Lab test 2: mitosis and microorganisms Flashcards
Signs vs symptoms
Signs:
Evidence of a disease process Observable by another person (blisters, rash, skin change)
Symptoms:
subjective –patient is only one who knows discomfort, pain, dizziness
infectious diseases
body invasion by pathogenic bacteria virus fungi parasites -protozoa -helmith -ectoparasites
microorganisms that cause disease
pathogens
virulence capacity/factors
pathogenic characteristic:
- ability to elude/escape body’s immune defenses through
- enzymes -break down connective tissue
- leukocidins kill white blood cells
- toxins causing fevers, shock, organ injuiry
- slippery capsule to get away/make phagocytosis by WBC difficult
- mutation/changes
pathogenic mutation
ability to change spontaneously or in response to environment = key characteristic of virulence makes developed antibodies drugs, and vaccines ineffective
leukocidin
substance created by some bacteria capable of killing white blood cells
bacteria:
pathogenic
non-pathogenic
opportunistic
pathogenic - disease producing
non-pathogenic - non-disease producing
opportunistic - it takes advantage of circumstances where immune system is compromised or it finds itself in different environment
oldest form of cellular life
bacteria live in every conceivable micro-climate on earth
bacteria
procaryotes/ unicellular organisms don’t need living tissue to survive (on surfaces everywhere)
endospores
some bacteria can form spore, resistant coated, dormant form released during challenge to bacteria survives and can regenerate when conditions better
Bacteria transfer through
biological vectors (animals, fleas) fomites (inanimate objects:toys, needles) food/drink person to person body fluid transfers/contact
positive roles of bacteria (8)
- normal flora/ microflora of the body
- balancing body pH
- help balance food digestion
- protection from UV rays
- vitamin productions
- in colonized body areas can offset invasion by other pathogenic organisms
- common in food (cheese)
- play role in industrial activities
bacterial nutritional/environmental requirements for their own growth and reproduction
temperature
aerobic vs. anaerobic
osmotic pressure
pH
barometric pressure
mineral,macromolecular, and metal, etc
bacterial reproduction
binary or transverse fission= parent cell splits to pair of daughter cells
generation - name for each division population doubles with each generation exponential growth rate (1,2,4,16,etc)
time: 5-10min, 30-60min, or 10 to 30 days varies by species
procaryotes vs. eucaryotes
- procaryotes - very simple no nuclei or organelles most primative cells
- eucaryotes- more complex have nuclei, organelles
2 types of procaryotes
bacteria: free-living mostly non-pathogenic derive most nutrients from other organisms
archaea: single cell organisms w/ unique genetics to adapt to extreme habitats/ salt/ pressure/ temperature/ acid
aerobic vs. anaerobic
2 kinds of bacterial needs: O2 needing = aerobic (think exercise needs O2) anaerobic = doesn’t need oxygen
cell wall
outer layer of cellulose or chitin in plant cells only
chloroplast
bacteria like element in plants site of photosynthesis
central vacuole
in plants large membrane-bound sac storage for water, sugars, ions, pigments
nucleus
control center of cell contains chromosomes directs protein synthesis
nucleolus/nucleoli (plural)
site of genes for rRNA synthesis assembles ribosomes
(middle circle in the nucleus diagram)
endoplasmic reticulum ER
coral reef looking thing forms compartments and vesicles synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids smooth - no ribosomes; lipid production rough - ribosomes; protein production
golgi apparatus
stack of pancakes packs proteins for export in vesicles
















