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Bio 141 - additional > Lab test 2: mitosis and microorganisms > Flashcards

Lab test 2: mitosis and microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Signs vs symptoms

A

Signs:

Evidence of a disease process Observable by another person (blisters, rash, skin change)

Symptoms:

subjective –patient is only one who knows discomfort, pain, dizziness

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2
Q

infectious diseases

A

body invasion by pathogenic bacteria virus fungi parasites -protozoa -helmith -ectoparasites

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3
Q

microorganisms that cause disease

A

pathogens

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4
Q

virulence capacity/factors

A

pathogenic characteristic:

  • ability to elude/escape body’s immune defenses through
  • enzymes -break down connective tissue
  • leukocidins kill white blood cells
  • toxins causing fevers, shock, organ injuiry
  • slippery capsule to get away/make phagocytosis by WBC difficult
  • mutation/changes
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5
Q

pathogenic mutation

A

ability to change spontaneously or in response to environment = key characteristic of virulence makes developed antibodies drugs, and vaccines ineffective

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6
Q

leukocidin

A

substance created by some bacteria capable of killing white blood cells

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7
Q

bacteria:

pathogenic

non-pathogenic

opportunistic

A

pathogenic - disease producing

non-pathogenic - non-disease producing

opportunistic - it takes advantage of circumstances where immune system is compromised or it finds itself in different environment

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8
Q

oldest form of cellular life

A

bacteria live in every conceivable micro-climate on earth

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9
Q

bacteria

A

procaryotes/ unicellular organisms don’t need living tissue to survive (on surfaces everywhere)

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10
Q

endospores

A

some bacteria can form spore, resistant coated, dormant form released during challenge to bacteria survives and can regenerate when conditions better

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11
Q

Bacteria transfer through

A

biological vectors (animals, fleas) fomites (inanimate objects:toys, needles) food/drink person to person body fluid transfers/contact

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12
Q

positive roles of bacteria (8)

A
  1. normal flora/ microflora of the body
  2. balancing body pH
  3. help balance food digestion
  4. protection from UV rays
  5. vitamin productions
  6. in colonized body areas can offset invasion by other pathogenic organisms
  7. common in food (cheese)
  8. play role in industrial activities
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13
Q

bacterial nutritional/environmental requirements for their own growth and reproduction

A

temperature

aerobic vs. anaerobic

osmotic pressure

pH

barometric pressure

mineral,macromolecular, and metal, etc

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14
Q

bacterial reproduction

A

binary or transverse fission= parent cell splits to pair of daughter cells

generation - name for each division population doubles with each generation exponential growth rate (1,2,4,16,etc)

time: 5-10min, 30-60min, or 10 to 30 days varies by species

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15
Q

procaryotes vs. eucaryotes

A
  • procaryotes - very simple no nuclei or organelles most primative cells
  • eucaryotes- more complex have nuclei, organelles
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16
Q

2 types of procaryotes

A

bacteria: free-living mostly non-pathogenic derive most nutrients from other organisms
archaea: single cell organisms w/ unique genetics to adapt to extreme habitats/ salt/ pressure/ temperature/ acid

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17
Q

aerobic vs. anaerobic

A

2 kinds of bacterial needs: O2 needing = aerobic (think exercise needs O2) anaerobic = doesn’t need oxygen

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18
Q

cell wall

A

outer layer of cellulose or chitin in plant cells only

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19
Q

chloroplast

A

bacteria like element in plants site of photosynthesis

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20
Q

central vacuole

A

in plants large membrane-bound sac storage for water, sugars, ions, pigments

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21
Q

nucleus

A

control center of cell contains chromosomes directs protein synthesis

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22
Q

nucleolus/nucleoli (plural)

A

site of genes for rRNA synthesis assembles ribosomes

(middle circle in the nucleus diagram)

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23
Q

endoplasmic reticulum ER

A

coral reef looking thing forms compartments and vesicles synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids smooth - no ribosomes; lipid production rough - ribosomes; protein production

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24
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stack of pancakes packs proteins for export in vesicles

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25
Q

lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes, digests macromolecules and cell debris

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26
Q

peroxisome

A

contains oxidative/other enzymes breaks down fatty acids

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27
Q

mitochondrion

A

cellular respiration power house - makes ATP

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28
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural support of cell cell movement protein filaments

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29
Q

cilia/ flagella

A

9+2 pattern of microtubules motility

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30
Q

centrioles

A

animal cells only occur in pairs made of microtubules anchor/assemble microtubules key role in cell cycling mytosis

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31
Q

conjugation

A

bacteria perforate each other with pili create bridge plasmids shared back and forth causes genetic mutation

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32
Q

Chlamydia/ Rickettiae/ Mycoplasma

A

Microorganisms similar to both virus and bacteria Require living cells for reproduction

Chlamydia – Chlamydia trachamatus - sterility in women/STD, blindness (2nd leading cause worldwise blindness behind diabetes)

Chlamydia psittaci – causes pneumonia (in bird poop)

Rickettsiae – are transferred via insects (typhus, Rock Mountain spotted fever)

Mycoplasma – causes pneumonia

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33
Q

bacteria shape - 1 0f 3 - (cocci)

A

diplococci - Many travel in pairs, streptococcus pnaumaniae (pneumonia), neissaria gonorrheae

Strepto – means long chains - streptococcus pyogenes

Tetrad – means 4

Sarcinia – 3d/cube - sarcinia ventriculi (human flora, causes ulcers when overgrown)

Staphylococci – grape like - staphylococcus aureus

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34
Q

bacteria shape - 2 of 3 - rods (Bacilli)

A
  • Chain of bacilli looks like long chain of hot dogs -Bacillus anthracis -enterics – digestive system bacteria that look like cigars
  • Flagellate rods cigar with flagella looking - salmonella typhi
  • Spore-former - clostridium botulinum – botulism
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35
Q

Bacteria shape 3 0f 3 - Spirals

A
  • Vibrios- Looks like worm w/flagella - Vibrios cholerae – causes a diarrhea that kills people – infecting wounds from pond water
  • Spirilla- Looks like worm w/ multiple flagella - Helicobacter pylori – normal in stomach; too much causes ulcers
  • Spirochaetes- Spiral worm looking – treponema pallidus, syphilis
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36
Q

Viruses/ difference between DNA/RNA core

A
  • Non-living particle parasites need a host
  • protein coat (capsid)
  • core of DNA or RNA - attach to a host cell, put DNA into cell
  • RNA virus – (called retrovirus) turns RNA to DNA then shoots into cell
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37
Q

Fungal/ Mycotic infections

A

Single cell yeast or multicellular molds (chains of cells in various structures) Fungus feed on dead matter - hair,nails,skin love warmth, moisture, sugar -Tenia pedia – athelete’s feet -Tinia capitis (scalp infection) -Candida infection (thrush) Babies, weak immune system Mouth is warm, milk sugar, moist

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38
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Eukaryotic (more complex) organisms
  • Unicellular
  • mobile via cilia or flagella
  • no cell wall
  • free-living or parasitic
  • Interesting shapes (alien looking)
  • Examples: Trichomoniasis, malaria, diarrhea/amoebic dysentery
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39
Q

Helminths

A
  • Are worms that are human parasites
  • Reproduce in the host
  • Humans can be intermediate, and/or definitive host
  • Roundworms (nematodes) Tapeworms (cestodes) Flukes (trematodes)
  • Trichtomella worm (bear meat, pork) – cause trichinosis; uses host as both breeding ground and final destination- goes into muscles then they make hard areas in the muscle
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40
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Infest external body surfaces

Localized tissue damage

Inflammation after bite or burrowing of

arthropod/insect

Scabies – most common human ectoparasites; make a tunnel in the skin, make you scratch

Chiggers

Lice (head, body, pubic)

Fleas

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41
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the cause of illness and disease in human and wildlife populations

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42
Q

Amebiasis

A

protozoan clear in water

Flies can tranmit to water or sewage in water supplies

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43
Q

“vibrios” bacteria

A

spiral bacteria

vibrio cholerae

comma shaped with a flagellum at one end

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44
Q
A

Giardia lamblia;

Protozoan most common intestinal parasite(look like smiley face)

Untreated water, old pipes/breaks, groundwater contamination, campground ponds,

beavers/muskrats (act as resevoir); found places where humans and wildlife use same source of water

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45
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

protozoan causing Giardiasis

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46
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Hepatitis A virus infects the liver

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47
Q

Flagellated rods bacteria

A

salmonella typhi

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48
Q

ate some canned food and got dizzy with double vision 12-72 hours later, what might I have?

A

Clostridum botulinum

caused by paralytic toxins from bacteria (Look like Mike and Ikes) 12-72 hours

Affects brain not gut Dizziness, (may get vomiting), double vision, can die if diaphragm is affected, muscle weakness

Dirt bacteria; that can be in improperly canned foods, ball glass jars, canned fish, baked potatoes in aluminum foil

Canned food – can move through cans if microscopic holes/cracks

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49
Q

Image: Botulinum

A

Clostridium botulinum

spore-forming rod bacteria

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50
Q

Image: pinworm

My 3 year old won’t stop scratching their bottom and is having a hard time sleeping at night, they might have?

A
  • (Image Enterobius Vermicularis) Pin worm
  • Organism that a kid can drink from contaminated water, adult immune system can usually handle it Swallowed in water or food
  • Resist stomach acid
  • Move into small intestines then large intestines
  • At night they come out of the anus and lay eggs around the skin of the anal opening
  • Kid scratching their bottom
  • UV light – eggs can be seen around opening
  • Medical patch that removes lots of eggs, then med. To kill the adults in the intestines
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51
Q

look like Mike and Ike candy shapes

A

Clostridium botulinum, bacteria

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52
Q

staphylococci shaped bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus “staphylo” grape like Organism on skin

colonize skin surface and keep there from being room for fungus/others to grow Takes advantage when cut Boil is a staph infection Gastro – fast acting – within 30 minutes can be sick – stomach contractions, violent diarrhea, projectile vomiting Some people are carriers – excessive in nasal cavity (carrier sneezes on food)

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53
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Infections that make you more sick in the hospital than when you walked in Be healthy and try NOT to need doctor and hospital

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54
Q
A

Image: streptococcus

Streptococcus pyogenes (image) Long chains

bacteria in our throats, can be opportunistic

circular Normal flora organism in our throats Supposed to be there to help If we’re not eating right, stressed, it can overgrow

Pharyngitis – sore throat from it Jail, prison, dorms, tight quarters – lots of illness

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55
Q
A

pediculosis capitis

Ectoparasites – on the skin

Children under age 12 most vulnerable

before hormones – ONLY protein in hair after teens – fatty acids in the hair and the lice don’t like there are

some that affect adults pubic lice – can be transmitted

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56
Q

scabies

A

sarcoptes scabeii

skin to skin contact (clothes)

moves into pores of the skin v

ertical lines (black) through the skin – tunnel through the skin

eggs in the burroughs – people have reaction to the eggs and then the feces in the skin

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57
Q

super itchy with black lines on my skin?

A

scabies

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58
Q

fluid surrounding cells in body

A

extracellular fluid

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59
Q

liquid portion of cytoplasm

A

cytosol

60
Q

cytosol

A

liquid portion of cytoplasm

61
Q

Name 2 major parts of the cell

A

cell membrane

cytoplasm

62
Q

what structure is composed mostly of phospholipid bilayer

A

plasma membrane

63
Q

organelle responsible for ATP production

A

mitochondria

64
Q

this organelle makes protein for use outside the cell

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

this cell organelle produces lipids

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

this organelle directs the activities of the cell and contains most of the genetic information of the cell

A

nucleus

67
Q

What cellular structure is responsible for ribosome production?

A

nucleolus in nucleus

68
Q

3 stages of cell cycle

A

interphase

mitosis (PMAT)

cytokinesis

69
Q

interphase

A

non-actively dividing cells -

phase when cell is doing normal fuctions

when actively dividing -

cell grows and x2 the DNA in preparation

70
Q

3 phases of Interphase

A

G1 phase

S phase

G2 phase

71
Q

G1 phase

A

1st of 3 phases of Interphase

G stands for gap

cells growing in size and producing organelles

accumulating any materials needed for division

72
Q
A
73
Q

S phase

A

2nd phase of Interphase - stands for “synthesis”

DNA is duplicated/replicated = double helix unzips and 2 new identical DNA molecules are formed

74
Q

G2 phase

A

3rd of 3 phases of Interphase

cell continues to grow and prepare for mitosis

nucleus easy to see/and chromatin every faint

75
Q

What do cells in Interphase look like?

A

distinct nuclear envelope

looks like egg yoke as the chromatin genetic info. is dispersed in the nucleus as chromatin

76
Q

What are 3 times we see cell cycling mitosis in humans?

A

embryo

child growth to adult

injury healing

77
Q

G0 phase

A

muscle and brain cells that don’t have more division

78
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

“PMAT”

79
Q

prophase

A

nuclear envelope disappears

nucleolus disappears

chromatins condense to form visible chromosomes (somes more mature)

spindle apparatus forms - centrioles are creating spindle fibers

80
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibers align chromosomes in midline (metaphase plate)

81
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibers splitting chromesomes to poles

may start to see clevage furroghing, start of cytokinesis

82
Q

telophase

A

more pronounced furroughing

splitting equally into 2 daughter cells

nuclear envelope re-forms

chromosomes unwind to chromatin

cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm

nucleolus reappears

83
Q

cytokinesis

A

splitting of cell’s cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells

84
Q

stage when DNA is duplicated

A

interphase

85
Q

part of cell cycle chromosomes first split apart

A

anaphase

86
Q

cell cycle part when cytoplasm is divided

A

cytokinesis

87
Q

rough ER

A

ribosomes on surface

creates proteins

88
Q

brownian motion

A

particles such as dust or ink moving irratically (by molecular collision we can’t see) visible in the light microscope

89
Q

diffusion

A

particles moving from region of high concentration to lower concentration (gas or liquid)

90
Q

mutations

A

changes in DNA structure of a cell

91
Q

causes of cellular mutation

A

replication errors

environmental - radiation, chemicals, viruses

mutation may have no efffects or may kill a cell, turn it cancerous, cause genetic defects

92
Q

can mitosis occur without cytokinesis?

A

yes! the is why some cells have more than one nuclei or multiple sets of chromosomes

93
Q

spindle fibers are created by _______ and appear at the ________ stage of mitosis

A

created by centrioles and are microtubules

appear in prophase

94
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

95
Q

regulates what enters and exits the cell

A

plasma (cell) membrane

96
Q

cytoplasm

A

internal portion of the cell - fluid, organelles

97
Q

small filaments and tubules that give the cytoplasm structure make up the _________

A

cytoskeleton

98
Q

plasma membrane composed of a ________ bilayer

A

phospholipid bilayer

99
Q

________ molecules among the phospholipid molecules provide stability to the plasma membrane

A

choleserol molecules

100
Q

surface proteins on inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane

A

peripheral proteins

101
Q

cytoplasm is ____% water and ___% other materials

A

92% water, 8% other

102
Q

________ proteins that are present both exterior and interior to the cell by passing through the plasma membrane; frequently serve as cell markers

A

transmembrane proteins (as opposed to fixed peripheral proteins)

103
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

organelle with a network of internal membranes

compartments and vesicles

smooth - creates lipids

rough - creates proteins

104
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes, creates lipids

105
Q

golgi apparatus gets material from the _______ and has _______

A

packages proteins into vesicles for export

cisternae are the membranous sacs where it holds molecules before transporting by vesicle

106
Q

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

107
Q

2 major functions of the nucleus

A
  • house genetic information in the cell
  • direct cellular functions
108
Q

Role of DNA in nucleus

A

combines with proteins to form chromatin in the nucleus

109
Q

nuclear pores

A

pores in the nuclear envelope which allow movement in and out of the nucleus

110
Q

vesicles

A

membrane sacs in the cell

transport material out of the cell

also transport from organelle to organelle

111
Q

lysosomes

A
  • vesicle in cell filled with digestive enzymes
  • digests macromolecules and cell debris
112
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • vesicles in cell containing oxidative and other enzymes
    • break down fatty acids
113
Q

_____ and ______ are vesicles in the cellular cytoplasm that have specialized roles

A

lysosomes and peroxisomes

114
Q

3 kinds of extensions on the surface of a cell

A
  • microvilli - small ext. of the plasma membrane, increase surface area
  • cilia and flagella - extend from body of the cell and are made of microtubules covered by plasma membrane
  • cilia are shorter than flagella
  • flagella have additonal cytoskeletal filaments
115
Q

centrosomes

A

contain centrioles which make spindles for cellular division

116
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

nonloving material in body that supports cells, separates tissues, anchors cells, regulates communiacation between cells and assists in wound healing

made of fibers, binding proteins and ground substance

117
Q

3 parts of mitotic apparatus

A

asters x2 (points of radiating fibers at each pole of the cell)

centrioles (in middle of the asters)

spindle fibers (attach to chromosomes)

118
Q

spindle fibers made of

A

microtubules

119
Q

spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the ______

A

centromere

120
Q

during what phase of mitosis do chromosomes become daughter chromosomes?

A

anaphase (phase where chromosomes split apart and are pulled to opposite poles)

121
Q

what embryos did we study to look at mitosis phases?

A

white fish embryos

122
Q

bacteria shapes:

A

rod:spiral, round (some)

123
Q

exterior of bacterial cell structure includes (5)

A
  1. capsules for adhesion to tissue or escape
  2. pili to attach/make adhesions
  3. cell wall/ plasma membrane
  4. procaryotic flagella (some)
  5. can form endospores (some)
124
Q

Cytoplasm of bacterium contains (7)

A
  1. no organelles
  2. some plasmid DNA
  3. nucleoid region
  4. plasmids
  5. free ribosomes
  6. actin filaments
  7. inclusions (some)
125
Q

cells of protozoans, green algae, fungi, plants, animals, and humans are ______ cells

A

eucaryotic

126
Q

fungal or mycotic infections

caused by?

like what environments?

A
  • single celled yeast/or multicellular molds
  • fungus feed on dead matter - hair, nails, skin
  • love warm, moist, sugar environments
127
Q

thrush/candida infection in babies is an example of a ________ infection

A

yeast infection

128
Q

tenia pedia

A

fungal infection - athelete’s foot

129
Q

tinia capitis

A

fungal infection of the scalp

130
Q

Trichomoniasis, malaria, and diarrhea/amoebic dysentery are caused by __________

A

protozoans

131
Q

normal flora

A
  • resident microorganisms
  • on skin, in mouth, different areas of body
  • not pathogenic but help us
  • UNLESS transferred to different body location
  • OR immune system is impaired
  • OR balance in area isn’t right
  • OPPORTUNISTIC
132
Q

Most common human ectoparasites (4)

A
  • mites (scabies) – most common human ectoparasites; make a tunnel in the skin, make you scratch
  • Chiggers
  • Lice (head, body, pubic)
  • fleas
133
Q
A

Image: Staphylococcus aurus

staphylococci grape shaped cluster of bacteria

causes skin absesses, sinusitis, “opportunistic”

134
Q
A

Image: e.coli

enteric organism

out of bowel area can be opportunistic

135
Q
A

influenza virus

flu can be DNA or RNA

136
Q

label:

plasmid (DNA), ribosomes, nucleoid region, food granules, cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, prokaryotic flagellum, cytoplasm, capsule or slime layer

A

Image with labels

137
Q
A
138
Q
A
139
Q

Image: cell membrane from lab page 42, to label

A

image with labels

140
Q
A

telophase

141
Q
A

anaphase

142
Q
A

metaphase

143
Q
A

prophase

144
Q
A

Interphase

145
Q

Image: labeling cell parts from lab

A

image with words

Bio 141 - additional (7 decks)

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