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Bio 141 - additional > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

tissues

A

structurally similar cells (and products) Specialized function

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2
Q

4 types of tissue

A
  • muscle
  • nervous
  • connective
  • Epithelium/epithelial
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3
Q

All organs have at least ?#_____ tissues

A

2 tissues most major organs have all 4 kinds

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4
Q

Muscle cells are made of elongated cells called _____ that contain _______ (contraction structures) which are made out of __________

A

Muscle cells are made of elongated cells called (fibers) that contain (myofibrils) contraction structures which are made out of (myofilaments)

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5
Q

elongated muscle cells can be called

A

fibers

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6
Q

myofibrils

A

-in muscle tissue -protein rich contraction structures -made out of myofilaments

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7
Q

myofilaments

A

-thin thread like protein filaments

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8
Q

Muscle cell pieces/names (general)

A
  • nuclei – well defined
  • cell membrane = sarcolemma
  • cytoplasm = sarcoplasm
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum
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9
Q

cytoplasm in muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm= Muscle name for cytoplasm

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10
Q

cell membrane in muscle cells

A

cell membrane = sarcolemma

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11
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Do muscle cells duplicate?

A
  • muscle cells can enlarge but don’t proliferate after birth
  • “what you have is what you get”
  • limited cell-cycling mitosis
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13
Q

When muscles do work _______ is generated

A

When muscles do work (heat) is generated

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14
Q

Muscle tissue functions

A
  • ability to contract(shorten) / elongate(lengthen) to move bone or organ
  • body support/ maintenance of posture (standing and sitting, offsetting gravity)
  • body shape/form
  • heat produced when contracted

SOUND ATTACHED

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15
Q

Muscle Tissue Classifications:

Functionally

Structurally

3 types based on structure/function

A

Muscle Tissue Classification:

Functionally - voluntary / involuntary

Structurally- striated / non-striated

3 types based on structure/function:

  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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16
Q

voluntary vs. involuntary muscle tissue

A

Voluntary muscle tissue: controlled by will Ex. moving my arm to pick something up

Involuntary muscle tissue: not under conscious control Ex. cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (intestinal peristalsis - rhythmic contraction of the esophagus, intestines, stomach)

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17
Q

Striated muscle tissue vs. non-striated

A

striated – cross-stripping contractile protein (ridges)

non-striated – unstriped (no ridges)

(seen microscopically)

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18
Q

On the basis of structure / function

Muscle tissue is broken into these 3 types

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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19
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

  • shape/size
  • parts
A
  • 1mm to 40 mm in length
  • multiple nuclei under sarcolemma around periferal border
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20
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue:

voluntary

striated (actin/myosin stripes)

bundles of cells attach to the skeleton (muscle organs)

these cells have multiple nuclei under sarcolemma (cell membrane)

Cross striations of:

  • light bands – isotropic bands – I bands
  • darker bands – anisotropic bands – A bands

contractions – rapid and forceful (kicking)

SOUND ATTACHED

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21
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

voluntary?

Striated?

A
  • voluntary
  • striated (actin/myosin stripes)

Cross striations (width, not length)

  • -light bands – isotropic bands – I bands
  • -darker bands – anisotropic bands – A bands
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22
Q
A

Skeletal muscle tissue:

  • long/elongated muscle fibers
  • ridges (vertical lines) are cross striations

light I bands (which is short for isotropic bands), darker A bands (which is short for anisotropic bands).

•black jellybean looking things the are multiple nucleus structures (peripherally located)

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23
Q
A

Cardiac muscle:

  • Looks like bacon strips
  • Has long fibers
  • 1 nucleus in fibers
  • see spacing – branching phenomenon
  • intercalated disc (cells head to head or overlap)

SOUND ATTACHED

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24
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

elongated cells

single nucleus

striations (harder to see)

fibers overlap/branch – form cellular networks

intercalated discs – electoral currents can move to spread contraction through the heart

contractions – strong and rhythmic

synchronous - working together at same time

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25
Q

3 kinds of muscle tissue

A
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26
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

voluntary?

striated?

A

Smooth muscle:

Involuntary

Non-striated

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27
Q
A

Smooth Muscle Tissue:

  • slice of ham on a plate
  • 1 cigar shaped nucleus/cell
  • spindle cells
  • tightly locked in spindle lock
  • compressed

SOUND ATTACHED

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28
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

characteristics?

contractions?

A

bundles of cells attach to the skeleton (muscle organs)

contractions – rapid and forceful (kicking)

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29
Q

Smooth muscle tissue locations

A

Walls of hollow organs: bladder, vagina, stomach, uterus

Tubes of respiratory, digestive, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive systems

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30
Q

Smooth muscle tissue cells

A

1 elongated central nucleus /cell

Spindle shaped cells

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31
Q

Smooth Muscle tissue

fit

contractions

A

Fibers are tight fitting and bundled into units called sheets (layers)

contractions – strong and slow

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32
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Nervous tissue is found in the brain

spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

SOUND ATTACHED

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33
Q

Conductivity vs. Irratibility

A

Functional characteristics of nervous tissue

conductivity-

ability to transmit an impulse

irritability-

-ability to respond to a stimuli.

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

__________ tissue has profound abilities and is responsible for producing emotions, language skills, association patterns, logical reasoning, analytical thinking, and memory functions.

A

nervous tissue

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36
Q

neurons

A

cells that detect and transmit info.

via. neurotransmitter releases and receptions

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37
Q

dendrites

A

short branches extending from the soma (of nerve cells)

receives signals from other cells

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38
Q

axons

A

AKA nerve fibers

conduct outgoing signals from the nerve cell soma to other cells

Can be 1 meter or longer

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39
Q

Astrocytes (basics, not functions)

A

Astrocytes –

most abundant neuroglia cell

constitute over 90% of the tissue in some brain areas and

named for their many branched star-like shape

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40
Q

Astrocites - 7 functions

A

They have the most diverse of functions of the neuroglia cells:

1-form supportive framework for nervous tissue,

2-pedicles

3-convert glucose to lactate for neurons

4-Secrete growth factors (proteins that promote neuron growth and synapse formation)

5-communicate electrically with neurons (may influence signaling)

6-regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid (absorb neurotransmitters and potassium ions in synapses so levels don’t get too high

7-form scar tissue when neurons damaged – known as astrocytosis, sclerosis

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41
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Soma (cell body) containing:

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Organelles

Center of genetic control/protein synthesis

Dendrites

Axons (nerve fibers)

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42
Q

Ratio of neurons: neuroglial cells

A

1:8 there are 8x more neuroglial cells than neurons

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43
Q

Nervous tissue does/does not regenerate after severe injury?

A

No…

It is the most delicate of all tissues and does not regenerate after severe injury.

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44
Q

2 kinds of Embryonic Connective Tissue

A

Mesenchyme Tissue

Mucoid tissue (Wharton’s Jelly)

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45
Q

Mesenchyme Tissue

A
  • Embryonic connective tissue
  • unspecialized packing, wrapping, and supportive tissue
  • early embryonic/fetal tissue
  • star shapes mesenchyme cells specialize to createall adults connective tissues
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46
Q

unspecialized embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme Tissue

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47
Q

Mucoid Tissue (Wharton’s Jelly)

A
  • appears temporarily in the normal, development of connective tissue
  • found in the umbilical cord
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48
Q

liquidy looking tissue in umbilical cord

A

Mucoid tissue/ Wharton’s Jelly

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49
Q

Two kinds of Connective Tissue Proper

A

adipose tissue

loose areolar connective tissue

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50
Q

2kinds of Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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51
Q

3 kinds of Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

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52
Q

2 kinds of Bone

A

Compact/Ground Bone

Spongy/Cancellous Bone

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53
Q

Classifications/Types of Epithelium (10)

A

simple squamous epithelium

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54
Q

6 kinds of neuroglia cells

A

Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells

Microglia

Astrocytes

Ependymal cells

Satellite cells

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55
Q

These neuroglia cells wrap around nerve fibers to creat myelin sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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56
Q

These neuroglia cells wrap around nerve fibers to creat myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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57
Q

microfage neuroglia cells

A

microglia

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58
Q

most abundant neuroglia

A

astrocytes

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59
Q

neuroglia that has pedicles/perivascular feet to wrap around cappilaries to make blood/brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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60
Q

scar tissue in brain when neurons damaged

A

astrocytosis or sclerosis

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61
Q

cuboidal, lining brain and spinal cavities

A

ependymal cells

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62
Q

ciliated cells that make and circulate cerebral spinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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63
Q

neuroglia cells that serve as fillers/insulation, and regulate environment in PNS

A

satellite cells

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64
Q

most abundant tissue in the body

A

connective tissue

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65
Q

connective tissue

A
  • supports body and organs
  • binds/attaches/joins tissue to body structures
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66
Q

substance that living connective tissue are suspended in (watery, fiber laden, calcified, combo)

A

matrix or ground substance

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67
Q

create the 3 types of nonliving fibers for connective tissue matix

A

fibroblasts

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68
Q

connective tissue battle with bacteria happens here

A

matrix/ground substance

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69
Q

tissue that binds various tissues together

A

connective tissue

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70
Q

loose connective tissue ground substance has room for

A

pathways for blood vessels, nerves

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71
Q

3 nonliving fibers made by fibroblasts found in connective tissue

A

collagenous elastic reticular

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72
Q

3 classes of molecules in connective tissue matrix/ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Proteoglycans Adhesive glycoproteins

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73
Q

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

A

molecule in connective tissue matrix able to absorb/hold water (Ex. Heparin)

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74
Q

Proteoglycans

A

molecule in connective tissue matrix with bristle-like out growths of GAG form thick colloids/structural bonds

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75
Q

Adhesive glycoproteins

A

molecule in connective tissue matrix that binds plasma membrane to stuff outside cell holding tissues together

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76
Q

Mesenchyme tissue

A

unspecialized embryonic/fetal tissue star shaped all adult cells derive from

77
Q

adult connective tissue derives from

A

mesenchyme embryonic connective tissue cells

78
Q

mucoid tissue

A

AKA Wharton’s Jelly found in umbilical cord

79
Q

adipose tissue

A
  • looks like cottage cheese
  • nucleus is lateral to side of cell
  • insulates the body from heat loss
  • located: around heart, kidneys, bone marrow, breasts, buttocks, abdominal muscles, skin/scalp
80
Q

6 Specialized cells suspended in the matrix of loose (Areolar) connective tissue:

A

fibroblasts

macrophages

mast cells

plasma cells

adipose cells

leukocytes (WBCs)

81
Q

Location of Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

A

Location (distribution):

  • Found under epithelial tissue as a supportive, foundation tissue to attach to deeper tissues
  • Found around glands/ducts
  • Fills spaces around muscles/nerves
  • Envelopes and supports blood/lymph vessels
  • Found in between, under, around, filling spaces, wedges self, envelopes
82
Q

connective tissues are made up of specialized ________ cells suspended in a ___________ matrix composed of 3 classes of __________

A

connective tissues are made up of specialized (living) cells suspended in a (non-living) matrix composed of 3 classes (of molecules)

83
Q

dense regular connective tissue structure

A

collagenous (white) fibers parallel, linear bundles can handle tension in a parallel direction

84
Q

tenons, ligaments, and appaneuroses are ? Tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue

85
Q

tendons

A

attach muscles to bone; dense regular connective tissue

86
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone at joint; dense regular connective tissue

87
Q

cranial aponeuroses

A

broad flat tendons creating “cap” to hold cranial muscles to skull; dense regular connective tissue

88
Q

dense irregular tissue structure

A

collagenous fibers NOT parallel, angular and bisecting so they can stretch in diff. directions

89
Q

tissue that covers muscles, bone, cartilage, and soft organs

A

dense irregular connective tissue

90
Q

capsule wrapping of soft organs tissue

A

dense irregular connective tissue

91
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

parallel strands, freely branching elastic fibers, collagenous fibers and fibroblasts in between fibers

92
Q

found in walls of largest arteries so they can stretch and recoil

A

elastic connective tissue

93
Q

airway passages tissue

A

elastic connective tissue

94
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

fibroblasts mixed with thin reticular fibers to help trap foreign materials

95
Q

first fibers that develop in wound healing

A

reticular fibers first, then collagenous fibers

96
Q

reticular connective tissue found

A

tonsils, spleen, liver, thymus, lymph nodes

97
Q

blood

A

fluid tissue derived from bone marrow primary function: transport cells and matter through the body

98
Q

blood’s matrix/ground substance

A

plasma

99
Q

plasma is ____% water and _____% other

A

92% water and 8% nutrients, antibodies, drug residues, and metabolic wastes

100
Q

Red blood cells are AKA ?

A

Erythrocytes

101
Q

Erythrocytes/RBC

A

most abundant cell in healthy blood oval/flat bioconcave disk shape no nuclei or organelles, few ribosomes, live 3-6 months transport oxygen/carbon dioxide to/from tissues and organs

102
Q

most abundant cell type in healthy blood

A

RBC, Erythrocytes

103
Q

6 kinds of Leucocytes/WBCs

A

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes Monocytes/Macrophages Thrombocytes/Platlets

104
Q

most abundant WBC

A

neutrophils

105
Q

active phagocyte leucocyte, 1st responder

A

neutrophils, arrive first at infection

106
Q

least present WBC

A

basophils

107
Q

basophils

A

break open to release histamines (vasodialator chemicals) or heparin (anticoagulant) at inflammation

108
Q

WBC that kills parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

109
Q

3 Types of Lymphocyte WBCs

A

B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells

110
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Type of WBC plasma cells make 5 different antibodies, memory cells remember antigen for faster immune response next time

111
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Type of WBC involved in graft/organ rejection, fighting tumors, coordinating immune response

112
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Type of lymphocyte WBC that destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells

113
Q

monocytes/macrophages

A

active phagocyte WBC, part of long term infection “clean-up” team, macrophage when in tissues monocytes when floating in blood

114
Q

thrombocytes/platelets

A

cell fragments in blood needed for clotting, the cling to torn tissue to control blood loss

115
Q

tissue that makes up bone, hard calcified kind

A

osseous tissue

116
Q

required for muscle contractions, nerve functioning and blood clotting

A

calcium

117
Q

bone matrix

A

mostly collagenous numerous salt crystals containing calcium, phosphate, hydroxide ions, bone cells

118
Q

bone organs vs. bone tissue

A

bone organ contains osseous tissue, cartilage, bone marrow, dense irregular connective tissue, and other types

119
Q

longest/strongest/heaviest bone organ

A

femur

120
Q

osteon

A

name for central canal (Haversian canal) and lamellae (concentric circles of hardened matrix) in compact/ground bone tissue

121
Q

ground bone cells stuck in lacune

A

osteocytes

122
Q

tiny canals for diffusion on nutrients and waste to/from osteocytes in compact/ground bone

A

canaliculi

123
Q

lamellae

A

concentric calcified hardened matrix with lacunae “stuck” in them in compact/ground bone

124
Q

periosteum

A

covering over bone tissue (except end of long bones) dense irregular connective tissue

125
Q

deep to compact/ground bone in bone organ

A

spongy/cancellous bone

126
Q

irregular lattice with embedded osteocites in spongy/cancellous bone

A

trabeculae

127
Q

marrow spaces (cavities)

A

in spongy/cancellous bone, filled with marrow tissue

128
Q

spicules

A

bone fragment piecese surrounding all filling out of spongy/cancellous bone structure

129
Q

age 0-30 have _____ marrow producing cells

A

red marrow

130
Q

marrow after age 30 called

A

“yellow” because some adepose tissue in marrow

131
Q

“shock absorbing” tissue

A

cartilage connective tissue

132
Q

hyaline cartilage structure

A

chondrocytes in lacunae; pretty, glassy protein/glycosaminoglycans thin white collagenous fibers in matrix where strong/flexible needed

133
Q

hyaline cartilage found

A

found at ends of long bones (joints), anterior ends of ribs, external ear, fetal skeleton, tip of nose, throughout the respiratory tree

134
Q

elastic cartilage structure

A

lacunae with chondrocytes in protein/glycosaminoglycans elastic fibers in matrix firm but elasticity of movement

135
Q

elastic cartilage found

A

external ear, epiglottis, cartilage of the larynx

136
Q

cartilage where limited movement such as intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage

137
Q

fibrocartilage structure

A

lacune in groups/rows between thick white colalgenous fibers located where tougher support is needed

138
Q

fibrocartilage found

A

suture site of the skull pubic sympysis intervertebral discs

139
Q

Membranes =

A

moistened epithelium + underlying connective tissue

140
Q

Serous Membranes

A
  • mesothelium lying on a connective tissue layer
  • lines closed body cavities and includes the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal membranes
  • Has a parietal layer (lines external wall of cavity) and visceral layer (covers the various organs enclosed within the cavities)
  • Secretes serous fluid (watery protein) that lubricates walls of cavities and covered organs
141
Q

Mucous Membranes

A
  • Line body orifices (mouth, vagina)
  • Secretes mucus, a protein/polysaccharide complex
  • Consists of three layers:
  • epithelium sitting on
  • lamina propria (connective tissue rich in blood vessels/lymphatic vessels and glands) and the
  • muscularis mucosae (circular/longitudinal smooth muscle) below
142
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A

the skin: collectively, the skin is a dry, waterproofed, protective covering of the body …composed of an

  • epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
  • dermis (dense fibrous connective tissue) between layer
  • hypodermis/subcutaneous layer (adipose tissue and blood vessels),insulates body

“true skin” epidermis and dermis – referred to by anatomists (leave out hypodermis/subcutaneous)

143
Q

3 kinds of Tissue Growth

A

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

Neoplasia

144
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Tissue growth through cell multiplication
embryonic, childhood and adolescent growth

145
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Tissue growth of preexisting cells
Ex. muscle fibers upon exercising
Ex. adipocytes from storing lipids (eating too much cheese cake, triglyceride storage)

146
Q

Neoplasia

A

tumor development via abnormal cell overgrowth
resultant mass serving no sound function

147
Q

Tissue Transformation/Differentiation

A

Metaplasia - sound and unsound

change in one type of mature tissue into another

148
Q

Sound metaplasia growth:

A

teenage girl’s vagina when the lining of simple cuboidal epithelium turns into stratified squamous epithelium (more suited for durable adult activities, friction for sex and childbirth)

149
Q

Physiologically unsound (pathological)

metaplasia growth:

A

Ex. in the bronchial tubes – pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium damaged by 40 years of smoking – chemicals make the cilia sticky/matted, goblets suppressed and not releasing the mucus, difficulty getting things out of bronchial tubes, inflammation causes cracks/lesions in walls – body now stimulated to morph into stratified cuboidal epithelium to try to handle the stress (lose some capacity – cilia and goblet cells), may eventually get cancerous growth

150
Q

Embryonic stem cells – two types:

A

Totipotent which can develop into any type of human cell

pluripotent which at the blastocyst stage of embryo development (4 days after fertilization) make up the inner mass of cells there and become any type of cell in the embryo, barring the placenta/amniotic sac

151
Q

Adult stem cells - 2 types

A

occur in small numbers in mature organs/tissues

Multipotent which can develop into two or more different cell lines

  • Ex. megacaryocytes in bone marrow
  • Not attractive for research because they have damage, toxic exposure, the embryonic is most attractive

Unipotent which can produce only one mature cell type

152
Q

Atrophy of Tissue

A

shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or numbers.

153
Q

3 kinds of tissue atrophy

A

Senile atrophy is a result of normal aging

Denervation atrophy para/quadriplegic; muscles shrink because of nerve damage

Disuse atrophy results from the lack of use, as in muscles that are not exercised.

154
Q

Tissue Repair
regeneration vs. fibrosis

A

Regeneration – (Macy’s repair)

is the replacement of dead or damaged cells with the same type of cells as seen prior to injury wherein an organ‘s function is restored

Fibrosis – (Dollar store version of repair)
replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue composed mainly of collagen fibers
no restoration of normal organ function

155
Q

4 stages of tissue healing:

A

bleeding

blood clot

angiogenasis

surface epithelial cells

156
Q

Stage 1 of tissue healing: bleeding

A

Injuired
Bleeding occurs
mast cells/damaged cells release histamine histamine increasing blood flow and capillary permeability

157
Q

Stage 2 of healing: clotting

A
  • blood clot
  • forms in the tissue temporary knitting together the edges of the cut or separation helping to prevent entry of pathogens
  • surface of the clot forms a scab
  • macrophages at base of scab begin to clean up tissue debris
158
Q

Stage 3 of healing: angiogenesis

A
  • New blood capillaries grow into the wound
  • themass of capillaries and fibroblasts comes together as a supportive granulation tissue in the wound
  • over time macrophages remove the blood clot
  • fibroblasts deposit new collagen fibers in its place
159
Q

Stage 4 of healing: scarring

A
  • Surface epithelial cellsdevelop around the wound multiply and migrate into the wounded area beneath the scab
  • scab loosens up and falls off
  • epithelium grows thicker and undergoes regeneration
  • underlying (basement membrane) connective tissue undergoes fibrosis (scarring).
  • outcome of healing is linked to whether the scar tissue shows or not through the epithelium depends on the severity (depth, infection/length of, foreign objects, aging)
  • keloid scarring – can be from even ear piercing
160
Q

Necrosis

A

is premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infection

161
Q

Infarction

A

blood supply is cut off causing sudden death of a tissue
Ex. cardiac muscle or brain tissue (body creates scar tissue where damage from injuiry)

162
Q

Gangrene

A

tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply usually involving infection

dry gangrene

gas gangrene

163
Q

Dry gangrene

A

often occurs in diabetics, especially in the feet due to arterial and nerve damage

Gangrene=tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply usually involving infection

164
Q

Gas gangrene

A

is necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with Clostridium species (found in dirt), is deadly and may require amputation

Gangrene=tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply usually involving infection

165
Q

decubitus ulcer (bed sore)

A

is a form of dry gangrene caused by continual pressure on the skin etc.

166
Q

_____ gangrene was seen frequently on battlefields before antibiotics

A

gas gangrene

167
Q
A
168
Q

Difference in muscle contractions:
skeletal, cardiac, smooth

A

Skeletal muscle contractions are rapid and forceful (kicking for example)

Contractions of cardiac muscle are strong and rhythmic (heart)

smooth muscle contractions are strong and slow (respiratory, bladder, vagina)

169
Q

covering/lining epithelium found

A

covering internal/external body surfaces/organs lines body cavities hollow organs epidermis is epithelium tissue

170
Q

glandular epithelium

A

downgrownths of lining epithelium into the underlying tissue to create a gland

171
Q

glands with a duct that connect to surface

A

exocrine glands

172
Q

exocrine glands found

A

salivary gland digestive glands where a chemical is secreted

173
Q

secretion vs. excretion

A

secretion - product from gland that is useful Excretion - is a wase product (such as urine)

174
Q

glands internal to body with no ducts and high density of blood capillaries

A

endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood

175
Q

endocrine glands in body examples

A

pituitary thyroid adrenal glands

176
Q

liver, kidney and pancreas all have

A

both endocrine and exocrine functions nonsecretory which is called

177
Q

exocrine goblet cells are secretory cells in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory are an example of

A

unicellular glands

178
Q

epithelial tissues have little/lots of intercellular material

A

little

179
Q

basal lamina is the underlying tissue for

A

epithelial tissues AKA basement membrane

180
Q

basement membrane/basal lamina

A

ancors epithelial tissues to deeper tissue below

181
Q

because epithelial tissue has little/lots of blood supply it relies on ______ to survive

A

little blood supply, diffusion

182
Q

Epithelial tissue layer classifications

A

simple - 1 line, connected to basement membrane stratified - mult. Layers, bottom layer only sits on basement membrane pseudostratified - lots of cells different heights, all touch basement membrane but not all touch surface

183
Q

4 cell shapes

A

squamous cuboidal columnar transitional

184
Q

transitional cells of the bladder are ______ when the bladder is full

A

flatter

185
Q

6 functions of epithelial tissues

A

protection absorption transport make/secrete excrete wastes sensory reception

186
Q

3 kinds of cell junctions

A

tight junctions desmosome/hemidesmosomes gap junction

187
Q

gap junctions

A

6 proteins in a ring which enable ions, glucose, amino acids and small colutes to pass from one cell to next through the chanel allow excitation of cells together in cardiac muscle tissue, absent in skeletal tissue, embryo uses to pass nutrients through cells until circulatory system forms

188
Q

desmosomes

A

patch that holds cells together, but not continuous common in epidermis, epithelia

189
Q

tight junctions

A

plasma of 2 cells sealed together by cell adhesion proteins (stomach and intestines to prevent seeping out)

Bio 141 - additional (7 decks)

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