Study sheet qustions Flashcards
Daily habits that age us:
1- sleep habits 2- too much tv 3- straws and smoking 4- heat/AC too high 5- not stimulating our brains 6- too much sugar 7- not enough good fats 8- suncreen (vacations only) 9- not using eye creams, moisturizers 10- oil/alcohol skin products 11- too much sitting/slouoching 12- too much stress 13- isolation in relationships 14- smoke/chemical exposure
Less than 7 hrs of sleep leads to what 5 negative results?
- shorter lifespan
- lack of energy
- weight gain
- accident proneness
- attention problems
According to Fox news, for every 1 hr of tv watched, life expectancy decreases on average by _____ minutes.
22 minutes
Pillowcases that are not satin or silk do what?
pressure/rubbing cause wrinkles and creases in skin
cotton pulls moisture from the skin
sleeping on back also helps
Disease % linked to environmental issues
25-40% or more of diseases are accounted for by environmental issues
Children/elderly
More sensitive/vulnerable to toxins
immune systems more vulnerable
children more susceptible to mutational damage as they are still growing and lots of cell multiplication
Efforts/Practices Mindset for healthy responses to environmental challenges to human health
- environment inpacts us all
- air, water, energy, chemicals used
- as individuals we can have immediate and long-term affect
- lifestyle choices
- chemical use
- cleanup/restoration/preservation practices
- education & research aimed at healthy living/healthy world
Once in environment, chemicals can (3)
remain in dangerous form (in environment Ex. DDT pesticide; can affect ecosystems and microganisms)
Become more toxic
Break down into harmless substances
3 ways chemicals injested:
Oral cavity – food/drinks
Inhaled
Skin absorption – home or workplace
Body organ that removes most toxins
Liver breaks down/neutralizes/ removes most
Some toxins – not broken but stored in tissues
4 Harmful chemical effects on body
Tissue damage
Damage at site of entry
enter blood and circulate to other body areas
(may accumulate to dangerous levels with no signs/symptoms)
Signs vs symptoms
Signs:
Evidence of a disease process
Observable by another person
(blisters, rash, skin change)
Symptoms:
subjective –patient is only one who knows
discomfort, pain, dizziness
Antiseptics; Hexaclorophene
Are chemicals used in soaps/powders
Put ON the body – easily absorbed via. Broken skin
Hexaclorophene Chemical formerly used in antiseptics Used in 40s,50s,60s Found to cause brain damage Now very restricted use
4 adverse chemical effects on the body’s cells
Membrane damage
Swelling/rupture
Metabolic inhibition
Carcinogenic/mutational changes (can lead to cancers like leukemia)
Carcinogenic changes
Changes that have potential to cause cancer
Mutational changes
DNA changes that occur from exposure to chemicals
Types of hazardous chemicals/Molecular agents
Heavy metals – lead/mercury
Inhalants – smog/carbon tetrachloride
Physical Agents
- Temperature – hypothermia, hyperthermia
- Radiation Agents
- Noise Agents
Biological Agents
- bites/stings
- foodborne/waterborne illness
Dietary/Nutritional Agents
- food additives
- food preservatives
infectious diseases
body invasion by pathogenic bacteria virus fungi parasites -protozoa -helmith -ectoparasites
microorganisms that cause disease
pathogens
virulence capacity
pathogenic characteristic:
ability to elude/escape body’s immune defenses through
- enzymes -break down connective tissue
- leukocidins kill white blood cells
- toxins causing fevers, shock, organ injuiry
- slippery capsule to get away/make phagocytosis by WBC difficult
- mutation - changes
pathogenic mutation
ability to change spontaneously or in response to environment = key characteristic of virulence
makes developed antibodies
drugs, and vaccines ineffective
leukocidin
substance created by some bacteria capable of killing white blood cells
bacteria:
pathogenic
non-pathogenic
opportunistic
pathogenic - disease producing
non-pathogenic - non-disease producing
opportunistic - it takes advantage of circumstances where immune system is compromised or it finds itself in different environment
oldest form of cellular life
bacteria
live in every conceivable micro-climate on earth
bacteria characteristics cellular shape live where \+ / neg
procaryotes/ unicellular organisms
don’t need living tissue to survive (on surfaces everywhere)
shapes: rod, spiral, round
(some)capsules for adhesion to tissue or escape
pili to attach, make adhesions
cell wall/ plasma membrane
cytoplasm - no organelles, some plasmid DNA
nucleoid region
plasmids, free ribosomes, actin filaments, inclusions
(some) procaryotic flagella
(some) can form spores
endospores
some bacteria can form
spore, resistant coated, dormant form
released during challenge to bacteria
survives and can regenerate when conditions better
Bacteria transfer through
biological vectors (animals, fleas)
fomites (inanimate objects:toys, needles)
food/drink
person to person body fluid transfers/contact
positive roles of bacteria
normal flora/ microflora
body pH - help balance
food digestion
protection from UV rays
vitamin productions
in colonized body areas can offset invasion
by other pathogenic organisms
common in food (cheese), industrial activities
bacterial nutritional/environmental requirements for their own growth and reproduction
temperature aerobic vs. anaerobic osmotic pressure pH barometric pressure mineral macromolecular and metal, etc
bacterial reproduction
binary or transverse fission=
parent cell splits to pair of daughter cells
generation - name for each division
population doubles with each generation
exponential growth rate (1,2,4,16,etc)
time: 5-10min, 30-60min, or 10 to 30 days varies by species
procaryotes vs. eucaryotes
procaryotes - very simple no nuclei or organelles most primative cells 2 kinds: bacteria and archaea
eucaryotes-
more complex
have nuclei, organelles
cells of protozoans, green algae, fungi, plants, animals, and humans
2 types of procaryotes
bacteria:
free-living
mostly non-pathogenic
derive most nutrients from other organisms
archaea:
single cell organisms w/ unique genetics to
adapt to extreme habitats/salt/pressure/temperature/acid
aerobic vs. anaerobic
2 kinds of bacterial needs:
O2 needing = aerobic (think exercise needs O2)
anaerobic = doesn’t need oxygen
cell wall
outer layer of cellulose or chitin in plant cells only
chloroplast
bacteria like element in plants
site of photosynthesis
central vacuole
in plants
large membrane-bound sac
storage for water, sugars, ions, pigments
nucleus
control center of cell
contains chromosomes
directs protein synthesis
nucleolus
site of genes for rRNA synthesis
assembles ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum ER
coral reef looking thing
forms compartments and vesicles
synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids
smooth - no ribosomes; lipid production
rough - ribosomes; protein production
golgi apparatus
stack of pancakes
packs proteins for export in vesicles
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes, digests macromolecules and cell debris
peroxisome
contains oxidative/other enzymes
breaks down fatty acids
mitochondrion
cellular respiration
power house - makes ATP
cytoskeleton
structural support of cell
cell movement
protein filaments
cilia/ flagella
9+2 pattern of microtubules
motility
centrioles
animal cells only occur in pairs made of microtubules anchor/assemble microtubules key role in cell cycling mytosis
conjugation
bacteria perforate each other with pili
create bridge
plasmids shared back and forth
causes genetic mutation
Chlamydia/ Rickettiae/ Mycoplasma
Microorganisms similar to both virus and bacteria
Require living cells for reproduction
Chlamydia –
Chlamydia trachamatus - sterility in women/STD, blindness (2nd leading cause worldwise blindness behind diabetes)
Chlamydia psittaci – causes pneumonia (in bird poop)
Rickettsiae – transferred via insects (typhus, Rock Mountain spotted fever)
Mycoplasma – causes pneumonia
bacteria shape - 1 0f 3 - (cocci)
diplococci - Many travel in pairs
- streptococcus pnaumaniae
- neissaria gonorrheae
Strepto – means long chains
- streptococcus pyogenes
Tetrad – means 4
Sarcinia – 3d/cube
- sarcinia ventriculi
Staphylococci – grape like
- staphylococcus aureus
bacteria shape - 2 of 3 - rods (Bacilli)
Chain of bacilli
looks like long chain of hot dogs
-Bacillus anthracis
-enterics – digestive system bacteria that look like cigars
Flagellate rods
cigar with flagella looking
- salmonella typhi
Spore-former
- clostridium botulinum – botulism
Bacteria shape 3 0f 3 - Spirals
Vibrios-
Looks like worm w/flagella
- Vibrios cholerae – causes a diarrhea that kills people – infecting wounds from pond water
Spirilla-
Looks like worm w/ multiple flagella
- Helicobacter pylori – normal in stomach; too much causes ulcers
Spirochaetes-
Spiral worm looking
– treponema pallidus, syphilis
Viruses
Non-living particle parasites need a host protein coat (capsid), core of DNA or RNA
- attach to a host cell, put DNA into cell
- RNA virus – (called retrovirus) turns RNA to DNA then shoots into cell
- takes over “host cell” to recreate viral cells
- destructs host cell and continues cycle with nearby cells
Every virus has a preferred host cell
Hepatitis – liver
Fungal/ Mycotic infections
Single cell yeast or multicellular molds (chains of cells in various structures)
Fungus feed on dead matter - hair,nails,skin
love warmth, moisture, sugar
-Tenia pedia – athelete’s feet
-Tinia capitis (scalp infection)
-Candida infection (thrush)
Babies, weak immune system
Mouth is warm, milk sugar, moist
Protozoa
Eukaryotic (more complex) organisms
Unicellular, mobile via cilia or flagella, no cell wall
free-living or parasitic
Interesting shapes (alien looking)
Trichomoniasis, malaria, diarrhea/amoebic dysentery
Helminths that are human parasites
Are worms
Reproduce in the host
Sometimes has different intermediate and definitive host
Roundworms (nematodes)
Tapeworms (cestodes)
Flukes (trematodes)
Trichtomella worm (bear meat, pork) – uses host as both breeding ground and final destination- goes into muscles then they make hard areas in the muscle
Ectoparasites
Infest external body surfaces
Localized tissue damage
Inflammation after bite or burrowing of arthropod/insect
- Scabies – most common human ectoparasites; make a tunnel in the skin, make you scratch
- Chiggers
- Lice (head, body, pubic)
- Fleas
Normal flora
“resident” microorganisms
All over body – skin, mouth, etc
-Usually protect from invasion of pathogens,
balance pH and metabolic
-“opportunistic” when immune system impaired or the balance of an area is not maintained
Eczema, boil – opportunistic infection
Six types of illnesses that account for 94% of deaths caused by infectious disease
1- respiratory infections (pneumonia, etc.)
2- AIDS virus
3- variety of pathogens causing diarrhea
4- tuberculosis
5- malaria
6- childhood diseases (measles, tetanus)
acute vs. chronic diseases
acute - rapidly impair body function (Ebola rapidly kills)
chronic - slowly impairs body function (heart disease, most cancers)
chronic disease risk factors in
low-income countries
risks associated with poverty
1- unsafe water
2- poor sanitation
3- malnutrition (decreased ability to fight infections)
chronic disease risk factors in
high-income countries
1- increased tobacco 2- less active lifestyle 3- poor nutrition 4- overeating 5- high blood pressure 6- obesity
3 categories of risk to human health
physical - environmental such as natural disasters that cause injury/death, sun radiation, radon
biological - risks from disease (impaired function of body with characteristic set of symptoms)
chemical - exposure to toxins - arsnic, synthetic, pesticides
epidemic vs. pandemic
epidemic -
when pathogen causing disease rapidly increases
pandemic-
when epidemic covers large geographic region (such as a country)
historical vs. emergent diseases
emergent - diseases previously not defined or not common for at least 20 years prior
3 historical diseases related to poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water
cholera
hepatitis
diarrheal diseases
3 historical diseases passed from host to host
plague
malaria
tuburculosis
plague
historical disease
“black death”
“bubonic plague”
caused by a bacterium carried by fleas
passed to rats/mice
who then infect humans by flea bite or handling rodents
killed 1/4 of European population in 1300s
early 1900s pandemic in Asia
still small occasional outbreaks around world
swollen glands
black spots
extreme pain
modern antibiotics very effective at killing
malaria
killed millions over the centuries
infection from several species of Plasmodium parasite
spread through mosquitoes where parasite spends one stage and then speads to humans
re-occurring flu-like symptoms
350-500 million get yearly
1 million die yearly (mostly children under 5)
mostly sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Middle East, Central and South America
Tuberculosis
highly contagious bacterium
infects lungs, spread through coughing
bacteria in water droplets coughed into air can last several hours to infect someone else
many carriers don’t develop disease
estimated 1/3 of world’s population is infected
9 million contract annually
2 million die annually
antibiotic resistant strains grow from re-generation of bacteria when people don’t finish antibiotic and kill ALL the bacteria
20% infected in Russia and parts of Africa are drug resistant strains
emergent diseases frequently jump from ______ to humans
pathogens infecting animals
5 serious emergent diseases that have jumped from animals to humans
1- HIV/AIDS 2- Ebola 3- mad cow disease 4-bird flu 5- West Nile virus
HIV/AIDS
AIDS first in 1970s with unusual pneumonia and cancers with weak immune systems
HIV virus identified in 1983; spread through sexual intercourse and dirty needles
2006 scientists traced to chimpanzees in Cameroon; believed to have passed to human hunters
33 million infected around world now
25 million have died
antiviral drugs can keep it low/extend life, but money makes them less available to poor regions
Ebola Hemmoragic Fever
1976 discovery in Congo near Ebola River
causes fever, vomiting, internal/external bleeding
kills 50%-89% of those infected
several 100 humans
Central Africa
Mad Cow Disease
identified in 1980s as neurological disease in cattle causing it to lose coordination and then dying
prions - small proteins found in the brains of the cows; not well understood; represent a new category of pathogen
1996 - spread to humans who ate infected meat
cooking doesn’t destroy prions unlike bacteria
humans get variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vCJD and similar fate to cattle
In Britain a total of 180,000 cattle were infected and 166 people had died as of 2009
Bird Flu
Spanish flu of 1918 killed up to 100 million
caused by H1N1
2006 a similar virus H5N1 jumped from birds to people
as of 2009, 400+ had died of H5N1 - humans have few defenses against it; Governments killed significant number of infected birds; currently not easily passed among people - has potential to kill 150 million if it becomes easier to transmit through further mutation
West Nile Virus
originally among birds, then spread to horses, eventually humans; identified in 1937 in West Nile region of Uganda
in humans - inflammation of the brain leading to illness/ sometimes death
1999 appeared in New York, quickly spread in the US; highest #s in 2002 and 2003
mosquito control measures and people protecting against bites is causing decline of disease
Outlook for disease in low/high income countries
low - focus first on nutrition, clean water,and sanitation
high - promoting healthier lifestyle choices, increased activity, balanced diet, decrease excessive food consumption, decrease tobacco use
all - work on decreasing HIV, tuberculosis spread
keeping ready and looking for new diseases - usually come from unknown pathogens
synergistic interactions
when multiple risks combine and cause more harm than one would individually (Ex. asbestos impact higher in individuals who smoke)
biomagnification
increase in chemical concentration in animal tissue as it moves up the food chain in increased concentration as stored in animal tissue
Ex. DDT used to kill mosquitoes - zooplankton - small fish - large fish - birds to cause thin eggs in birds incubating
primary cause of bird decline since 1960s
DDT banned is US in 1972; since then bird population has increased
persistence
how long a chemical remains in the environment - depends of temp, pH, water or soil, if sun breaks down, if microbes can break down
half-life
how long it takes for chemical to degrade to half its original concentration
quantitative risk formula:
risk =
probability of being exposed to a hazard x
probability of being harmed if exposed
qualitative risk assessment
judgement based on perceptions
risk analysis steps
risk assessment
risk acceptance
risk management
risk assessment
what's the hazard? what is a toxic dose? what is the extent of exposure? data gathering stage determining concentrations that harm organisms
Ex. PCB’s might cause cancer; scientists then studied rats in dose-respondant studies; determined dose people might experience (soil, air, water, considering 1/2 life of chemical)
determined risk from eating fish was much higher than exposure through drinking water
risk acceptance
deciding acceptable level of risk
(social, economic, political considerations)
often a volatile stage where some people want no risk and others are willing to live with some risk
EPA says 1:1million is acceptable risk
risk management
policy determined with input from individuals, industry, and interest groups
tries to balance harm against other considerations
input from others, regulations decided
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 gives the EPA authority to regulate many chemicals (excluding food, cosmetics, pesticides)
Pesticide regulation act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1996
manufacturer must show it “will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects”
LD50/ED50 animals studied
LD50 is dose where 50% of individuals would die
usually divided by 10 for animals
ED50 is dose where 50% display harmful, but nonlethal effects (effective dose, sublethal effects)
LD50 and ED50 divided by 1,000 to set human safe values
test subjects for mammals - rats and mice birds - pigeons, quail fish - trout invertegrates - water fleas currently amphibians and reptiles not represented
chronic studies
studies lasting longer duration; often with subjects from very young until old enough to reproduce
dose respondant vs. retrospective vs. prospective studies
dose - expose animals to range of chemical concentrations to determine at what level of concentration there are harmful effects
retrospective studies - identify exposed group in past and monitor effects over time
prospective - identifying group that may be exposed, determine if future exposure to chemicals associated with harmful effects (ex. group of 1000 asked to document tobacco and alcohol for next 40 years)
factors that determine concentration of
chemical exposure
- route of exposure
- solubility (water or fats/oils) - oil soluble are stores in animal fat tissue and cause bioaccumulation
environmental hazard
anything in environment that can potentially cause harm pollutants and chemical contaminants draining swamps, logging forests natural events - volcanoes, earthquakes voluntary - smoking involuntary - air pollution
2 ways to handle environmental risks worldwide
innocent until proven guilty
precautionary principle
Stockholm Convention
International agreement 2001
127 countries agreed to
ban/phase out/reduce
12 chemicals “dirty dozen” (PCBs, DDT, all are endocrine disruptors); 2009 added 9 more; 12 more are suggested for future
REACH
2007 EU agreement on regulating chemicals
registration, evaluation, authorization, restriction of chemicals and commitment to the precautionary principle
being phased in to give time for changes needed
malaria prevention worldwide
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation- goal to eradicate malaria
In 2007 a program in Uganda using pesticide mosquito nets and a new antimalarial drug produced 97% reduction in Uganda
western governments doubled their help to 1.1 billion
drug manufacturer selling for under cost
large hope that at least a 85% reduction is possible
bioaccumulation and 3 factors impacting
chemicals stored in animal tissue/fat continue to increase through exposure (Ex. mercury in fish)
- rate of intake
- rate of body breaking down
- rate of excretion
epidemiology
study of the cause of illness and disease in human and wildlife populations
endocrine disruptors
chemicals that interfere with normal hormone function in animals bodies
attach where normal hormones should, blocking body’s normal hormone response
scientists finding feminized fish/amphibians
healthy = hormone attaches to receptor normally and body converts estrogen to testosterone in males
disrupted = if blocked, results in low sperm counts and may develop eggs in testes
citizen scientist - Margie Richard
1989, Concerned citizens of Norco
grassroot effort to get Shell company to buy out homes in 4 city blocks where residents were sick from exposure due to living between a chemical plant and oil refinery
“Bucket Brigade” citizens learned to collect air samples
In 2002, finally won and Shell purchased homes, paid community development, reduced emissions by 30%
Won Goldman Environmental Prize honoring grassroots environmentalists
10 things I can do to improve environment
1- visit/support National Parks
2- recycle newspapers, glass, plastic, aluminum
3- conserve energy, use energy-efficient lighting
4- keep tires inflated to improve gas mileage and extend tire life
5- plant trees
6- organize Christmas tree recycling in community
7- alternative to chemical pesticides in yard
8- tuna marked “dolphin safe”
9- organize local cleanup of stream, highway, park, or beach
10- join environmental action groups (David Suzuki Foundation, WWF, or Sierra Club)
Toxic affects of lead
Exposure – ingested food, water, contaminated soil, toys, furniture, paint, surfaces with particle presences
(hemolytic anemia) lead destroys red blood cells
Inflammation/ulceration of kidneys
Digestive system – erodes
Nerves – demyelination of (electrical system issues)
Kids – delayed development/intellectual deficits/seizures
Mercury
Ingested in water/food
Via. Glass thermometers, flourescent light bulbs, coal burning emissions
Harm to brain, heart, kidneys, lungs common
Immune system harmed
unborn child - Floating in bloodstream of child – impair IQ, learning, speech, hearing
Inhalant
Particulate toxin you breath in
Smog
Solvents – carbon tetrachloride – causes inflammation of liver cells (hepatocytes), permanent damage
Pesticides/herbicides
Asbestos, iron oxide, silica
Gases – sulfur dioxide, ozone
Sources of inhalants:
Factories
Mines
Emitted insecticides
Aerosols
Smog
Visible air pollution where noxious gasses (Hydrogen sulfide,Carbon monoxide, nitrogen/sulfur) oxidize and combined with dust/smoke and sunlight
irritate the eyes/nose respiratory system (long-term) nervous system (long-term)
immediate and delayed reactions
Carbon tetrachloride
toxic solvent inhalant
moves into the circulatory system
inflammation of liver cells (hepatocytes)
irreversible liver damage.
Pesticides/Herbicides
Exposure: farms, lawns, gardens
1800 chemical compound combinations
Get in the soil
Get in the crops – ingested
pesticides - kill pests; herbicides - kill plants
Growing concerns linked to… Testicular cancer Low sperm counts in men Leukemia in children Breast cancer in women
Asbestos, iron oxide, Silica (glass industries)/
Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide
Inhaled particles that cause lung damage to workers in mines/industrial settings
Chronic cough, freq. infections
Inflammation/tissue scarring increases
lung cancer risk
SD and CM (product of combustion) displace oxygen binding to red blood cells and can cause death
Cigarette smoking
1 indoor pollutant
Predisposes smoker to lung diseases
Emphysema, bronchitis, lung cancer
Particles – get in the blood stream and increase risk – bladder cancer, peptic ulcers, low birth weight babies/pregnancy complications
Hyperthermia
Excessive core body temp, can happen when environment is so hot, body can’t cool off
Causes: envir. heat super high, or body is having difficulty cooling (elderly)
- elderly, infants (cardiac issues)
- Strenuous activity on very hot day w/ lack of fluid/salt replacement
normal response: Vasodilation, Diaphoresis (sweating)
but body can get overwhelmed
Symptoms: body spasms, heat exhaustion w/nausea, fainting/heat stroke (shock/coma/death)
Hypothermia – localized frostbite
Exposure to extreme cold causing trauma/injuiry
Local or systemic effects
Usually fingers, toes, exposed face
Wet clothing on skin increases risk
Vascular occlusion/constriction quickly leading to necrosis and gangrene
Usually sensation lost early (may not realize)
White spots initially
Red/bluish discoloration later indicate loss of blood flow
necrosis
tissue death
gangrene
tissue death and infection
Hypothermia – systemic frostbite
May occur from submersion in cold water
With wet clothing, or lack of clothing on windy, cold day
Low temps affect body functions based on time of exposure/ actual temperature; faster with less movement
Reflex vasoconstriction/increased blood thickness = ischemia (oxygen decrease to tissues) and reduced metabolism
Capillaries/cell membrane damage = can’t regulate salt/fluid = causes hypovolemic shock (low blood pressure) and cell necrosis
Shivering, rigid muscles, then lethargy
Pulse and respiration slow, person becomes unresponsive
Rewarming – cautiously to minimize cell damage
Damage to body from radiation exposure
Damage: Single large, small exposures accumulate (skin cancers)
Most vulnerable – rapid cycling cell mitosis cells – epithelial, bone marrow, testes and ovaries
Protection-
Limit exposure, skin lotions, workers (lead shields, monitoring devices)
DNA damaged – body can repair small damage
Large doses – Destruction or mutations of cells radiation sickness Damage to bone marrow, digestive tract, central nervous system development of cancer
Radiation exposure
X-rays, gamma rays, particles – protons/neutrons
Exposure - Radon based gas heat (in home); in industry, defense systems, nuclear reactors, diagnostic medical;
Natural sources = sun and minerals in the soil
Roentgens – unit of exposure dose of gamma (or xray)
Rads – amount of radiation absorbed by the body
Vary in energy level and ability to penetrate tissue, clothing, lead
Noise damage
Single large (gunshot, can rupture eardrum) Rupture of tympanic membrane(ear drum), immediate severe, permanent hearing loss
Cumulative (workplace/public places) Ex. Earphones w/music too loud
Often without individual’s awareness
Harmful noise effects: Headaches Heart disease Insomnia Anxiety Ulcers (cracks in walls of organs)
3 ways bites/stings cause disease/injuiry:
1- direct injection of animal toxin, neurotoxins in snake/spider bite (seizures, paralysis of muscles, respiratory failure)
2- animal/insect vectors to humans - transmission of infectious agents (RNA rabies virus via dog, skunk, fox bite (nerve paralysis/death if not treated immediately)
3- allergic reaction transfer - secretion like saliva; bee/wasp protein causing reaction (anaphylactic shock/death – if not treated immediately)
Foodborne/Waterborne illnesses
Foodborne illnesses in US: 50million+/year are REPORTED in US
caused by infected foods/water
Common culprit organisms:
- Giardia lamblia, protozoan w/2polar bodies; “smiling”
- Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria on our skin
- E. Coli, rod shaped bacteria, from food handlers
- clostridium botulinum, bacteria – spore forming rod shaped bacteria, causes botulism (in canned foods)
gastroenteritis, cramps, fever, pain, diarrhea, vomiting
Allergies
Hypersensitive immune system
Benign protein is reacted to by your body
Run in families – there is genetic piece
tissue damage hay fever rashes vomiting anaphylactic shock
Type 1 Allergic response
Hypersensitivity allergy
Foreign protein (allergen/antigen) – from food, chemical, pollen, drug (aspirin, penicillin, sulfa)
Can be something that you grow out of /or into
Common: shellfish, nuts, eggs, strawberries, often with drugs; cross allergies – allergic to same “family” Ex. penicillin
Type I allergic reaction process
Exposed to allergen
Body makes IgE antibodies from B lymphocytes
Antibodies attach to mast cells in linings of respiratory/digestive systems
Re-exposure – allegen attaches to IgE mast cells, mast cells release histamines
Histamines cause inflammation
Prostoglandins/leukotrienes – cause respiratory congestion/obstruction and bronchoconstriction
Can kill – anaphylactic shock
5 treatments for allergic reactions
Depends on severity and body response
1- best is to avoid
2- desensitization treatments (allergy shots to create blocking antibodies)
3- antihistamine drugs
4- steroid drugs – to reduce inflammation and stabilize vascular system
5- anaphylactic shock – oxygen and epinephrine injections to increase strength of heartbeat, relax respiratory tubes/enhance breathing, reverse itching/hives
Type ii Allergic Reaction process
Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
Antigen is normal or foreign part of a cell membrane of a cell in body
Circulating IgG antibody reacts to antigen, destroying “foreign” cell
Blood type example:
- Type A blood has A antigen
- makes antiB antibodies
- given B blood, antigen-antibody reaction will destroy type B cells (called hemolysis – burst cells)
- releases hemoglobin and cell parts into blood = thicker blood; can cause kidney failure as body is trying to filter, can also cause blood clotting/stroke
Treatment – STOP transfusion, medications that increase renal flow and maintenance of renal output
Type iii allergy reaction process
Immune complex hypersensitivity
Antigen combines with the antibody forming a complex which is deposited in tissue
Activates complement – triggers inflammation and tissue destruction
Rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis (kidney disease)
NO Treatment – symptom control, steroid and other medications aimed at altering body’s immune response
Type IV allergy reaction process
Cell mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity
(delayed 12-72 hrs)
- Body exposed to allergen/antigen
- T lymphocytes cause cytotoxic T cells
- T cells macrophage destruction of the antigen
Entities: cosmetics, dyes, soaps, cologne, poison ivy, latex, various metals
Symptoms: usually indicated via a rash (red, itching), oozing blisters
Ex. Contact dermatitis, allergic skin rash, poison ivy
Treatment: no cure, avoidance, steroid, cyclosporine, immunotherapy
Reasons for food additives/preservatives
1- increase shelf life
2- make food convenient
3- increase nutritional value
4- improve flavors
5- enhance attractiveness of food
7 Healthy tips/practices re:food
1- increase awareness
2- wash fruits/vegetables
3- fresh is best, then frozen, canned foods as last resort (choose low sodium)
4- cut down on foods w/additives
5- keep special treats to special occasions
6- change routines for shopping
7- avoidance/discernment are crucial to natural health care program
Additives in food to minimize/avoid
1- hydrogenated fats 2- nitrites/nitrates 3- sulfites 4- artificial food colors/flavors 5- sugar and sweeteners 6- MSG 7- preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc) 8- artificial sweeteners 9- food wax 10- plastic packaging 11- salt (excessive)
Harmful effects of food additives (may cause)
1- headaches/energy levels
2- affect concentration
3- dec. immune response
4- inc. risk of cancer
5- inc. cardiovascular disease/other degenerative conditions
Why minimize/avoid hydrogenated fats and nitrites/nitrates?
hydrogenated fats – not compatible with body being able to break down
nitrities/nitrates – cured meats, can turn into nitrosamines which can become carcinogenic (bbq/fried/smoking increases)
Why minimize/avoid sulfites and artificial food colors/flavors?
sulfites – sulfur dioxide, can cause allergic/asthmatic reactions
artificial food colors/flavors – allergies/asthma, hyperactivity and possible carcinogenic impacts
Why minimize/avoid sugars/sweeteners and MSG?
sugar and sweeteners – obesity, dental cavities, diabetes and hypoglycemia, increases triglicerides (blood fats) because extra sugar turned to fat by the liver, candida (yeast), high fructose corn syrup
MSG (monosodium glutamate) – allergic/behavioral reactions
Why minimize/avoid preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc) and artificial sweeteners?
preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc.) – allergic reactions; BHT may be toxic to nervous system and the liver
artificial sweeteners- (Aspartame, Saccharin) behavior problems, hyperactivity, allergies, possibly carcinogenic; warning to pregnant women and children; anyone with PKU (phenylketonuria, an amino acid, metabolite) should not use aspartame (Nutrasweet) – if pregnant mother is allergic, accumulates in fetus
Why minimize/avoid food wax, plastic packaging, and salt?
food wax – (coating on produce – cucumbers, peppers, apples) keeps insects from eating at the food, can contain pesticides, fungicides, animal byproducts
plastic packaging – carcinogenic (vinyl chloride, can dissolve in liquid around it); immune reactions, lung shock
salt (excessive) – fluid retention and blood pressure increase
5 categories of harmful chemicals to organisms
1- neurotoxins 2- carcinogens 3- teratogens 4- allergens 5- endocrine disruptors
carcinogens
chemicals that cause cancer by damaging cells
causing uncontrolled growth of cells and interfering with the normal metabolic processes of the cell
OR damage the genetic material of the cell = if so, called mutagens
Ex. asbestos, radon (soil water), formaldehyde, chemicals in tobacco, arsenic (mining, groundwater), PCBs, vinyl chloride (water from vinyl chloride pipes, industry)
teratogens
chemicals that impact normal fetal development
Ex. thalidomide (morning sickness drug in 50s and 60s led to many birth defects)
alcohol is one of most common - reduces fetal growth, damages brain and nervous system - fetal alcohol syndrome
neurotoxins
chemicals that disrupt the nervous system
many insecticides disrupt the nervous systems of insects but others as well
Ex. lead (leaded gas, paint before 1970, in older buildings); mercury (coal burning, fish consumption) damages brain, kidneys, liver, and immune system
Dynamics, process and impacts of land pollution on the environment
only 30% of our world’s surface is land
solid waste problem - landfills, incineration, dumping have environmental impacts; need to increase recycling; Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: 3 Rs
chemical wastes are costly to make them non-hazardous so are sometimes secretly buried poisoning soil
weed killing sprays are not totally taken into plants they are intended to kill - still not sure illness potential
radiation from nuclear power plants could result in health problems
electromagnetic radiation may be associated with severe health problems,, including brain cancer
Dynamics, process and impacts of water pollution on the environment
comes from many agents: toxic chemicals, pathogens from human and animal waste
increased levels of pesticides/herbicides in both surface and groundwater sources
chlorine found in both surface and groundwater sources
progressive loss of wetlands (losing countless species of fish, shellfish, birds, and marine mammals)
oil spills, power plants, sediments
Dynamics, process and impacts of air pollution on the environment
sources of: exhaust from vehicles, industrial processes, domestic heating, pesticides/herbicides, deforestation
greenhouse effect - progressive warming of the earth’s surface due to the increase in carbon dioxide gas
extreme weather events: La Nina, El Nino (rains, floods, fires, ice storms, record snows )
acid rain, smog, acid snow, acid fog
CFCs destroying ozone layer could lead to more UV radiation
temperature inversions increase seriousness of air pollution
indoor air pollution is serious threat - tobacco, asbestos, radon, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, cooking gasses; “sick building syndrome”
Dynamics, process and impacts of noise pollution on the environment
noise pollution can lead to hearing loss, ability to hear human voice
increases stress to the body
Temperature inversions:
Subsidence and radiation
subsidence inversion:
high temperature system traps warm area right above ground, leaving polluted air stagnating
radiation inversion (mostly winter); pollutants stay near ground due to cooling of the ground until warmth on next morning warms air to rise and disperse pollutants
Community actions or government policies instituted to reduce foodborne and waterborne illness
Federal laws/state laws
Regarding the regulation of:
“Safe drinking water act” is the Federal standard
Locally, often testing, municipalities are responsible for making sure drinking water is safe
Food, contam water, contam soil
Natural disaster – breaking of sewage into water supply (tsunami, hurricane)
Even in US, infrastructure fails with disasters
Wells
Can get contaminated water from soil
Flooding/bacteria may cause contamination
Regular testing of especially shallow wells
know microorganisms that cause water/foodborne illnesses, signs/symptoms, treatment and prevention practices to reduce incidence and complications
need to write out list from docs waterborne/foodborne
Kyoto Protocol
1997 meeting of industralized countries to agree on reduction of greenhouse gas emmissions to 5% below 1990 levels; in 2001, US withdrew stating it would damage the US economy
Amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytic; protozoan
clear in water
Flies can tranmit to water or sewage in water supplies
AKA: amoebic dyssentary; symptoms: gastroenteritis, abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains
hand to mouth transmission
treatment by antiparasitic medication
Campylobacteriosis
Cholera
vibio cholerae
bacteria; comma shaped with a flagellum at one end
oral-fecal
untreated water, poor hygiene, crowded living with inadequate sewage
watery diarrhea, vomiting, occasional muscle cramps
vibio cholerae
bacteria causes Campylobacteriosis (Cholera)
Entamoeba histolytic protozoan causes
Amebiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Collects on filters at the treatment center level (filter, tolerant to heat, florine/floride that kill others)
Animals carry the organism and put in streams/lakes (LA, other big cities)
Gastroenteritis
collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected
diarrhea, abdomonal discomfort
Cryptosporidium parvum
protozoan causes Cryptosporidiosis
Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia; Protozoan
most common intestinal parasite(look like smiley face)
Untreated water, old pipes/breaks, groundwater contamination, campground ponds, beavers/muskrats (act as resevoir); found places where humans and wildlife use same source of water
oral-fecal
hand-to-mouth
Gastroenteritis
Giardia lamblia
protozoan causing Giardiasis
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis A
Virus, often 30 days to symptoms (15-50)
dark urine, jaundice,
virus infects liver and causes inflammation
lasts 2 weeks-3 months
Found in water that is contaminated
If shellfish with it, we then eat = ingestion
raw produce
uncooked foods
Hygiene is a big issue – food handling
Cross-contamination – hands move something from one food to another (Ex. Raw (infected) shellfish – to salad)
Raw sewage, untreated drinking water, poor hygiene
Make sure doctors are washing hands patient to patient
Salmonellosis
salmonella typhi, Salmonella species, bacterium
Gastroenteritis, fever and rapid blood poisoning
Contaminated water (shellfish, turtles, fish) Can get from touching pet turtles many female chickens can have salmonella in the ovaries – so anytime we eat eggs, drink milk – need to wash/cook so we get rid of the salmonella
Legionnaire’s disease
Legionellaceae and L. Cincinnatus, bacterium/bacteria
Inhalation from vapors of the AC carrying bacteria
stagnant clean drinking water in water tanks or cooling towers, can inhale through the vapors of shower
construction sites near river/lakes
raw sewage
pneumonia like symptoms, coughing, aching, fever chills, chest congestion, headaches, nausea, dizziness,
Legionellaceae and L. Cincinnatus
bacteria that causes Legionnaire’s disease
Legionallacae also causes Pontiac Fever (milder Legionnaire’s disease)
Viral gastroenteritis
Norwalk virus/ rotavirus/ Norovirus
Norovirus
Ruins your cruise ship experience
Kids – vomit, adults-diarrhea
12-48 hours to symptoms/ 12-60 hrs duration
Contaminated drinking water or food that is uncooked or contaminated
Sewage, contaminated water, inadequate disinfected drinking water; Shellfish/fruits can be contaminated from water
Norwalk virus is the cause of?
viral gastroenteritis
“travelers diarrhea”
E coli; (looks like hairy hot dog with flagella, image)
2 kinds:
Escherichia coli “travelers diarrhea” diarrhea, some cramping, some vomiting
water or food contaminated with urine, feces
can get from pools
or E. coli O157:H7
more viralant
hemmoragic colitis – bloody diarrhea – inflame gut lining
undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk, raw fruits, and vegetables grown in a field with contaminated water
(raw meat can have it from meat processing coming in contact with intestinal contents of infected animal)
Pontiac fever
Legionallacae, bacterium
same sources as Legionnaire’s disease
milder form
pneumonia-like symptoms without fever, illness shorter in length
of people yearly in US who get sick from a foodborne illness
48-50 million/year in the US
common name of “food poisoning”
Bacillus cereus
Rod shaped
Grows in liquids – soups, sauces, drinks
10-16 hr onset
Usually 24-48 hours
Diarrhea, cramps, nausea
Bacillus cerus is cause of?
B. cerus food poisoning
Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacter jejuni, Bacterial
Takes 2-5 days to see symptoms
2-10 days
Unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, raw and undercooked poultry
diarrhea, cramps, fever, vomiting
drank some unpasteurized milk and some undercooked poultry and got sick 2-5 days later with diarrhea… what might I have?
Campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Bacteria
ate some canned food and got dizzy with double vision 12-72 hours later, what might I have?
Clostridum botulinum, caused by paralytic toxins from bacteria (Look like Mike and Ikes)
12-72 hours
Affects brain not gut
Dizziness, (may get vomiting), double vision, can die if diaphragm is affected, muscle weakness
Dirt bacteria; that can be in improperly canned foods, ball glass jars, canned fish, baked potatoes in aluminum foil; Canned food – can move through cans if microscopic holes/cracks
Botulism caused by
Clostridium botulinum
pain in my right side, jaundice, and dark urine, what might I have? How long might I be sick?
Hepatitis A
2 weeks - 3 months
Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes, bacteria
9-48 hrs until symptoms
2-6 weeks for invasive form
Soft cheeses or unpasteurized milk, ready to eat deli meat
Bacteremia – can cause kidney damage or meningitis (swelling of brain)
Ate some soft cheese on my pretzel at Walmart and now have a fever, aches, nausea and diarrhea 9-48 hours later…what might I have?
Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes bacteria
Went on a cruise and got diarrhea while the kids threw up, lasted 2 days, what might we have had?
Norovirus, viral gastroenteritis
Went to a picnic and got sick from the mayonnaise potato salad 1-6 hours later, what might I have?
staphylococcus bacteria
possibly 30 minutes – 1-6hrs
likes salads with mayonnaise or dressing (potato salad, egg salad), cream pasteries
My 3 year old won’t stop scratching their bottom and is having a hard time sleeping at night, they might have?
(Image Enterobius Vermicularis)
Pin worm
Organism that a kid can drink from contaminated water, adult immune system can usually handle it
Swallowed in water or food
Resist stomach acid
Move into small intestines then large intestines
At night they come out of the anus and lay eggs around the skin of the anal opening
Kid scratching their bottom
UV light – eggs can be seen around opening
Medical patch that removes lots of eggs, then med. To kill the adults in the intestines
look like Mike and Ike candy shapes
Clostridium botulinum, bacteria
Botox uses a chemically refined version of the toxin produced by what?
clostridium botulinum; Botox – paralyzes muscles so the muscle doesn’t constrict with wrinkles (3 mo)
staphylococcal bacteria on skin
Staphylococcus aureus
“staphylo” grape like
Organism on skin, colonize skin surface and keep there from being room for fungus/others to grow
Takes advantage when cut
Boil is a staph infection
Gastro – fast acting – within 30 minutes can be sick – stomach contractions, violent diarrhea, projectile vomiting
Some people are carriers – excessive in nasal cavity (carrier sneezes on food)
Nosocomial infections
Infections that make you more sick in the hospital than when you walked in
Be healthy and try NOT to need doctor and hospital
bacteria in our throats, can be opportunistic
Streptococcus pyogenes
(image) Long chains, circular
Normal flora organism in our throats
Supposed to be there to help
If we’re not eating right, stressed, it can overgrow
Pharyngitis – sore throat from it
Jail, prison, dorms, tight quarters – lots of illness
Pediculosis capitis
(lice image)
Ectoparasites – on the skin
Children under age 12 most vulnerable, before hormones – ONLY protein in hair
after teens – fatty acids in the hair and the lice don’t like
there are some that affect adults
pubic lice – can be transmitted
scabies
sarcoptes scabeii
skin to skin contact (clothes) moves into pores of the skin vertical lines (black) through the skin – tunnel through the skin, eggs in the burroughs – people have reaction to the eggs and then the feces in the skin
super itchy with black lines on my skin?
scabies
