Lab test 2: mitosis and microorganisms Flashcards
Signs vs symptoms
Signs:
Evidence of a disease process Observable by another person (blisters, rash, skin change)
Symptoms:
subjective –patient is only one who knows discomfort, pain, dizziness
infectious diseases
body invasion by pathogenic bacteria virus fungi parasites -protozoa -helmith -ectoparasites
microorganisms that cause disease
pathogens
virulence capacity/factors
pathogenic characteristic:
- ability to elude/escape body’s immune defenses through
- enzymes -break down connective tissue
- leukocidins kill white blood cells
- toxins causing fevers, shock, organ injuiry
- slippery capsule to get away/make phagocytosis by WBC difficult
- mutation/changes
pathogenic mutation
ability to change spontaneously or in response to environment = key characteristic of virulence makes developed antibodies drugs, and vaccines ineffective
leukocidin
substance created by some bacteria capable of killing white blood cells
bacteria:
pathogenic
non-pathogenic
opportunistic
pathogenic - disease producing
non-pathogenic - non-disease producing
opportunistic - it takes advantage of circumstances where immune system is compromised or it finds itself in different environment
oldest form of cellular life
bacteria live in every conceivable micro-climate on earth
bacteria
procaryotes/ unicellular organisms don’t need living tissue to survive (on surfaces everywhere)
endospores
some bacteria can form spore, resistant coated, dormant form released during challenge to bacteria survives and can regenerate when conditions better
Bacteria transfer through
biological vectors (animals, fleas) fomites (inanimate objects:toys, needles) food/drink person to person body fluid transfers/contact
positive roles of bacteria (8)
- normal flora/ microflora of the body
- balancing body pH
- help balance food digestion
- protection from UV rays
- vitamin productions
- in colonized body areas can offset invasion by other pathogenic organisms
- common in food (cheese)
- play role in industrial activities
bacterial nutritional/environmental requirements for their own growth and reproduction
temperature
aerobic vs. anaerobic
osmotic pressure
pH
barometric pressure
mineral,macromolecular, and metal, etc
bacterial reproduction
binary or transverse fission= parent cell splits to pair of daughter cells
generation - name for each division population doubles with each generation exponential growth rate (1,2,4,16,etc)
time: 5-10min, 30-60min, or 10 to 30 days varies by species
procaryotes vs. eucaryotes
- procaryotes - very simple no nuclei or organelles most primative cells
- eucaryotes- more complex have nuclei, organelles
2 types of procaryotes
bacteria: free-living mostly non-pathogenic derive most nutrients from other organisms
archaea: single cell organisms w/ unique genetics to adapt to extreme habitats/ salt/ pressure/ temperature/ acid
aerobic vs. anaerobic
2 kinds of bacterial needs: O2 needing = aerobic (think exercise needs O2) anaerobic = doesn’t need oxygen
cell wall
outer layer of cellulose or chitin in plant cells only
chloroplast
bacteria like element in plants site of photosynthesis
central vacuole
in plants large membrane-bound sac storage for water, sugars, ions, pigments
nucleus
control center of cell contains chromosomes directs protein synthesis
nucleolus/nucleoli (plural)
site of genes for rRNA synthesis assembles ribosomes
(middle circle in the nucleus diagram)
endoplasmic reticulum ER
coral reef looking thing forms compartments and vesicles synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids smooth - no ribosomes; lipid production rough - ribosomes; protein production
golgi apparatus
stack of pancakes packs proteins for export in vesicles
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes, digests macromolecules and cell debris
peroxisome
contains oxidative/other enzymes breaks down fatty acids
mitochondrion
cellular respiration power house - makes ATP
cytoskeleton
structural support of cell cell movement protein filaments
cilia/ flagella
9+2 pattern of microtubules motility
centrioles
animal cells only occur in pairs made of microtubules anchor/assemble microtubules key role in cell cycling mytosis
conjugation
bacteria perforate each other with pili create bridge plasmids shared back and forth causes genetic mutation
Chlamydia/ Rickettiae/ Mycoplasma
Microorganisms similar to both virus and bacteria Require living cells for reproduction
Chlamydia – Chlamydia trachamatus - sterility in women/STD, blindness (2nd leading cause worldwise blindness behind diabetes)
Chlamydia psittaci – causes pneumonia (in bird poop)
Rickettsiae – are transferred via insects (typhus, Rock Mountain spotted fever)
Mycoplasma – causes pneumonia
bacteria shape - 1 0f 3 - (cocci)
diplococci - Many travel in pairs, streptococcus pnaumaniae (pneumonia), neissaria gonorrheae
Strepto – means long chains - streptococcus pyogenes
Tetrad – means 4
Sarcinia – 3d/cube - sarcinia ventriculi (human flora, causes ulcers when overgrown)
Staphylococci – grape like - staphylococcus aureus
bacteria shape - 2 of 3 - rods (Bacilli)
- Chain of bacilli looks like long chain of hot dogs -Bacillus anthracis -enterics – digestive system bacteria that look like cigars
- Flagellate rods cigar with flagella looking - salmonella typhi
- Spore-former - clostridium botulinum – botulism
Bacteria shape 3 0f 3 - Spirals
- Vibrios- Looks like worm w/flagella - Vibrios cholerae – causes a diarrhea that kills people – infecting wounds from pond water
- Spirilla- Looks like worm w/ multiple flagella - Helicobacter pylori – normal in stomach; too much causes ulcers
- Spirochaetes- Spiral worm looking – treponema pallidus, syphilis
Viruses/ difference between DNA/RNA core
- Non-living particle parasites need a host
- protein coat (capsid)
- core of DNA or RNA - attach to a host cell, put DNA into cell
- RNA virus – (called retrovirus) turns RNA to DNA then shoots into cell
Fungal/ Mycotic infections
Single cell yeast or multicellular molds (chains of cells in various structures) Fungus feed on dead matter - hair,nails,skin love warmth, moisture, sugar -Tenia pedia – athelete’s feet -Tinia capitis (scalp infection) -Candida infection (thrush) Babies, weak immune system Mouth is warm, milk sugar, moist
Protozoa
- Eukaryotic (more complex) organisms
- Unicellular
- mobile via cilia or flagella
- no cell wall
- free-living or parasitic
- Interesting shapes (alien looking)
- Examples: Trichomoniasis, malaria, diarrhea/amoebic dysentery
Helminths
- Are worms that are human parasites
- Reproduce in the host
- Humans can be intermediate, and/or definitive host
- Roundworms (nematodes) Tapeworms (cestodes) Flukes (trematodes)
- Trichtomella worm (bear meat, pork) – cause trichinosis; uses host as both breeding ground and final destination- goes into muscles then they make hard areas in the muscle
Ectoparasites
Infest external body surfaces
Localized tissue damage
Inflammation after bite or burrowing of
arthropod/insect
Scabies – most common human ectoparasites; make a tunnel in the skin, make you scratch
Chiggers
Lice (head, body, pubic)
Fleas
epidemiology
study of the cause of illness and disease in human and wildlife populations
Amebiasis
protozoan clear in water
Flies can tranmit to water or sewage in water supplies
“vibrios” bacteria
spiral bacteria
vibrio cholerae
comma shaped with a flagellum at one end
Giardia lamblia;
Protozoan most common intestinal parasite(look like smiley face)
Untreated water, old pipes/breaks, groundwater contamination, campground ponds,
beavers/muskrats (act as resevoir); found places where humans and wildlife use same source of water
Giardia lamblia
protozoan causing Giardiasis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A virus infects the liver
Flagellated rods bacteria
salmonella typhi
ate some canned food and got dizzy with double vision 12-72 hours later, what might I have?
Clostridum botulinum
caused by paralytic toxins from bacteria (Look like Mike and Ikes) 12-72 hours
Affects brain not gut Dizziness, (may get vomiting), double vision, can die if diaphragm is affected, muscle weakness
Dirt bacteria; that can be in improperly canned foods, ball glass jars, canned fish, baked potatoes in aluminum foil
Canned food – can move through cans if microscopic holes/cracks
Image: Botulinum
Clostridium botulinum
spore-forming rod bacteria
Image: pinworm
My 3 year old won’t stop scratching their bottom and is having a hard time sleeping at night, they might have?
- (Image Enterobius Vermicularis) Pin worm
- Organism that a kid can drink from contaminated water, adult immune system can usually handle it Swallowed in water or food
- Resist stomach acid
- Move into small intestines then large intestines
- At night they come out of the anus and lay eggs around the skin of the anal opening
- Kid scratching their bottom
- UV light – eggs can be seen around opening
- Medical patch that removes lots of eggs, then med. To kill the adults in the intestines
look like Mike and Ike candy shapes
Clostridium botulinum, bacteria
staphylococci shaped bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus “staphylo” grape like Organism on skin
colonize skin surface and keep there from being room for fungus/others to grow Takes advantage when cut Boil is a staph infection Gastro – fast acting – within 30 minutes can be sick – stomach contractions, violent diarrhea, projectile vomiting Some people are carriers – excessive in nasal cavity (carrier sneezes on food)
Nosocomial infections
Infections that make you more sick in the hospital than when you walked in Be healthy and try NOT to need doctor and hospital
Image: streptococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes (image) Long chains
bacteria in our throats, can be opportunistic
circular Normal flora organism in our throats Supposed to be there to help If we’re not eating right, stressed, it can overgrow
Pharyngitis – sore throat from it Jail, prison, dorms, tight quarters – lots of illness
pediculosis capitis
Ectoparasites – on the skin
Children under age 12 most vulnerable
before hormones – ONLY protein in hair after teens – fatty acids in the hair and the lice don’t like there are
some that affect adults pubic lice – can be transmitted
scabies
sarcoptes scabeii
skin to skin contact (clothes)
moves into pores of the skin v
ertical lines (black) through the skin – tunnel through the skin
eggs in the burroughs – people have reaction to the eggs and then the feces in the skin
super itchy with black lines on my skin?
scabies
fluid surrounding cells in body
extracellular fluid
liquid portion of cytoplasm
cytosol
cytosol
liquid portion of cytoplasm
Name 2 major parts of the cell
cell membrane
cytoplasm
what structure is composed mostly of phospholipid bilayer
plasma membrane
organelle responsible for ATP production
mitochondria
this organelle makes protein for use outside the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
this cell organelle produces lipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
this organelle directs the activities of the cell and contains most of the genetic information of the cell
nucleus
What cellular structure is responsible for ribosome production?
nucleolus in nucleus
3 stages of cell cycle
interphase
mitosis (PMAT)
cytokinesis
interphase
non-actively dividing cells -
phase when cell is doing normal fuctions
when actively dividing -
cell grows and x2 the DNA in preparation
3 phases of Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
G1 phase
1st of 3 phases of Interphase
G stands for gap
cells growing in size and producing organelles
accumulating any materials needed for division
S phase
2nd phase of Interphase - stands for “synthesis”
DNA is duplicated/replicated = double helix unzips and 2 new identical DNA molecules are formed
G2 phase
3rd of 3 phases of Interphase
cell continues to grow and prepare for mitosis
nucleus easy to see/and chromatin every faint
What do cells in Interphase look like?
distinct nuclear envelope
looks like egg yoke as the chromatin genetic info. is dispersed in the nucleus as chromatin
What are 3 times we see cell cycling mitosis in humans?
embryo
child growth to adult
injury healing
G0 phase
muscle and brain cells that don’t have more division
4 phases of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
“PMAT”
prophase
nuclear envelope disappears
nucleolus disappears
chromatins condense to form visible chromosomes (somes more mature)
spindle apparatus forms - centrioles are creating spindle fibers
metaphase
spindle fibers align chromosomes in midline (metaphase plate)
anaphase
spindle fibers splitting chromesomes to poles
may start to see clevage furroghing, start of cytokinesis
telophase
more pronounced furroughing
splitting equally into 2 daughter cells
nuclear envelope re-forms
chromosomes unwind to chromatin
cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm
nucleolus reappears
cytokinesis
splitting of cell’s cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells
stage when DNA is duplicated
interphase
part of cell cycle chromosomes first split apart
anaphase
cell cycle part when cytoplasm is divided
cytokinesis
rough ER
ribosomes on surface
creates proteins
brownian motion
particles such as dust or ink moving irratically (by molecular collision we can’t see) visible in the light microscope
diffusion
particles moving from region of high concentration to lower concentration (gas or liquid)
mutations
changes in DNA structure of a cell
causes of cellular mutation
replication errors
environmental - radiation, chemicals, viruses
mutation may have no efffects or may kill a cell, turn it cancerous, cause genetic defects
can mitosis occur without cytokinesis?
yes! the is why some cells have more than one nuclei or multiple sets of chromosomes
spindle fibers are created by _______ and appear at the ________ stage of mitosis
created by centrioles and are microtubules
appear in prophase
cytology
study of cells
regulates what enters and exits the cell
plasma (cell) membrane
cytoplasm
internal portion of the cell - fluid, organelles
small filaments and tubules that give the cytoplasm structure make up the _________
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane composed of a ________ bilayer
phospholipid bilayer
________ molecules among the phospholipid molecules provide stability to the plasma membrane
choleserol molecules
surface proteins on inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane
peripheral proteins
cytoplasm is ____% water and ___% other materials
92% water, 8% other
________ proteins that are present both exterior and interior to the cell by passing through the plasma membrane; frequently serve as cell markers
transmembrane proteins (as opposed to fixed peripheral proteins)
endoplasmic reticulum
organelle with a network of internal membranes
compartments and vesicles
smooth - creates lipids
rough - creates proteins
smooth ER
no ribosomes, creates lipids
golgi apparatus gets material from the _______ and has _______
packages proteins into vesicles for export
cisternae are the membranous sacs where it holds molecules before transporting by vesicle
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
nuclear envelope
2 major functions of the nucleus
- house genetic information in the cell
- direct cellular functions
Role of DNA in nucleus
combines with proteins to form chromatin in the nucleus
nuclear pores
pores in the nuclear envelope which allow movement in and out of the nucleus
vesicles
membrane sacs in the cell
transport material out of the cell
also transport from organelle to organelle
lysosomes
- vesicle in cell filled with digestive enzymes
- digests macromolecules and cell debris
peroxisomes
- vesicles in cell containing oxidative and other enzymes
- break down fatty acids
_____ and ______ are vesicles in the cellular cytoplasm that have specialized roles
lysosomes and peroxisomes
3 kinds of extensions on the surface of a cell
- microvilli - small ext. of the plasma membrane, increase surface area
- cilia and flagella - extend from body of the cell and are made of microtubules covered by plasma membrane
- cilia are shorter than flagella
- flagella have additonal cytoskeletal filaments
centrosomes
contain centrioles which make spindles for cellular division
extracellular matrix (ECM)
nonloving material in body that supports cells, separates tissues, anchors cells, regulates communiacation between cells and assists in wound healing
made of fibers, binding proteins and ground substance
3 parts of mitotic apparatus
asters x2 (points of radiating fibers at each pole of the cell)
centrioles (in middle of the asters)
spindle fibers (attach to chromosomes)
spindle fibers made of
microtubules
spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the ______
centromere
during what phase of mitosis do chromosomes become daughter chromosomes?
anaphase (phase where chromosomes split apart and are pulled to opposite poles)
what embryos did we study to look at mitosis phases?
white fish embryos
bacteria shapes:
rod:spiral, round (some)
exterior of bacterial cell structure includes (5)
- capsules for adhesion to tissue or escape
- pili to attach/make adhesions
- cell wall/ plasma membrane
- procaryotic flagella (some)
- can form endospores (some)
Cytoplasm of bacterium contains (7)
- no organelles
- some plasmid DNA
- nucleoid region
- plasmids
- free ribosomes
- actin filaments
- inclusions (some)
cells of protozoans, green algae, fungi, plants, animals, and humans are ______ cells
eucaryotic
fungal or mycotic infections
caused by?
like what environments?
- single celled yeast/or multicellular molds
- fungus feed on dead matter - hair, nails, skin
- love warm, moist, sugar environments
thrush/candida infection in babies is an example of a ________ infection
yeast infection
tenia pedia
fungal infection - athelete’s foot
tinia capitis
fungal infection of the scalp
Trichomoniasis, malaria, and diarrhea/amoebic dysentery are caused by __________
protozoans
normal flora
- resident microorganisms
- on skin, in mouth, different areas of body
- not pathogenic but help us
- UNLESS transferred to different body location
- OR immune system is impaired
- OR balance in area isn’t right
- OPPORTUNISTIC
Most common human ectoparasites (4)
- mites (scabies) – most common human ectoparasites; make a tunnel in the skin, make you scratch
- Chiggers
- Lice (head, body, pubic)
- fleas
Image: Staphylococcus aurus
staphylococci grape shaped cluster of bacteria
causes skin absesses, sinusitis, “opportunistic”
Image: e.coli
enteric organism
out of bowel area can be opportunistic
influenza virus
flu can be DNA or RNA
label:
plasmid (DNA), ribosomes, nucleoid region, food granules, cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, prokaryotic flagellum, cytoplasm, capsule or slime layer
Image with labels
Image: cell membrane from lab page 42, to label
image with labels
telophase
anaphase
metaphase
prophase
Interphase
Image: labeling cell parts from lab
image with words
