Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 141 - additional > Skin Unit > Flashcards

Skin Unit Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

integumentary system

A

skin and its components (oil and sweat glands, hair and finger/toenails)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The skin comprises ____ to _____ of adult weight and covers area of _____ to _____ square meters.

A

15% - 20% of adult body weight

covers an area of 1.5-2.0 m²/18ft²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

largest and heaviest organ of the human body

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skin is challenged by….

A

radiation, pollution, injury, infection, dangerous chemicals and immune system attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Doctors can learn ??? from our skin

A

clues about our general health
nutritional status, and disorders present such as liver cancer, anemia, diabetes and heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The skin organ renews itself every ______ days

A

30 – 45 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is skin protection/barrier:

A

tothings permeating or losing things:

  • microorganisms
  • fluid loss/gain
  • mechanical(friction contact, ex.clothes)
  • chemical irritants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does skin assist in temperature balance?

A

Temperature Balance Via fluid releases from sudoriferous (sweat) glands and reflexes of skin blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Skin is excretion medium for:

A

Fatty substances(oils)

H20

salts

vitamin residue

Uric acid

ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is skin involved in production of Vitamin D

A

via 7- dehydrocholesterol + sun exposure
liver and the kidneys as well will play a role in completion of this vitamin production process

Scientists starting to look at VitD more as a horemone – calcium absorption, and other roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 layers that make “skin

A

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

epidermis structure

A

loose, flat, dry cells, condensed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dermis

A

loose and tough connective tissue, lots of organs (blood vessels, pain receptors, nerve receptors, tubular growths – hair follicles, thick to hold all stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

subcutaneous or hypodermis

A
  • made of adipose or fat tissue with blood vessels
  • not considered part of the skin but helps to bind the skin proper to underlying muscle, bone organs and
  • barrier to heat loss. It also stores lipid molecules which can be used to meet the nutrition and metabolic needs of the body
  • aedopous tissue and blood vessels; binds to other tissues, keeps warm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The “true skin” is composed of

A

two kinds of tissue,the epidermis (flat dry cells) and the underlying dermis (loose and tough connective tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Epidermis is made out of 5 layers
Top-Down

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stratum corneum

A

1- uppermost layer

25 to 30 layers of dead heavily keratinized, nonliving scales, which become increasingly flattened as they approach the skin surface

slough off (desquamation)

new epidermis is produced every 30 -45 days (30 days up to 2 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • 2nd layer from surface
  • clear, translucent layer of flattened, non-nucleated (no organelles), dead or dying cells
  • four to seven cells deep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stratum granulosum

A
  • 3rd layer from surface
  • three to five cell layers filled with keratohyalin granules,(precursors of keratin)
  • Keratin is a a tough, resilient protein that waterproofs/protects exposed skin surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

4th layer

above stratum basale/ germinativum

cells with sharp pointed pieces coming off the cell to hold each other in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

5-Stratum basale (germinativum)

A
  • at the very bottom
  • “basale” means they are constantly going through cell cycling mitosis processing
  • highly mitotic and produces continuous cells that move upward to the superior layers
  • Melanocytes located here - produce a pigment called melanin that helps to color the skin/protect it from sun (genes determine melanin tones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Basic Structure - Dermis

A

Layer under 5 layers of epidermis

Function: holds up epidermis and binds the epidermis to other tissues

thickest/busiest layer of the skin

primarily connective tissue, particularly collagen and elastic fibers in a gel – like substance
thickest and structurally busy layer of the skin

Contains: nerve fibers, sensory fibers/receptors, nail roots, erector pili muscles(goosebumps), hair follicles, sebaceous glands (oil) and sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

blood vessels in dermis carry nutrients to upper layers of the skin and help regulate temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Damage and aging does what to skin?

A

dermis: (makes fewer cells) of these fibers causes wrinkling – loses taughtness which causes epidermis wrinkles

hypodermis:
Thins as we get older, this linked to wrinkling too, also cause sensitivity to temperature changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How dermis helps regulate temperature

A

blood vessels in dermis carry nutrients to upper layers of the skin and help regulate temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypodermis layer of skin

A
  • Not considered a “true skin” layer but still very important
  • Made of adipose tissue, has lots of blood vessels in it and works to insulate body from heat loss
  • Thins as we get older, this linked to wrinkling too and thus will also cause us to be extra sensitive to temperature changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hypodermis

A

Fat suluble injections are put into what layer of skin?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • oil glands
  • release sebum- a mixture of oils, waxes, and cell debris
  • ducts hold then released (genes, timetables affect oil production)
  • Serves as a skin softener - emoillent
  • Serves as a film on the skin that blocks excessive water loss.
  • Serves as a film on the skin that kills bacteria, bacteria hate it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

release earwax, which traps debris entering the ear canal, “cerum” is clinical name for earwax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A
  • release sweat, a liquid mostly made of water, salt, vitamin C, fat molecules, proteins and metabolic wastes (uric acid, ammonia)
  • acidic pH between 4 -6.
  • Body has 2.5+ million sudoriferous glands antibacterial
  • serves as a liquid coating that absorbs heat and evaporates as an aerosol leaving a cooling sensation across the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mammary Glands (Modified sweat glands)

A
  • in breast tissue and in women are sensitive to estrogen (increases gland size during pregnancy)
  • prolactin (stimulates glands to pull together protein, vitD, phosphorous, and oxytocin hormones bind to muscles and mammary glands to squeeze out the milk out of the breast; which enhance their sizes during pregnancy and promote milk production and secretion after birth (Lactation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sweat

A
  • Sweat is antibacterial
  • liquid coating that absorbs heat and evaporates as an aerosol leaving a cooling sensation across the skin
  • Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat)
  • release sweat, a liquid mostly made of water, salt, vitamin C, fat molecules, proteins and metabolic wastes (uric acid, ammonia)
  • acidic pH between 4 -6.
  • Body has 2.5+ million sudoriferous glands.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

portion of hair above the skin

portion of hair in the hair follicle

A

shaft - above the skin/scalp surface

hair root- the portion in the hair follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

living cells of hair are located

A

in and near the bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

dermal papilla

A

vascular connective tissue near bulb of hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Root and shaft of hair = 3 three layers of epithelium:

A

Cuticle: is the outer layer of scaly, dead cells

Cortex: the middle keratinized layer, forms the major portion of the shaft, contains pigment melanin, amount determines hair color

Medulla: thin vertical axis also known as the central axis, consists of two-three layers of cells, poorly developed and frequently absent, especially in blond hair

37
Q

hair is ____% dead

A

95%

38
Q

_______ and ______ glands release products into hair shaft to be released through epidermis

A

Sweat and oil glands

39
Q

Anagen, catagen and telogen

A

Hair has a growth cycle that includes three stages:

40
Q

Anagen stage varies from ____ to ____ years of growth

A

2-6 years of growth; people genetically programmed to a series of years hair growth pattern

41
Q

when dead skin flakes off it is called ________ and the stuff that comes off is referred to as ______

A

exfoliating
dander

42
Q

dandruff

A

clumps of dander stuck together by sebum (oil)

43
Q

“prune fingers and toes” after pool

A

result of stratum corneum absorbing water and swelling but deeper layers do not so it causes the wrinkle look

44
Q

Dermis layers and terms

A

wavy boundry between epidermis and dermis

  • dermal papillae - upward waves, fingerlike extensions
  • epidermal ridges are downward waves between papillae
45
Q

papillary layer of dermis is what tissue?

A

thin zone of areolar tissue especially rich in small blood vessels

46
Q

reticular layer of dermis

A

deeper and much thicker than papillary layer
dense connective tissue

47
Q

blisters caused by

A
  • damage of dermal blood vessels in dermis from friction or burns
  • serous fluid seeps out of blood vessels andaccumulate as a blister
  • separating epidermis from dermis until the fluid is reabsorbed or expelled
48
Q

stretch marks are the result of

A

collagen in reticular layer of the dermis tearing

49
Q

Baldness

A

a progressive deterioration of hair follicles

50
Q

Short/long-term or permanent factors related to baldness

A
  • sex influenced genetic traits expressed when testosterone levels are high stress (high mitotic cells slow down)
  • fungal infection (block hair growth)
  • autoimmune disease (lupis, MS)
  • drug/alcohol abuse (damage/slow cell base)
  • chemotherapy (kills normal cells too)
  • chemical and mechanical injury (hair style with weight) to the scalp
51
Q

No hair zones -

A

palms and soles, front/side surfaces of fingers and toes and the lips, nipples and parts of the genitals

52
Q

About ________ hairs in a man’s 6” beard and about _______ to _______ hairs on the average person’s scalp.

A

About 30,000 hairs in a man’s 6” beard and about 100,000 – 300,000 hairs on the average person’s scalp.

53
Q

arrector pili muscles

A

thin bands of muscle associated with hair follicles. Their contraction causes the hair to “stand on end” (skin/hair wall force field) to block cold air/skin contact, and as we also know, the

closing of skin pores (goose pimpling) and shivering and body heat production on a cold day. This contraction also

causes the secretion of oil from nearby sebaceous glands.

54
Q

Hair texture is related to

A

the cross-sectional shape of the hair
straight hair is round
wavy hair is oval
tightly curled hair is relatively flat

55
Q

Hair color

A
  • is due to melanin pigment granules in the cortex
  • black or brown hair is rich in darker pigmented eumelanin
  • Red hair has a slight amount of eumelanin, higher pheomelanin
  • Blond hair has some pheomelanin but very little eumelanin
  • Gray and white hair from an absence of melanins in the cortex of hair and air in the medulla of the hair
56
Q

vellus, terminal, and lanugo hair

A

Most hairs found on the body are vellus hairs, tiny colorless hairs. (can’t see generally)

Terminal hairs, (hairs you can see) which are coarse and easy to see are found confined to the scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes and with the onset of puberty, they appear on the armpit and pubic regions of the body and on the faces of men

Lanugo is hair that is present only prenatally, when baby born

57
Q

Functions of hair include:

A
  • thermal insulation
  • protection from the sun and foreign objects
  • sensation, facial expression (eyebrows move)
  • signaling of sexual maturity
  • regulating the dispersal of pheromones (trap pheromones, horemones that play a role in attraction)
58
Q

Nails
root, eponychium, lunula, nail plate, hyponychium

A
    • Fingernails and toenails are mostly dead/nonliving protective plates that arise from down growths of the epidermis into the dermis. These structures are only found in humans and primates
  • Root is covered with skin – that is the living part, always making cells
  • Eponychium (cuticle) Cuticle skin covers the root
  • Lunula – the “moon” between the living and the dead (cells that are dying)
  • Nail plate/body – dead cells
  • Hyponychium – tissue growth beyond the plate under the nail (at tip)
59
Q

Fingertips and nails in medical diagnosis:

A
  • Swollen or clubbed fingertips may indicate long – term oxygen deficiency
  • Dietary deficiencies, like that of iron, can be reflected in nails that become flat or concave
  • Biotin deficiency may result in nails that are thin and easy to break (Vit B. deficiency)
60
Q

All people have same # of melanocytes, _____ determines skin coloring

A

DNA determines coloring

61
Q

Melanocytes and other factors of skin color

A
  • (pheomelanin) responsible for reddish and yellow, lighter, beige like coloring (eumelanin) brownish and black tones
  • hemoglobin, the red pigment of blood, reddish to pinkish hues to the skin as (artery based) O2 rich blood flows and shows through dermal blood vessels bluish tinge (veins) is offered from deoxygenated venous blood flow through the skin.
  • Carotene, an orange - yellow pigment acquired from ingested foods such as egg yolks, carrots, squash and sweet potatoes can become concentrated in the upper layers of the epidermis and in the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer
  • Weather and environmental factors may influence skin color too, such as consistent exposure to sunlight or the lack thereof and
  • deposits over time from particulate matter and chemicals in work environments (coal mines/chemical and industrial plants, asphalt/tar application work environments-may have darker tint to the skin, hand to right)
62
Q

Abnormal skin colors of medical diagnostic value
cyanosis
erythemia
pallor

A

Cyanosis: is the blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood. (Seen in choking, drowning, cardiac arrest and various lung diseases)

Erythema is abnormal redness of the skin which can present during exercise, in hot weather, sunburn, during allergic reaction, anger or embarrassment

Pallor is (lost skin color) a pale or ashen color that occurs when there is little blood flow through the skin and the white color of the dermal collagen shows through. (Seen in times of emotional distress, low blood pressure, circulatory shock, cold temperatures or severe anemia) Anemia either too few red blood cells or they aren’t working correctly

63
Q

Albinism

A
  • genetic lack of melanin that usually results in milky white hair and skin and blue-gray eyes
  • lack in the enzyme tyrosinase which is needed to turn the amino acid tyrosine into melanin
  • Can get sun poisoning – like allergic reaction to sun
64
Q

Jaundice

A
  • is the yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyeballs (sclera)
  • resulting from high levels of a pigment, bilirubin, in the bloodstream. (Bilirubin can accumulate enough to discolor the skin as a result of rapid erythrocyte destruction, and when diseases such as cancer, hepatitis and cirrhosis hamper liver function or in newborns whose livers aren’t developed enough to dispose of bilirubin efficiently
65
Q

Basal cell

A

Stratum basal layer
Most common but “least dangerous”
Doesn’t spread
Shiny bump like a pearl, gets bigger over time, may shrink over time
Eventually a depression within it

66
Q

Patches of discolored skin, caused by tumors of blood vessels

A

Hemangiomas or birthmarks
Gorbachov – port wine hemangioma on head

67
Q

Flexion lines

A

Creases or lines on the skin on skin
– caused by flexing the skin

68
Q

Tinea Pedia is also known as

A
  • “athlete’s feet”
  • Fungal infection of the feet
  • Infection: usually sweating a lot with lots of friction; microabrasions caused in skin by function, fungus gets in the cracks and you get the painful lesion (breaking of normal structure)
  • Treatment – cleaning, drying, creams, powders, and oral meds
69
Q

Red to tan spots on the skin linked to genetics and sun

A

Freckles

70
Q

moles

A

Elevated spots on the skin that are benign tumors

71
Q

Immune system attacks the skin’s melanocytes

A

Vitiligo

72
Q

Vitiligo

A
  • Patches of depigmentation across the skin surface
  • More noticeable in darker skin
  • Runs in families
  • may occur in conjunction with other diseases/disorders such as thyroid disease, diabetes, pernicious (harmful) anemia, and autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus etc.
73
Q

Immune system attaching skin or scalp

A

Psoriasis

74
Q

Psoriasis

A
  • Red patches, Silvery scales
  • Faster cell cycling skin flaking
  • Runs in families – immune system related
  • Psoriatic arthritis related- attacks cartilage
  • Treatment – phototherapy, steroid med, Vitamin D based creams
75
Q

Inflammation of the sebaceous glands (sebum)

A

Acne

76
Q

Acne

A
  • Inflammed sebaceous glands (sebum)
  • Teens make more oils so more likely to have infections w/sebum
  • Hair follicles blocked with keratinocytes (skin cells)
  • White heads – bacteria on skin w/blockage
  • Black heads – eventually turned from white heads
  • Cleaning with soap/water, healthy eating, antibiotic creams/pills
  • Are an infection
77
Q

Impetigo

A
  • Infection from Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria
  • Pus filled blisters; face, arms, legs
  • Little kids in kindergarden – sweating on nap mats, microabrasions on skin
  • HS atheletes – wrestling on mats, body to body contact, sports pads shared by team
  • treatment: clean, dry, antibiotic
78
Q

Cold sores/herpes

A
  • Whitlow infection (infection on finger from Herpes II, image)
  • Target host tissue (skin or glands)
  • Herpes I – moist skin, around mouth (cold sores)
  • Herpes II – genital tissue that’s moist
  • Chicken pox – dry skin
  • Itching, painful, virus can spread through blisters breaking
  • Store themselves in spinal tissue
  • 80% of adults have antibodies
  • Kids, babies can get from kisses from infected individuals
  • No cure, treatment is to keep clean/dry, meds to reduce itching and pain
79
Q

Contact dermatitis

A
  • Itching, redness
  • swelling of skin, rash
  • Usually contact with chemical or substance
  • Treatment – doctor directed based on one’s age, causing agent, overall health and medical history
80
Q

Burns

A

Skin tissue damage and death caused by intense heat, open flames, electricity, UV/sun radiation, friction injury and certain chemicals and steam/vapors.

Burns can also be classified as partial thickness or full thickness burns in clinical settings.

Partial – 1st and 2nd degree burns, Full – 3rd or 4th degree burns

81
Q

Degree types of Burns

A
  • First Degree – damage to the epidermis of skin with redness and slight pain. Usually heals in 2-3 days without any special treatment
  • Second Degree – involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis with skin redness and blistering and some moderate pain. Treatment includes applying cool running water to burn, cleaning and covering it with sterile gauze, and not breaking blisters.
  • Third Degree – destruction of the epidermis, all of the dermis and hypodermis and sometimes deeper tissues like muscle and bone. Treatment includes initially covering the burned areas with cool, moist sterile bandages/towels and getting the victim to a hospital or clinic as serious medical treatment will be needed including cleaning and debridement of tissues, antibiotic therapy, fluid replacements, surgery and skin grafting and more likely than not, psychological and psychiatric support.
  • Fourth Degree – destruction through all of the skin and injury well within underlying muscle and bone. This is incompatible with life and is an autopsy finding.
82
Q

Rule of Nines

A
  • Diagnostic tool for 3rd degree burns
  • Used by MDs to determine how bad off a person has been impacted
  • Divides skin surface into %s to estimate how much damage from burns
83
Q

Most common skin cancer

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

84
Q

Sun precautions (5)

A
  • Avoiding sun 10-4
  • Clothing that covers, avoiding flip flops
  • Suncreen 30+ and reapply every 2 hours
  • Not tanning salons, type 1 carcinogenic experience
  • Low dose asprin may help reduce malignant melanoma
85
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • Lesions throughout epithelium
  • Red raised crusty lesion that can flake off
  • U shaped hollow ulcer in lesion
  • Usually scalp, ears, lower lip, back of the hand
  • Good recovery if early detection
  • Can be deadly with time – if metasticized to lymphatic system
86
Q

Malignant melanoma

A
  • Changes in a preexisting mole
  • Risk factors, lots of sunburns
  • Must be caught early – most deadly skin cancer only 5-15% chance to live
87
Q

Skin cancer

A

Malignant cell growths by exposure to UV rays

88
Q

Skin tips for healthier skin:

A
  • Don’t smoke – samages blood vessels and skin
  • Limit alcohol intake
  • Eat healthy diet (fruits, grains, fatty fish, lean meat)
  • Water and green/black tea
  • Manage stress – skin more sensitive with stress
  • Treat skin gently – limit bath/shower time (depletes oil), avoid strong soaps, pat dry the body, use a moisturizer that fits your skin type
  • Shaving carefully
  • Exercise with supportive clothing
  • Remove makeup and mild moisturizer on skin
  • Inquire about sanitation, wiping tools is ineffective – need UV light and cold sterilization
89
Q

ABCDE mole assessment

A
  • Asymmetry – mole different top/bottom or L/R
  • Border – change on surface
  • Color – changes in
  • Diameter – distance across the mole
  • Elevation/evolution – new elevated surface, change in the mole over time

Bio 141 - additional (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions