Terminology, Organization & Movements of Body Flashcards
Structural Organization of Body
Chemical –> Cellular –> Tissue –> Organ –> System –> Organismal
Chemical Level
Atoms; Periodic Table of Elements; Molecules; Non-living
Ex’s H20, NaCl, H2 etc
Cellular Level
Smallest fundamental unit of life; Smallest living unit
Many different types of cells - shape + organelles are specific to their function Ex’s sperm, egg, skin, nerve etc
Tissue Level
Group of cells w/ common characteristics, working towards a common function Ex’s bone, blood, muscular, epithelial etc
Organ Level
Group of tissue all working towards a common function within a system Ex’s stomach, brain, heart, foot etc
System Level
A collection of the organs that perform a key function (or multiple) that is important for the survival of an organism
Systems of the Body
11!
- Nervous - detects, integrates & responds to stimuli; initiates bodily responses
- Integumentary - protects & separates us from external environment; encloses internal body structures; contains many sensory receptors
- Cardiovascular - circulates blood carrying oxygen + nutrients; helps regulate body temp
- Endocrine - produces & secretes hormones that help regulate bodily functions
- Muscular - initiates movement & protects body; can produce heat (shivering)
- Lymphatic - detects & responds to potential pathogens; delivers excess fluid from tissues to blood
- Skeletal - structural support for body; enables movement; protects body
- Digestive (& Excretory) - stores & processes food into absorbable nutrients; expulsion of wastes
- Respiratory - O2 in, CO2 out
- Reproductive - propagates genes to our offspring
- Urinary - filters blood & expels wastes in form of urine; regulates fluid balance in body
Organism Level
Everything combined together!
Don’t forget the simplest of organisms too - like the paramecium (single celled organism)
Planes/cuts of the Body
*Sagittal:
mid-sagittal = cuts down midline forming equal halves, left & right
para-sagittal = 2 unequal portions, left & right; 2 main ones used (mammary & axillary)
*Coronary or Frontal: cuts body into front & back (anterior & posterior)
*Transverse: cuts body into top & bottom (superior & inferior)
*Oblique: diagonal
*Longitudinal: cuts length of limb from end to end
Cavities of the Body
4!
- Cranial: formed by facial + cranial bones; houses & protects brain
- Vertebral: formed by vertebral bones; houses & protecrts spinal cord
- Thoracic: formed by ribs in front, spine in back + diaphragm on bottom (and many muscles we’ll learn later); houses & protects heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, aorta
- Abdominal-pelvic: abs in front, spine in back, diaphragm on top & pelvic bones on bottom (plus many muscles…); houses & protects digestive, excretory, & reproductive organs
Quadrants of Abdominal-pelvic Cavity
Left Upper Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant - Tends to be used by clinicians - 2 perpendicular lines that intersect @ umbilicus
Regions of the Abdominal-pelvic Cavity
9! Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar Right Inguinal (iliac) Hypogastric (pubic) Left Inguinal (iliac) - 2 vertical midclavicular lines - 1 under ribs - 1 across iliac crests
Directional Terms 1
Anterior - front Posterior - back Lateral - side Medial - toward midline Intermediate - between 2 structures Ipsilateral - same side Contra-lateral - opposite side Superior - top of; higher than Inferior - below of; lesser than Deep - away from the surface Superficial - towards/closer to surface of body Proximal - closer to the torso (limbs only) Distal - father away from the torso (limbs only)
Directional Terms 2
Dorsal - on the back Ventral - on the front side Cephalad - towards the head Caudal - towards the tail Torso - portion of body w/o limbs and head Chondro - cartilage Gastric - stomach Sub - underneath of Hyper - over; above; excessive Hypo - under; below; deficient Epi - upon; on; above Para - beside; next to
Regional Terms - Shoulder to Hips
Acromial - shoulder Scapular - shoulder blade Clavicular - clavicle Axillary - armpit Mammary - breast Abdominal - abdomen Umbilical - navel Pubic - pubis Inguinal - groin Coxal - hip Gluteal - buttocks
