Cell Biology 2 Flashcards by Brittany Morgan

What makes up the Cytoplasm

Cytosol (55%)

Organelles

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Characteristics of Cytosol

70-90% Water

Where most chemical reactions occur in cell

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What are the 8 Main Types Organelles

Cytoskeleton
Centrosome
Mobility Structures
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Enzyme Vesicles
Mitochondria

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3 Types of Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

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Characteristics of Microfilaments (3)

Smallest
Actin (protein), usually on outer edge
Helps form Micro-Villi

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Functions of Microfilaments (4)

Support shape of cell
Movement
Muscle Contraction
Cell Division

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What are Intermediate Filaments made of

Multiple proteins - mainly Keratin

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Functions of Intermediate Filaments (3)

Internal stability of cell
Keep organelles in place
Involved in cell to cell junctions

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Characteristics of Microtubules (4)

Largest
Main protein is Tubulin
Long and hollow
Produced in Centrosome

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Functions of Microtubules (3)

Movement of organelles (Ex Vesicles)
Move chromosomes during cell division
Form mobility structures

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Characteristics of the Centrosome

Microtubule Organizing Center
Contain Centrioles
Always located near nucleus

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How many Centrosomes are found in 1 cell

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Function of Centrosome (2)

Cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
Build Microtubules

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2 Types of Mobility Structures

Flagellum

Cillia

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Characteristics of Mobility Structures

Composed mainly of Microtubules

Found on external surface of cell

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What are Flagellum

Long, tubular-shaped structures that propel cells

*Only sperm cells (in human body)

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What are Cillia

Hair-like projections that move together to give the cell mobility OR to sweep particles by them

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Where are Ribosomes found (3)

Free Floating
Attached to (Rough) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Inside Mitochondria

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Function of Ribosomes

Protein Synthesis

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Characteristics of Ribosomes

2 Separate Subunits

Made in Nucleus, built in Cytoplasm

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Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth

Rough

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Difference between Smooth and Rough ER

Rough = Ribosomes

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Function of Smooth ER

Produce FA’s and Glycolipids
Detoxifies drugs (Liver); Stores/Releases Ca2+ (Liver and
Muscles)

Function of Rough ER

Protein Synthesis
Produces Phospholipids and Glycoproteins
*Continuous with Nuclear Membrane of Nucleus

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Transport, Receive and Modify proteins arriving from Rough ER *More complex = larger secretory role

3 Steps Through Cisternae (small sacs)

Entry/Cis Face Medial Exit/Trans Face

Describe the Entry/Cis Face Cisterna

Convex side Facing Rough ER Received protein via transport vesicles

Describe the Medial Cisterna

Modifies protein with enzymes into glycoproteins or lipoproteins

Describe the Exit/Trans Face Cisterna

Concave side | Releases finished product to be utilized by cell or exocytosed

3 Types of Enzyme Vesicles

Lysosomes Peroxisomes Proteosomes

What are Lysosomes

Contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that digest absorbed substances in vesicle

2 Types of Lysosomes and their Functions

Autophagy - destroys organelle it engulfs | Autolysis - destroys entire cell with it (self-destruction)

What are Peroxisomes

Contain Oxidase - removes H+ from organic molecules | Contain Catalase - neutralize H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

What are Proteosomes

Proteases - degrade proteins once they've completed their functions *Amino Acids are recycled

Characteristics of Mitochondria (4)

Produce ATP through Aerobic Metabolism Present in all cells (higher volume in highly active cells) Contain Ribosomes Contain own set of DNA - can self-replicate proteins

3 Components of Mitochondria

Inner and Outer Membrane Cristae - folds/convolutions Matrix - space between where chemical reactions occur

Main Function of Nucleus

Genetics and Protein Synthesis | "Brain of the Cell"

How many nuclei does a cell have

Most - 1 Muscle - 2 Mature Red Blood Cells - 0

4 Main Components of Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores Nucleolus Chromatin

What is the Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm

What are Nuclear Pores

Pores made of protein that are scattered throughout the nuclear membrane that allow molecules to enter/exit the nucleus (Ex Proteins in, RNA out)

What is the Nucleolus (plural - Nucleoli)

Spherical body made up of clusters of DNA, RNA and protein

Function of Nucleolus

Produce rRNA and Ribosomal subunits

What is Chromatin

DNA, RNA and proteins scattered throughout nucleus before cell division

What are Genes

Segments of DNA that code for specific traits and characteristics

What is DNA

Double Helix of nucleotides (pentose sugars, phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases)

What are Chromosomes

What Chromatin clusters itself into prior to cell division | Ex "X" shaped chromosomes - each half is a Chromatid

What is a Genome

Total genetic info of an organism carried within it's nucleus

What are Histones

Protein balls that the double helix of DNA wraps around to help organize its coiling and folding

What are Nucleosomes

Combination of histones and clusters of (double stranded) DNA

What is the Linker DNA

Section of (double stranded) DNA that links nucleosomes together

What is Chromatin Fibre

Many nucleosomes and linker DNA in a row

What is a Centromere

Central portion of a chromosome that holds two sister chromatids together

What are Telomeres

End portions of chromosomes | *Believed to protect gene sequences found there

What is DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that copies one strand of DNA to form an identical and complimentary partner strand

What is DNA Helicase

Holds the two strands of DNA together