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a&p100 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Compartments of an Animal Cell

A

Cell/plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic model

A

Way of describing cell membrane

Not a stiff structure - it moves/has fluidity

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3
Q

What 3 things make up the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids (bi-layer)
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane permeable to

A

Hydrophobic substances (non-polar/uncharged)

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5
Q

What substance is the exception to the non-permeable rule

A

Water - super small molecule

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6
Q

What percentage of the plasma membrane is phospholipids

A

75%

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7
Q

What percentage of the plasma membrane is cholesterol

A

20%

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8
Q

What percentage of the plasma membrane is glycolipids

A

5%

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9
Q

Where in the cell membrane are cholesterol found and why

A

Polar heads

Cholesterol has OH- group

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10
Q

Where in the cell membrane are glycolipids found and why

A

Extracellular

Contains a polar carbohydrate segment

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11
Q

What is Glycocalyx

A

“Sugary Coat” made up of carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

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12
Q

What is the function of Glycocalyx

A

Marker for cells

Allows them to recognize each other

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13
Q

What is the function of the glycolipids on the cell membrane

A 
Signal Transduction (virus/bateria)
Bind cells together
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14
Q

2 Broad Categories of membrane proteins

A

Integral

Peripheral

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15
Q

3 Key aspects of Integral membrane proteins

A

Firmly embedded in membrane
Contain polar and non-polar segments
Tend to be larger

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16
Q

Where are Peripheral membrane proteins found

A

On surface of inner or outer membrane attached to polar heads of lipids or integral proteins

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17
Q

6 Types of Membrane Proteins

A

1) Transporters
2) Ion Channels
3) Receptors
4) Enzymatic
5) Linkers
6) Markers

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18
Q

Function of Transporter membrane proteins

A

Transports polar substances through membrane

Ex. Glucose

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19
Q

Function of Ion Channels

A

Selectively transports ions through membrane

Ex. NA+ and K+

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20
Q

Function of Receptor membrane proteins

A

Recognizes a specific ligand (“lock and key” relationship)

Ex Insulin and its corresponding receptor

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21
Q

Function of Enzymatic membrane proteins

A

Help dissolve/breakdown extracellular material or act as catalyst
Ex Lactase

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22
Q

Function of Linker membrane proteins

A

Attach and link other proteins to provide structural stability
Ex blood clots

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23
Q

Function of Marker membrane proteins

A

Identity markers for the cell (identify it as “self”)

Ex MHC proteins

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24
Q

2 Types of Transport

A

Active

Passive

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25
Q

2 Types of Passive Transport

A

Diffusion

Osmosis

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26
Q

Describe Membrane Gradient

A

Selectively permeable cells produce a chemical difference between the inside and outside of cell

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27
Q

What is Membrane Potential

A

When the membrane gradient involves ions with charges

28
Q

What is Diffusion

A

Movement of a solute from higher to lower concentration

29
Q

What effects rate of diffusion

A 
Temperature
Steepness
Mass
Distance
Surface Area
30
Q

Two types of Diffusion

A

Simple

Facilitated

31
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

trans-membrane protein helps facilitate movement across cell membrane
*passive, no ATP required

32
Q

2 Types of Facilitated Diffusion

A

Channel-mediated

Carrier-mediated

33
Q

What is Channel-mediated Diffusion

A

Transporter doesn’t change shape, only opens/closes

Ex. Ca2+ and K+

34
Q

What is Carrier-mediated Diffusion

A

Carrier protein changes shape to allow substance to move across membrane
Ex Glucose, Fructose, Vitamins

35
Q

What is Osmosis

A

Movement of a Solvent from higher to lower solute concentrations

36
Q

What does Osmosis require

A

Semi-permeable membrane (impermeable to solute)

37
Q

What type of membrane channels does water pass through

A

Aquaporins

38
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted on solute side of membrane

*Directly proportionate to concentration of solute

39
Q

What is Oncotic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by proteins found in the blood plasma

*Can draw water out of cell and back into venous circulation

40
Q

What is Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by Solvent on its surroundings

41
Q

When is Equilibrium reached

A

When Osmosis = Hydrostatic Pressure

*Note: In U-Tube experiement –> Water levels will not be equal

42
Q

What is Tonicity

A

Concentration of Solutes in a Solution

43
Q

What is an Isotonic Solution

A

Concentration is equal on either side of cell

*Cell shape doesn’t change

44
Q

What is a Hypertonic Solution

A

Higher [solute] Outside of cell therefore Lower [water]

* Higher [water] Inside cell

45
Q

What is Crenation

A

Shrinking of cell due to water leaving

46
Q

What is a Hypotonic Solution

A

Lower [solute] Outside of cell therefore Higher [water]

*Lower [water] inside cell

47
Q

What is Lysis

A

Water entering cell exceeds its capabilities and so it explodes and dies :(

48
Q

What type of solution is typically given to someone dehydrated

A

Hypotonic

*They need the water! It will enter cells through Osmosis

49
Q

What is Active Transport

A

Substances are transferred across the membrane AGAINST the concentration or electrical gradient
Ex. Na+ and K+ Pump

50
Q

What does Active Transport require

A

ATP

51
Q

2 Types of Active Transport

A

Primary

Secondary

52
Q

What is Primary Active Transport

A

ATP (hydrolyzed by ATP-ase) is used to move a substance against its concentration gradient
*Usually ions and polar substances
Ex Na+ and K+ Pump

53
Q

What is Secondary Active Transport

A

Utilizes the energy from primary transport pumps

Ex Primary Transport uses energy to move ions one way and then they move back passively through Secondary transport

54
Q

What are Symporters

A 
Move 2 substances at the same time in the same direction
Ex Glucose (with Na+) or Amino Acids (with Na+)
55
Q

What are Antiporters

A

Move 2 substances at the same time in different directions

Ex Ca2+ or H+ (while Na+ moves in)

56
Q

What is Vesicular Transport

A

When substances move in and out of cells in vesicles that pinch off of membrane
*Require ATP (active)

57
Q

What is Exocytosis

A

Product of Metabolism and/or when a substance is released from a cell

58
Q

2 Types of Exocytosis

A

Secretion

Excretion

59
Q

What is Secretion

A

Release of substances from cell that are useful to the cell/organism
Ex Hormones

60
Q

What is Excretion

A 
Release of wastes from the cell 
Ex Urea (from liver)
61
Q

What is Endocytosis

A

Process of taking things into the cell for metabolism

62
Q

2 Types of Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

63
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

Cells eat or engulf other cells/particles
A vesicle is formed around what’s been taken in
Ex Immune response

64
Q

What is Pinocytosis

A

Drink or intake fluid from its surroundings

A vesicle forms around what’s been taken in

65
Q

What is Transcytosis

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis happening simultaneously

Ex Transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus

a&p100 (11 decks)

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