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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the backbone of all Organic Chemistry called

A

Carbon Skeleton

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2
Q

What are the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

What are the 4 main elements in organic molecules/compounds

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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4
Q

What type of bonds hold organic compounds together

A

Covalent (mainly)

Hydrogen (sometimes)

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5
Q

What shape does Glucose form

A

Hexagon

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6
Q

What are the carbons in the skeleton that bind to hydrogen called

A

Hydrocarbons

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7
Q

What are the 7 main Functional Groups

A

1) Hydroxyl
2) Sulfhydryl
3) Carbonyl
4) Carboxyl
5) Ester
6) Phosphate
7) Amino

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8
Q

Characteristics of Hydroxyl Group

A

Contains OH
Polar/Hydrophilic
Ex Alcohol

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9
Q

Characteristics of Sulfhydryl Group

A

Contains SH group

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10
Q

Characteristics of Carbonyl Group

A

Keytones and Aldehydes

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11
Q

Characteristics of Carboxyl Group

A

Contains COOH
Component of Amino Acids
Can act as an acid

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12
Q

Characteristics of Ester Group

A

Compounds found in fats, oils and triglycerides

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13
Q

Characteristics of Phosphate Group

A

Contains PO4

Key component of ATP

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14
Q

Characteristics of Amino Group

A

Contains NH2
Component of Amino Acids
Can act as a base (NH3)

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15
Q

What does the “R” signify

A

Variable group

What the Functional Group is attached to

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16
Q

Define Monomer

A

Smallest unit of an organic molecule

Ex Glucose

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17
Q

Define Polymer

A

Larger organic molecule consisting of monomers
*Usually created by dehydration synthesis
Ex Glycogen

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18
Q

Define Isomer

A

Molecules with same chemical formula but different chemical structure
*Functional group is attached to different Carbon #s

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19
Q

Example of an Isomer

A

Glucose and Fructose

*Reversible Reaction

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20
Q

How does a Dehydration reaction effect Peptide Bonds

A

Removes water to form peptide bonds

Ex Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + H2O

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21
Q

How does a Hydrolysis reaction effect Peptide Bonds

A

Add water to break peptide bonds

Ex Sucrose + H2O = Glucose + Fructose

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22
Q

Which Elements make up Carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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23
Q

Define Carbohydrate

A

Carbon molecules that are saturated with Hydrogen and Oxygen

*Watered /Hydrated Carbons!

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24
Q

What suffix do most carbohydrates end with

A

“Ose”

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25
What are the 3 Classifications of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
26
What is the monomer of Charbohydrates
Monosaccharides
27
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Gelactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
28
What is a Disaccharide
Product of 2 or more monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis Ex Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (disaccharide) + H2O
29
What is a polysaccharide
Up to thousands of monosaccharides combined together
30
3 Examples of Polysaccharides
Glycogen Starches Cellulose
31
What is Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of Glycogen into Glucose
32
What is Glycolysis
Breakdown of Glucose into smaller components to make ATP
33
What is Glycogenesis
The making of Glycogen from Glucose
34
What percentage of our body is made up of Carbohydrates
Less than 3%
35
Characteristics of Lipids
Less oxygen to hydrogen ratio More non-polar/hydrophobic Do not dissolve easily in water
36
What lipids will dissolve in Water (3)
Very small ones Glyco-lipids (sugar-fats) Lipo-proteins (fat-proteins)
37
What are the 6 Classifications of Lipids
1) Fatty Acids 2) Triglycerides 3) Phospholipds 4) Steroids 5) Eicosanoids 6) Other
38
What are Fatty Acids
``` Simplest lipid (not a monomer) Consist of a Carboxyl group and a Hydrocarbon Chain ```
39
What is a Saturated Fatty Acid
All Carbons on the chain are fully saturated with Hydrogen | *Single covalent bonds only
40
What is an Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid with 1 or more double covalent bonds
41
What is a Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
Fatty acid with 1 double covalent bond (1 kink)
42
What is a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Fatty acid with 2 or more double covalent bonds (2+ kinks)
43
What are Triglycerides
Contain 1 Glycerol molecule and 3 Fatty Acids chains aka Triglycerols Formed by Dehydration Synthesis *Unlimited ability to be stored in adipose tissue in certain areas of the body
44
Difference between Oils and Fats
Fats: tend to be Saturated Fats - solid at room temperature Oils: tend to be Unsaturated Fats - liquid at room temp
45
What type of fats are better for us and why
Polyunsaturated Fats | More Covalent Bonds = Less Hydrogen = easier for body to metabolize and incorporate into our tissues
46
What are Essential Fatty Acids
FA's that our body cannot produce itself and therefore but be ingested Ex Omega-3, Omega-6
47
What are Non-Essential Fatty Acids
FA's produced by our body | Ex Omega-9
48
What is Hydrogenation
When Cis FA's are processed to become Trans FA's
49
Difference between Cis and Trans FA's
``` Cis = Hydrogens on same side of double covalent bond Trans = Hydrogens on opposite sides of the bond ```
50
What are the 2 Lipoproteins of Cholesterol
``` LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein HDL = High Density Lipoprotein ```
51
Which type of Cholesterol is the "bad" one
LDL
52
Characteristics of Phospholipids
Contains Phosphorous in its structure Major components of cell membranes Amphipathic
53
Define Amphipathic
Molecule with a Polar end AND a non-polar end
54
Characteristics of Steroids
4 Rings of Carbon
55
Examples of Steroids in the body (4)
Hormones Cholesterol Bile Salts Vitamin D
56
Characteristics of Eicosanoids
20 Carbon FA chains | Involved in inflammatory responses
57
2 Types of Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins | Leukotrienes
58
What are classified as "Other" fats
Carotenes Vitamin E Vitamin K
59
What Percentage of our body is made up of Proteins
12-18%
60
6 Types of Proteins found in the body
1) Structural 2) Regulatory 3) Contractile 4) Immunological 5) Transport 6) Catalytic
61
Function of Structural Proteins
Key role in formation and function of cells/tissues | Ex Keratin in skin, hair, and nails
62
Function of Regulatory Proteins
Key parts of the structure of hormones | Ex Insulin
63
Function of Contractile Proteins
Filaments in muscles (myocin) and cellular components (actin)
64
Function of Immunological Proteins
Ex White Blood Cells, Antibodies
65
Function of Transport Proteins
Key component of red blood cells and membrane structures of certain cells Ex Hemoglobin - Transporting oxygen
66
Function of Catalytic Proteins
Forms majority of enzymes found in the body
67
What are the Monomers of Proteins
Amino Acids
68
What are the components of an Amino Acid
``` Carboxyl Group (acid) Amine Group (base) Side Chain ```
69
How many Amino Acids are there
20
70
How many Amino Acids are Non-Essential
12
71
What Joins Amino Acids together to form Proteins
Peptide Bonds
72
What is a Peptide Bond
Type of Covalent Bond formed through Dehydration Synthesis | Bond between the N (of the NH2) of one amino acid and the C of the Carboxly Group (COOH) on another
73
What is the Creation of Proteins called
Protein Synthesis
74
What is a Dipeptide
2 Amino Acids (aa), 1 Peptide Bond
75
What is a Polypeptide
10-2000+ Peptides
76
What are the 4 Structural Types of Proteins
1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary
77
Primary Structure of a Protein
Unique sequence of amino-acids in a polypeptide chain | *Genetically determined
78
Secondary Structure of a Protein
Repeated twisting and/or folding of neighbouring amino-acids in a polypeptide chain Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonds Ex Beta Pleated Sheets, Alpha Helices, or both
79
Tertiary Structure of a Protein
3D shape of the polypeptide chain | Secondary structures folding in on themselves
80
Quaternary Structure of a Protein
Arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains | Ex Hemoglobin
81
What is Denaturation
Altering or destruction of a protein
82
What are the 2 Components of an Enzyme
Apoenzyme (Protein Portion) | Cofactor (Non-Protein)
83
What are Enzymes
Protein molecules that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions
84
What makes Enzymes Highly Specific
Their Active Site only binds to certain Substrates
85
What are the 3 Components of a Nucleotide
``` Nitrogen Base Pentose Sugar (5-Carbon Sugar) Phosphate Group (PO4) ```
86
Where are Nucleic Acids found
Inside the nucleus of cells
87
What are the 5 Nitrogenous Bases
1) Thymine 2) Guanine 3) Cytosine 4) Adenine 5) Uracil
88
What are the 2 Types of Nucleic Acids
``` Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) ```
89
Function of DNA
"Blue Print" Forms the genetic material (chromosomes) Present in all of our cells
90
Describe what DNA does
Consists of genes (segments of DNA molecule) that consist of specific Nucleotides which decide the combinations of Amino Acids to produce proteins. These proteins group together to form larger proteins that become functional and can be passed on as traits from one generation to the next
91
Characteristics of DNA
Double Stranded Sugar = Deoxyribose Nitrogenous Bases = Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine
92
How is the Double Helix of DNA formed
Sides are formed by alternating sugar and phosphate Rungs are formed by nucleotides (alternating Pyrimidines and Purines) *Hydrogen bonds between bases
93
What are the Monomers of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
94
Which bases make up the Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
95
Which bases make up the Purines
Adenine, Guanine
96
Which bases pair up in DNA
Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine *AT Cricket Ground
97
Function of RNA
Relays instructions from the genes to guide the cell's protein synthesis
98
Characteristics of RNA
Single Strand Sugar = Ribose Bases = Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
99
3 Types of RNA found in the Cell
1) Messenger 2) Transfer 3) Ribosomal
100
What do Messenger RNA do
Transcribe original DNA
101
What do Transfer RNA do
Amino acid translation
102
What do Ribosomal RNA do
Forms template for amino acid translation
103
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
104
Function of ATP
Energy | Necessary for all reactions that occur in our body
105
Components of ATP (3)
1 Adenine Phosphate Group 1 Ribose Sugar
106
What is ADP and how is it made
Adenosine Di-phosphate | 1 phosphate is liberated from ATP
107
How does ATP Produce Energy
The energy produced when ATP becomes ADP (exergonic reaction from the breaking of the bond between phosphate groups)
108
What type of reaction is ATP to ADP
Reversible - goes both way
109
Which Enzymes help with ATP/ADP
ATPase: ATP --> ADP | ATP-synthase: ADP --> ATP
110
3 Sources of ATP
1) Creatine Phosphate 2) Anaerobic Metabolism 3) Aerobic Metabolism
111
What is Creatine Phosphate
Compound that is always present in our muscles | Generates ATP for max muscle contraction (short duration)
112
Describe Anaerobic Metabolism in regards to ATP
Kicks in after CP No O2 needed; uses Glucose from cellular respiration (steps 1 and 2) Helps extend duration of max muscle contraction
113
Describe Aerobic Metabolism in regards to ATP
Extends max muscle contraction duration from 40 secs-hours Requires O2 and Glucose from cellular respiration (steps 3 and 4) Taps into lipid sources

A&P100 (11 decks)

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