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A&P100 > Cell Biology 2 > Flashcards

Cell Biology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol (55%)

Organelles

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2
Q

Characteristics of Cytosol

A

70-90% Water

Where most chemical reactions occur in cell

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3
Q

What are the 8 Main Types Organelles

A 
Cytoskeleton
Centrosome
Mobility Structures
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Enzyme Vesicles
Mitochondria
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4
Q

3 Types of Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

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5
Q

Characteristics of Microfilaments (3)

A

Smallest
Actin (protein), usually on outer edge
Helps form Micro-Villi

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6
Q

Functions of Microfilaments (4)

A

Support shape of cell
Movement
Muscle Contraction
Cell Division

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7
Q

What are Intermediate Filaments made of

A

Multiple proteins - mainly Keratin

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8
Q

Functions of Intermediate Filaments (3)

A

Internal stability of cell
Keep organelles in place
Involved in cell to cell junctions

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9
Q

Characteristics of Microtubules (4)

A

Largest
Main protein is Tubulin
Long and hollow
Produced in Centrosome

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10
Q

Functions of Microtubules (3)

A

Movement of organelles (Ex Vesicles)
Move chromosomes during cell division
Form mobility structures

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11
Q

Characteristics of the Centrosome

A

Microtubule Organizing Center
Contain Centrioles
Always located near nucleus

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12
Q

How many Centrosomes are found in 1 cell

A

2

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13
Q

Function of Centrosome (2)

A 
Cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
Build Microtubules
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14
Q

2 Types of Mobility Structures

A

Flagellum

Cillia

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15
Q

Characteristics of Mobility Structures

A

Composed mainly of Microtubules

Found on external surface of cell

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16
Q

What are Flagellum

A

Long, tubular-shaped structures that propel cells

*Only sperm cells (in human body)

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17
Q

What are Cillia

A

Hair-like projections that move together to give the cell mobility OR to sweep particles by them

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18
Q

Where are Ribosomes found (3)

A

Free Floating
Attached to (Rough) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Inside Mitochondria

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19
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

Protein Synthesis

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20
Q

Characteristics of Ribosomes

A

2 Separate Subunits

Made in Nucleus, built in Cytoplasm

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21
Q

Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth

Rough

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22
Q

Difference between Smooth and Rough ER

A

Rough = Ribosomes

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23
Q

Function of Smooth ER

A

Produce FA’s and Glycolipids
Detoxifies drugs (Liver); Stores/Releases Ca2+ (Liver and
Muscles)

24
Q

Function of Rough ER

A

Protein Synthesis
Produces Phospholipids and Glycoproteins
*Continuous with Nuclear Membrane of Nucleus

25
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Transport, Receive and Modify proteins arriving from Rough ER
*More complex = larger secretory role

26
Q

3 Steps Through Cisternae (small sacs)

A

Entry/Cis Face
Medial
Exit/Trans Face

27
Q

Describe the Entry/Cis Face Cisterna

A

Convex side
Facing Rough ER
Received protein via transport vesicles

28
Q

Describe the Medial Cisterna

A

Modifies protein with enzymes into glycoproteins or lipoproteins

29
Q

Describe the Exit/Trans Face Cisterna

A

Concave side

Releases finished product to be utilized by cell or exocytosed

30
Q

3 Types of Enzyme Vesicles

A

Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Proteosomes

31
Q

What are Lysosomes

A

Contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that digest absorbed substances in vesicle

32
Q

2 Types of Lysosomes and their Functions

A

Autophagy - destroys organelle it engulfs

Autolysis - destroys entire cell with it (self-destruction)

33
Q

What are Peroxisomes

A

Contain Oxidase - removes H+ from organic molecules

Contain Catalase - neutralize H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

34
Q

What are Proteosomes

A

Proteases - degrade proteins once they’ve completed their functions
*Amino Acids are recycled

35
Q

Characteristics of Mitochondria (4)

A

Produce ATP through Aerobic Metabolism
Present in all cells (higher volume in highly active cells)
Contain Ribosomes
Contain own set of DNA - can self-replicate proteins

36
Q

3 Components of Mitochondria

A

Inner and Outer Membrane
Cristae - folds/convolutions
Matrix - space between where chemical reactions occur

37
Q

Main Function of Nucleus

A

Genetics and Protein Synthesis

“Brain of the Cell”

38
Q

How many nuclei does a cell have

A

Most - 1
Muscle - 2
Mature Red Blood Cells - 0

39
Q

4 Main Components of Nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores
Nucleolus
Chromatin

40
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm

41
Q

What are Nuclear Pores

A

Pores made of protein that are scattered throughout the nuclear membrane that allow molecules to enter/exit the nucleus (Ex Proteins in, RNA out)

42
Q

What is the Nucleolus (plural - Nucleoli)

A

Spherical body made up of clusters of DNA, RNA and protein

43
Q

Function of Nucleolus

A

Produce rRNA and Ribosomal subunits

44
Q

What is Chromatin

A

DNA, RNA and proteins scattered throughout nucleus before cell division

45
Q

What are Genes

A

Segments of DNA that code for specific traits and characteristics

46
Q

What is DNA

A

Double Helix of nucleotides (pentose sugars, phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases)

47
Q

What are Chromosomes

A

What Chromatin clusters itself into prior to cell division

Ex “X” shaped chromosomes - each half is a Chromatid

48
Q

What is a Genome

A

Total genetic info of an organism carried within it’s nucleus

49
Q

What are Histones

A

Protein balls that the double helix of DNA wraps around to help organize its coiling and folding

50
Q

What are Nucleosomes

A

Combination of histones and clusters of (double stranded) DNA

51
Q

What is the Linker DNA

A

Section of (double stranded) DNA that links nucleosomes together

52
Q

What is Chromatin Fibre

A

Many nucleosomes and linker DNA in a row

53
Q

What is a Centromere

A

Central portion of a chromosome that holds two sister chromatids together

54
Q

What are Telomeres

A

End portions of chromosomes

*Believed to protect gene sequences found there

55
Q

What is DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that copies one strand of DNA to form an identical and complimentary partner strand

56
Q

What is DNA Helicase

A

Holds the two strands of DNA together

A&P100 (11 decks)

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