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A&P100 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Compartments of an Animal Cell

A

Cell/plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic model

A

Way of describing cell membrane

Not a stiff structure - it moves/has fluidity

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3
Q

What 3 things make up the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids (bi-layer)
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane permeable to

A

Hydrophobic substances (non-polar/uncharged)

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5
Q

What substance is the exception to the non-permeable rule

A

Water - super small molecule

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6
Q

What percentage of the plasma membrane is phospholipids

A

75%

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7
Q

What percentage of the plasma membrane is cholesterol

A

20%

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8
Q

What percentage of the plasma membrane is glycolipids

A

5%

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9
Q

Where in the cell membrane are cholesterol found and why

A

Polar heads

Cholesterol has OH- group

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10
Q

Where in the cell membrane are glycolipids found and why

A

Extracellular

Contains a polar carbohydrate segment

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11
Q

What is Glycocalyx

A

“Sugary Coat” made up of carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

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12
Q

What is the function of Glycocalyx

A

Marker for cells

Allows them to recognize each other

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13
Q

What is the function of the glycolipids on the cell membrane

A 
Signal Transduction (virus/bateria)
Bind cells together
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14
Q

2 Broad Categories of membrane proteins

A

Integral

Peripheral

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15
Q

3 Key aspects of Integral membrane proteins

A

Firmly embedded in membrane
Contain polar and non-polar segments
Tend to be larger

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16
Q

Where are Peripheral membrane proteins found

A

On surface of inner or outer membrane attached to polar heads of lipids or integral proteins

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17
Q

6 Types of Membrane Proteins

A

1) Transporters
2) Ion Channels
3) Receptors
4) Enzymatic
5) Linkers
6) Markers

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18
Q

Function of Transporter membrane proteins

A

Transports polar substances through membrane

Ex. Glucose

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19
Q

Function of Ion Channels

A

Selectively transports ions through membrane

Ex. NA+ and K+

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20
Q

Function of Receptor membrane proteins

A

Recognizes a specific ligand (“lock and key” relationship)

Ex Insulin and its corresponding receptor

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21
Q

Function of Enzymatic membrane proteins

A

Help dissolve/breakdown extracellular material or act as catalyst
Ex Lactase

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22
Q

Function of Linker membrane proteins

A

Attach and link other proteins to provide structural stability
Ex blood clots

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23
Q

Function of Marker membrane proteins

A

Identity markers for the cell (identify it as “self”)

Ex MHC proteins

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24
Q

2 Types of Transport

A

Active

Passive

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25
2 Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion | Osmosis
26
Describe Membrane Gradient
Selectively permeable cells produce a chemical difference between the inside and outside of cell
27
What is Membrane Potential
When the membrane gradient involves ions with charges
28
What is Diffusion
Movement of a solute from higher to lower concentration
29
What effects rate of diffusion
``` Temperature Steepness Mass Distance Surface Area ```
30
Two types of Diffusion
Simple | Facilitated
31
What is facilitated diffusion
trans-membrane protein helps facilitate movement across cell membrane *passive, no ATP required
32
2 Types of Facilitated Diffusion
Channel-mediated | Carrier-mediated
33
What is Channel-mediated Diffusion
Transporter doesn't change shape, only opens/closes | Ex. Ca2+ and K+
34
What is Carrier-mediated Diffusion
Carrier protein changes shape to allow substance to move across membrane Ex Glucose, Fructose, Vitamins
35
What is Osmosis
Movement of a Solvent from higher to lower solute concentrations
36
What does Osmosis require
Semi-permeable membrane (impermeable to solute)
37
What type of membrane channels does water pass through
Aquaporins
38
What is Osmotic Pressure
Pressure exerted on solute side of membrane | *Directly proportionate to concentration of solute
39
What is Oncotic Pressure
Pressure exerted by proteins found in the blood plasma | *Can draw water out of cell and back into venous circulation
40
What is Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure exerted by Solvent on its surroundings
41
When is Equilibrium reached
When Osmosis = Hydrostatic Pressure | *Note: In U-Tube experiement --> Water levels will not be equal
42
What is Tonicity
Concentration of Solutes in a Solution
43
What is an Isotonic Solution
Concentration is equal on either side of cell | *Cell shape doesn't change
44
What is a Hypertonic Solution
Higher [solute] Outside of cell therefore Lower [water] | * Higher [water] Inside cell
45
What is Crenation
Shrinking of cell due to water leaving
46
What is a Hypotonic Solution
Lower [solute] Outside of cell therefore Higher [water] | *Lower [water] inside cell
47
What is Lysis
Water entering cell exceeds its capabilities and so it explodes and dies :(
48
What type of solution is typically given to someone dehydrated
Hypotonic | *They need the water! It will enter cells through Osmosis
49
What is Active Transport
Substances are transferred across the membrane AGAINST the concentration or electrical gradient Ex. Na+ and K+ Pump
50
What does Active Transport require
ATP
51
2 Types of Active Transport
Primary | Secondary
52
What is Primary Active Transport
ATP (hydrolyzed by ATP-ase) is used to move a substance against its concentration gradient *Usually ions and polar substances Ex Na+ and K+ Pump
53
What is Secondary Active Transport
Utilizes the energy from primary transport pumps | Ex Primary Transport uses energy to move ions one way and then they move back passively through Secondary transport
54
What are Symporters
``` Move 2 substances at the same time in the same direction Ex Glucose (with Na+) or Amino Acids (with Na+) ```
55
What are Antiporters
Move 2 substances at the same time in different directions | Ex Ca2+ or H+ (while Na+ moves in)
56
What is Vesicular Transport
When substances move in and out of cells in vesicles that pinch off of membrane *Require ATP (active)
57
What is Exocytosis
Product of Metabolism and/or when a substance is released from a cell
58
2 Types of Exocytosis
Secretion | Excretion
59
What is Secretion
Release of substances from cell that are useful to the cell/organism Ex Hormones
60
What is Excretion
``` Release of wastes from the cell Ex Urea (from liver) ```
61
What is Endocytosis
Process of taking things into the cell for metabolism
62
2 Types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis | Pinocytosis
63
What is Phagocytosis
Cells eat or engulf other cells/particles A vesicle is formed around what's been taken in Ex Immune response
64
What is Pinocytosis
Drink or intake fluid from its surroundings | A vesicle forms around what's been taken in
65
What is Transcytosis
Exocytosis and Endocytosis happening simultaneously | Ex Transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus

A&P100 (11 decks)

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