Describe Goblet Cells (3)
Cells that produce and secrete mucus Modified Columnar Shape Can be Endocrine or Exocrine
58
Where are Ciliated Epithelial Cells Found in the Body
Trachea and Fallopian Tubes
59
Describe Mesothelium Cells
Simple Squamous Epithelium of Serous Membranes
60
Where in the Body are Mesothelium Cells Found
Lining of Body Cavities
61
Describe Endothelium Cells
Simple Squamous Epithelium of Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
62
Definition of Glands
Specialized epithelium tissues that produce and release secretions
63
Where do Glands release their secretions (3)
Into Ducts Into the Bloodstream Onto the surface of organs
64
What are the 2 Main Types of Glands
Exocrine | Endocrine
65
Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands secrete into ducts to be carried away into the lumen or onto the surface of the skin Endocrine glands secrete into the bloodstream to be used locally or elsewhere in the body
66
Examples of Exocrine Glands (3)
Tears Sweat Oil
67
What are Endocrine secretions called
Hormones
68
5 (less obvious) Examples/Locations of Connective Tissue
``` Bones Blood Surrounds organs and muscles Layer deep to Epidermis Surfaces of Joints (Cartilage) ```
69
What are the Components of Connective Tissue
Cells and Extracellular Matrix
70
What makes up the Extracellular Matrix
Fibers and Ground Substance
71
Define Matrix
The substance that surrounds cells and solutes that "fills" spaces
72
What is Ground Substance
The Matrix of Connective Tissues | Fills the space between the cells and fibers
73
What is Ground Substance made up of
Mainly water and organic substances such as GAGs (polysaccharides) and proteins
74
What does GAG stand for
Glycos-Amino-Glycans
75
Function of Ground Substance
Support | Binding for cells
76
Characteristics of Ground Substance
May be fluid, calcified, gelatinous or semi-fluid
77
What produces the Extracellular Matrix
The cells
78
What are Blasts
Immature or young cells that can reproduce/divide
79
What are Chondroblasts
Cells that produce Cartilage
80
What are Osteoblasts
Cells that produce Bone
81
What are Cytes
Mature cells Regulatory Less metabolically active No longer able to divide/reproduce
82
3 Types of Fibers
Collagen Elastic Reticular
83
Describe Collagen Fibers
Made up of Collagen Protein | Provide majority of strength and stability for cartilage, tendons and ligaments
84
Describe Elastic Fibers
Made up of Elastin and Fibrillin Proteins | Allows stretchability of fibers up to 150% of its original length
85
Describe Reticular Fibers
Made up of Collagen Fibers Thinner and more widespread Forms a network to aid in support and strength
86
Define Stroma
- Reticular fibers that form a covering or supportive framework for organs - forms internal structure of organs and forms its characteristic shape
87
What are the 6 Types of CT cells
``` Fibroblasts Macrophages Plasma Cells Mast Cells Adipocytes White Blood Cells ```
88
Describe Fibroblasts
Most numerous of CT cells | Produces/releases fibers and ground substance (ECM of CT)
89
Describe Macrophages
"Big Eater Cell" Involved in Inflammatory and Immune Response Develop from Monocytes (type of blood cell)
90
Describe Plasma Cells
Main cells that produce Antibodies | Involved in immune responses
91
Describe Mast Cells
Produce Histamine Involved in inflammatory responses Cause localized vasodilation of blood vessels and constricting of bronchiole tubes in lungs
92
Describe Adipocytes
Adipose/fat cells | Produces/Stores/Secretes lipid compounds
93
Describe White Blood Cells
AKA Leukocytes | Involved in Allergic/Inflammatory/Immune responses against viruses and bacteria
94
What Classification of Embryonic Connective Tissue does all CT arise from/has stem cell capabilities
Mesenchyme
95
5 Types of Mature CT
``` Loose Dense Cartilage Bone Liquid ```
96
3 Types of Loose CT
Loose Aereolar Loose Adipose Loose Reticular
97
Loose Aereolar CT - Function, Location and Types of Cells
F: Strength, Elasticity and Support L: Most abundant in body C: Most types
98
Loose Adipose CT - Function and Types of Cells
F: Temperatrue Regulator, Strength and Support C: Mainly Adipocytes
99
Loose Reticular CT - Function, Location and Types of Cells
F: Binds tissues together, Structure and Support L: Stroma of internal organs C: Reticular Cells
100
3 Types of Dense CT
Dense Regular Dense Irregular Dense Elastic
101
Describe Dense Regular CT
Collagen Fibers Regular pattern arrangement Ex Tendons and Ligaments
102
Describe Dense Irregular CT
Collagen Fibers Irregular pattern arrangement Ex Epidermis, Sheaths, Periosteum
103
Describe Dense Elastic CT
Elastic Fibers Looks yellow Ex Blood Vessels, Lungs
104
What is Cartilage
Dense network of collagen and elastin embedded in chondroitin sulphate Can endure high amounts of stress and tension without losing its shape
105
3 Types of Cartilage
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage
106
Which cells maintains the health and metabolism of joints
Chondrocytes
107
Which Type of Cartilage is most abundant in the body
Hyaline
108
Where in the body is Fibrocartilage found
Knees (menisci) Pubic Symphysis IVD (vertebrae)
109
Where in the body is Elastic Cartilage Found
Ears | Epiglottis
110
What type of Cells do Bones consist of
Osseous Cells
111
What are the Components of Compact Bone
Haversian Canals Lamellae Lacunae Canaliculi
112
What is the Main Component of Spongy Bone
Trabeculae
113
2 Main Types of Liquid Connective Tissue
Blood | Lymph
114
What is the ECM of Blood called
Plasma
115
What are the 3 Key Blood Cells and their Functions
Red Blood Cells - O2 transport White Blood Cells - Immune Response Platelets - Clotting
116
What is Lymph
Extra-cellular Fluid of Lymphatic System
117
Components of Lymph (3)
Lymphocytes, lipids, broken down particles/substances
118
3 Main Functions of Muscle Tissue
Initiates movement of body Heat Production Posture/Form
119
3 Basic Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
120
2 Main Characteristics of Skeletal Muscles
Striated | Under voluntary control
121
Defining Characteristics of Smooth Muscle
Non-Striated Involuntary Ex GI Tract and Organs, Blood Vessels
122
Defining Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle
Unique striations Involuntary Contain Intercalated Discs
123
What are Intercalated Discs
Transverses thickenings of the cell membrane that contain desmosomes and gap junctions
124
Function of Intercalated Discs
Increase stability and strength during contraction of heart
125
2 Main Types of Nervous Tissue Cells
Neurons | Neuroglial
126
Describe Neurons
Nerve cells Have neuronal bodies, axons and dendrites Conduct nerve impulses
127
Describe Neuroglial Cells
Non-conductive support cells for neurons
128
2 Examples of Neuroglial Cells
Oligodendrocytes | Schwann Cells
129
What are Membranes
Sheets of tissue that line or cover a portion of the body
130
Where in the Body are Membranes Found (3)
Cavities Organs Tracts
131
What is the External Environment within our Internal Environment referring to
Alimentary Canal
132
Order of Operations for the Alimentary Canal
``` Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small and Large Intestines Colon Rectum Anus ```
133
2 Types of Membranes
Epithelial | Synovial
134
Difference between Epithelial and Synovial Membranes
- Epithelial membranes form a lining | - Synovial Membranes are only found in joints and do not open to the external world
135
3 Subcategories of Epithelial Membranes
Mucous Serous Cutaneous
136
What are Mucous Membranes
Protective lining that opens directly onto the exterior of the body Ex Respiratory, GI, Reproductive, Urinary
137
What are Serous Membranes
Line body cavities that do NOT open to the outside world as well as the organs found within those cavities Ex Abdominal and Thoracic Cavities (and their organs)
138
Name and Describe 2 Main Layers of Serous Membranes
Parietal - the layer that lines the inside of the body wall | Visceral - the layer that surrounds and envelopes the organ itself
139
What is found between the Parietal and Visceral layers of Serous Membranes
Mesothelium - secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organ and body wall
140
Describe the Cutaneous Membrane
Skin Located only on the surface of the body Consists of Epidermis and Dermis
141
Which Cells Secrete Synovial Fluid
Synoviocytes | *These also produce NO2 gas
142
What is SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus
143
What is Sjogrens Syndrome
Autoimmune disorder that destroys Exocrine glands

A&P100 (11 decks)

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