Study sheet qustions Flashcards

1
Q

Daily habits that age us:

A
1- sleep habits
2- too much tv
3- straws and smoking
4- heat/AC too high 
5- not stimulating our brains
6- too much sugar
7- not enough good fats
8- suncreen (vacations only)
9- not using eye creams, moisturizers
10- oil/alcohol skin products
11- too much sitting/slouoching
12- too much stress
13- isolation in relationships
14- smoke/chemical exposure
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2
Q

Less than 7 hrs of sleep leads to what 5 negative results?

A
  • shorter lifespan
  • lack of energy
  • weight gain
  • accident proneness
  • attention problems
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3
Q

According to Fox news, for every 1 hr of tv watched, life expectancy decreases on average by _____ minutes.

A

22 minutes

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4
Q

Pillowcases that are not satin or silk do what?

A

pressure/rubbing cause wrinkles and creases in skin
cotton pulls moisture from the skin
sleeping on back also helps

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5
Q

Disease % linked to environmental issues

A

25-40% or more of diseases are accounted for by environmental issues

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6
Q

Children/elderly

More sensitive/vulnerable to toxins

A

immune systems more vulnerable

children more susceptible to mutational damage as they are still growing and lots of cell multiplication

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7
Q

Efforts/Practices Mindset for healthy responses to environmental challenges to human health

A
  • environment inpacts us all
  • air, water, energy, chemicals used
  • as individuals we can have immediate and long-term affect
  • lifestyle choices
  • chemical use
  • cleanup/restoration/preservation practices
  • education & research aimed at healthy living/healthy world
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8
Q

Once in environment, chemicals can (3)

A

remain in dangerous form (in environment Ex. DDT pesticide; can affect ecosystems and microganisms)

Become more toxic

Break down into harmless substances

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9
Q

3 ways chemicals injested:

A

Oral cavity – food/drinks
Inhaled
Skin absorption – home or workplace

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10
Q

Body organ that removes most toxins

A

Liver breaks down/neutralizes/ removes most

Some toxins – not broken but stored in tissues

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11
Q

4 Harmful chemical effects on body

A

Tissue damage

Damage at site of entry

enter blood and circulate to other body areas

(may accumulate to dangerous levels with no signs/symptoms)

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12
Q

Signs vs symptoms

A

Signs:
Evidence of a disease process
Observable by another person
(blisters, rash, skin change)

Symptoms:
subjective –patient is only one who knows
discomfort, pain, dizziness

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13
Q

Antiseptics; Hexaclorophene

A

Are chemicals used in soaps/powders
Put ON the body – easily absorbed via. Broken skin

Hexaclorophene
Chemical formerly used in antiseptics
Used in 40s,50s,60s 
Found to cause brain damage
Now very restricted use
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14
Q

4 adverse chemical effects on the body’s cells

A

Membrane damage

Swelling/rupture

Metabolic inhibition

Carcinogenic/mutational changes (can lead to cancers like leukemia)

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15
Q

Carcinogenic changes

A

Changes that have potential to cause cancer

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16
Q

Mutational changes

A

DNA changes that occur from exposure to chemicals

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17
Q

Types of hazardous chemicals/Molecular agents

A

Heavy metals – lead/mercury

Inhalants – smog/carbon tetrachloride

Physical Agents

  • Temperature – hypothermia, hyperthermia
  • Radiation Agents
  • Noise Agents

Biological Agents

  • bites/stings
  • foodborne/waterborne illness

Dietary/Nutritional Agents

  • food additives
  • food preservatives
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18
Q

infectious diseases

A
body invasion by pathogenic
bacteria
virus
fungi
parasites
-protozoa
-helmith
-ectoparasites
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19
Q

microorganisms that cause disease

A

pathogens

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20
Q

virulence capacity

A

pathogenic characteristic:
ability to elude/escape body’s immune defenses through
- enzymes -break down connective tissue
- leukocidins kill white blood cells
- toxins causing fevers, shock, organ injuiry
- slippery capsule to get away/make phagocytosis by WBC difficult
- mutation - changes

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21
Q

pathogenic mutation

A

ability to change spontaneously or in response to environment = key characteristic of virulence

makes developed antibodies
drugs, and vaccines ineffective

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22
Q

leukocidin

A

substance created by some bacteria capable of killing white blood cells

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23
Q

bacteria:
pathogenic
non-pathogenic
opportunistic

A

pathogenic - disease producing

non-pathogenic - non-disease producing

opportunistic - it takes advantage of circumstances where immune system is compromised or it finds itself in different environment

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24
Q

oldest form of cellular life

A

bacteria

live in every conceivable micro-climate on earth

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25
``` bacteria characteristics cellular shape live where + / neg ```
procaryotes/ unicellular organisms don't need living tissue to survive (on surfaces everywhere) shapes: rod, spiral, round (some)capsules for adhesion to tissue or escape pili to attach, make adhesions cell wall/ plasma membrane cytoplasm - no organelles, some plasmid DNA nucleoid region plasmids, free ribosomes, actin filaments, inclusions (some) procaryotic flagella (some) can form spores
26
endospores
some bacteria can form spore, resistant coated, dormant form released during challenge to bacteria survives and can regenerate when conditions better
27
Bacteria transfer through
biological vectors (animals, fleas) fomites (inanimate objects:toys, needles) food/drink person to person body fluid transfers/contact
28
positive roles of bacteria
normal flora/ microflora body pH - help balance food digestion protection from UV rays vitamin productions in colonized body areas can offset invasion by other pathogenic organisms common in food (cheese), industrial activities
29
bacterial nutritional/environmental requirements for their own growth and reproduction
``` temperature aerobic vs. anaerobic osmotic pressure pH barometric pressure mineral macromolecular and metal, etc ```
30
bacterial reproduction
binary or transverse fission= parent cell splits to pair of daughter cells generation - name for each division population doubles with each generation exponential growth rate (1,2,4,16,etc) time: 5-10min, 30-60min, or 10 to 30 days varies by species
31
procaryotes vs. eucaryotes
``` procaryotes - very simple no nuclei or organelles most primative cells 2 kinds: bacteria and archaea ``` eucaryotes- more complex have nuclei, organelles cells of protozoans, green algae, fungi, plants, animals, and humans
32
2 types of procaryotes
bacteria: free-living mostly non-pathogenic derive most nutrients from other organisms archaea: single cell organisms w/ unique genetics to adapt to extreme habitats/salt/pressure/temperature/acid
33
aerobic vs. anaerobic
2 kinds of bacterial needs: O2 needing = aerobic (think exercise needs O2) anaerobic = doesn't need oxygen
34
cell wall
outer layer of cellulose or chitin in plant cells only
35
chloroplast
bacteria like element in plants | site of photosynthesis
36
central vacuole
in plants large membrane-bound sac storage for water, sugars, ions, pigments
37
nucleus
control center of cell contains chromosomes directs protein synthesis
38
nucleolus
site of genes for rRNA synthesis | assembles ribosomes
39
endoplasmic reticulum ER
coral reef looking thing forms compartments and vesicles synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids smooth - no ribosomes; lipid production rough - ribosomes; protein production
40
golgi apparatus
stack of pancakes | packs proteins for export in vesicles
41
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes, digests macromolecules and cell debris
42
peroxisome
contains oxidative/other enzymes | breaks down fatty acids
43
mitochondrion
cellular respiration | power house - makes ATP
44
cytoskeleton
structural support of cell cell movement protein filaments
45
cilia/ flagella
9+2 pattern of microtubules | motility
46
centrioles
``` animal cells only occur in pairs made of microtubules anchor/assemble microtubules key role in cell cycling mytosis ```
47
conjugation
bacteria perforate each other with pili create bridge plasmids shared back and forth causes genetic mutation
48
Chlamydia/ Rickettiae/ Mycoplasma
Microorganisms similar to both virus and bacteria Require living cells for reproduction Chlamydia – Chlamydia trachamatus - sterility in women/STD, blindness (2nd leading cause worldwise blindness behind diabetes) Chlamydia psittaci – causes pneumonia (in bird poop) Rickettsiae – transferred via insects (typhus, Rock Mountain spotted fever) Mycoplasma – causes pneumonia
49
bacteria shape - 1 0f 3 - (cocci)
diplococci - Many travel in pairs - streptococcus pnaumaniae - neissaria gonorrheae Strepto – means long chains - streptococcus pyogenes Tetrad – means 4 Sarcinia – 3d/cube - sarcinia ventriculi Staphylococci – grape like - staphylococcus aureus
50
bacteria shape - 2 of 3 - rods (Bacilli)
Chain of bacilli looks like long chain of hot dogs -Bacillus anthracis -enterics – digestive system bacteria that look like cigars Flagellate rods cigar with flagella looking - salmonella typhi Spore-former - clostridium botulinum – botulism
51
Bacteria shape 3 0f 3 - Spirals
Vibrios- Looks like worm w/flagella - Vibrios cholerae – causes a diarrhea that kills people – infecting wounds from pond water Spirilla- Looks like worm w/ multiple flagella - Helicobacter pylori – normal in stomach; too much causes ulcers Spirochaetes- Spiral worm looking – treponema pallidus, syphilis
52
Viruses
``` Non-living particle parasites need a host protein coat (capsid), core of DNA or RNA ``` - attach to a host cell, put DNA into cell - RNA virus – (called retrovirus) turns RNA to DNA then shoots into cell - takes over “host cell” to recreate viral cells - destructs host cell and continues cycle with nearby cells Every virus has a preferred host cell Hepatitis – liver
53
Fungal/ Mycotic infections
Single cell yeast or multicellular molds (chains of cells in various structures) Fungus feed on dead matter - hair,nails,skin love warmth, moisture, sugar -Tenia pedia – athelete’s feet -Tinia capitis (scalp infection) -Candida infection (thrush) Babies, weak immune system Mouth is warm, milk sugar, moist
54
Protozoa
Eukaryotic (more complex) organisms Unicellular, mobile via cilia or flagella, no cell wall free-living or parasitic Interesting shapes (alien looking) Trichomoniasis, malaria, diarrhea/amoebic dysentery
55
Helminths that are human parasites
Are worms Reproduce in the host Sometimes has different intermediate and definitive host Roundworms (nematodes) Tapeworms (cestodes) Flukes (trematodes) Trichtomella worm (bear meat, pork) – uses host as both breeding ground and final destination- goes into muscles then they make hard areas in the muscle
56
Ectoparasites
Infest external body surfaces Localized tissue damage Inflammation after bite or burrowing of arthropod/insect - Scabies – most common human ectoparasites; make a tunnel in the skin, make you scratch - Chiggers - Lice (head, body, pubic) - Fleas
57
Normal flora
“resident” microorganisms All over body – skin, mouth, etc -Usually protect from invasion of pathogens, balance pH and metabolic -“opportunistic” when immune system impaired or the balance of an area is not maintained Eczema, boil – opportunistic infection
58
Six types of illnesses that account for 94% of deaths caused by infectious disease
1- respiratory infections (pneumonia, etc.) 2- AIDS virus 3- variety of pathogens causing diarrhea 4- tuberculosis 5- malaria 6- childhood diseases (measles, tetanus)
59
acute vs. chronic diseases
acute - rapidly impair body function (Ebola rapidly kills) chronic - slowly impairs body function (heart disease, most cancers)
60
chronic disease risk factors in | low-income countries
risks associated with poverty 1- unsafe water 2- poor sanitation 3- malnutrition (decreased ability to fight infections)
61
chronic disease risk factors in | high-income countries
``` 1- increased tobacco 2- less active lifestyle 3- poor nutrition 4- overeating 5- high blood pressure 6- obesity ```
62
3 categories of risk to human health
physical - environmental such as natural disasters that cause injury/death, sun radiation, radon biological - risks from disease (impaired function of body with characteristic set of symptoms) chemical - exposure to toxins - arsnic, synthetic, pesticides
63
epidemic vs. pandemic
epidemic - when pathogen causing disease rapidly increases pandemic- when epidemic covers large geographic region (such as a country)
64
historical vs. emergent diseases
emergent - diseases previously not defined or not common for at least 20 years prior
65
3 historical diseases related to poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water
cholera hepatitis diarrheal diseases
66
3 historical diseases passed from host to host
plague malaria tuburculosis
67
plague
historical disease "black death" "bubonic plague" caused by a bacterium carried by fleas passed to rats/mice who then infect humans by flea bite or handling rodents killed 1/4 of European population in 1300s early 1900s pandemic in Asia still small occasional outbreaks around world swollen glands black spots extreme pain modern antibiotics very effective at killing
68
malaria
killed millions over the centuries infection from several species of Plasmodium parasite spread through mosquitoes where parasite spends one stage and then speads to humans re-occurring flu-like symptoms 350-500 million get yearly 1 million die yearly (mostly children under 5) mostly sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Middle East, Central and South America
69
Tuberculosis
highly contagious bacterium infects lungs, spread through coughing bacteria in water droplets coughed into air can last several hours to infect someone else many carriers don't develop disease estimated 1/3 of world's population is infected 9 million contract annually 2 million die annually antibiotic resistant strains grow from re-generation of bacteria when people don't finish antibiotic and kill ALL the bacteria 20% infected in Russia and parts of Africa are drug resistant strains
70
emergent diseases frequently jump from ______ to humans
pathogens infecting animals
71
5 serious emergent diseases that have jumped from animals to humans
``` 1- HIV/AIDS 2- Ebola 3- mad cow disease 4-bird flu 5- West Nile virus ```
72
HIV/AIDS
AIDS first in 1970s with unusual pneumonia and cancers with weak immune systems HIV virus identified in 1983; spread through sexual intercourse and dirty needles 2006 scientists traced to chimpanzees in Cameroon; believed to have passed to human hunters 33 million infected around world now 25 million have died antiviral drugs can keep it low/extend life, but money makes them less available to poor regions
73
Ebola Hemmoragic Fever
1976 discovery in Congo near Ebola River causes fever, vomiting, internal/external bleeding kills 50%-89% of those infected several 100 humans Central Africa
74
Mad Cow Disease
identified in 1980s as neurological disease in cattle causing it to lose coordination and then dying prions - small proteins found in the brains of the cows; not well understood; represent a new category of pathogen 1996 - spread to humans who ate infected meat cooking doesn't destroy prions unlike bacteria humans get variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vCJD and similar fate to cattle In Britain a total of 180,000 cattle were infected and 166 people had died as of 2009
75
Bird Flu
Spanish flu of 1918 killed up to 100 million caused by H1N1 2006 a similar virus H5N1 jumped from birds to people as of 2009, 400+ had died of H5N1 - humans have few defenses against it; Governments killed significant number of infected birds; currently not easily passed among people - has potential to kill 150 million if it becomes easier to transmit through further mutation
76
West Nile Virus
originally among birds, then spread to horses, eventually humans; identified in 1937 in West Nile region of Uganda in humans - inflammation of the brain leading to illness/ sometimes death 1999 appeared in New York, quickly spread in the US; highest #s in 2002 and 2003 mosquito control measures and people protecting against bites is causing decline of disease
77
Outlook for disease in low/high income countries
low - focus first on nutrition, clean water,and sanitation high - promoting healthier lifestyle choices, increased activity, balanced diet, decrease excessive food consumption, decrease tobacco use all - work on decreasing HIV, tuberculosis spread keeping ready and looking for new diseases - usually come from unknown pathogens
78
synergistic interactions
when multiple risks combine and cause more harm than one would individually (Ex. asbestos impact higher in individuals who smoke)
79
biomagnification
increase in chemical concentration in animal tissue as it moves up the food chain in increased concentration as stored in animal tissue Ex. DDT used to kill mosquitoes - zooplankton - small fish - large fish - birds to cause thin eggs in birds incubating primary cause of bird decline since 1960s DDT banned is US in 1972; since then bird population has increased
80
persistence
how long a chemical remains in the environment - depends of temp, pH, water or soil, if sun breaks down, if microbes can break down
81
half-life
how long it takes for chemical to degrade to half its original concentration
82
quantitative risk formula: | risk =
probability of being exposed to a hazard x | probability of being harmed if exposed
83
qualitative risk assessment
judgement based on perceptions
84
risk analysis steps
risk assessment risk acceptance risk management
85
risk assessment
``` what's the hazard? what is a toxic dose? what is the extent of exposure? data gathering stage determining concentrations that harm organisms ``` Ex. PCB's might cause cancer; scientists then studied rats in dose-respondant studies; determined dose people might experience (soil, air, water, considering 1/2 life of chemical) determined risk from eating fish was much higher than exposure through drinking water
86
risk acceptance
deciding acceptable level of risk (social, economic, political considerations) often a volatile stage where some people want no risk and others are willing to live with some risk EPA says 1:1million is acceptable risk
87
risk management
policy determined with input from individuals, industry, and interest groups tries to balance harm against other considerations input from others, regulations decided
88
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 gives the EPA authority to regulate many chemicals (excluding food, cosmetics, pesticides)
89
Pesticide regulation act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1996 manufacturer must show it "will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects"
90
LD50/ED50 animals studied
LD50 is dose where 50% of individuals would die usually divided by 10 for animals ED50 is dose where 50% display harmful, but nonlethal effects (effective dose, sublethal effects) LD50 and ED50 divided by 1,000 to set human safe values ``` test subjects for mammals - rats and mice birds - pigeons, quail fish - trout invertegrates - water fleas currently amphibians and reptiles not represented ```
91
chronic studies
studies lasting longer duration; often with subjects from very young until old enough to reproduce
92
dose respondant vs. retrospective vs. prospective studies
dose - expose animals to range of chemical concentrations to determine at what level of concentration there are harmful effects retrospective studies - identify exposed group in past and monitor effects over time prospective - identifying group that may be exposed, determine if future exposure to chemicals associated with harmful effects (ex. group of 1000 asked to document tobacco and alcohol for next 40 years)
93
factors that determine concentration of | chemical exposure
- route of exposure | - solubility (water or fats/oils) - oil soluble are stores in animal fat tissue and cause bioaccumulation
94
environmental hazard
``` anything in environment that can potentially cause harm pollutants and chemical contaminants draining swamps, logging forests natural events - volcanoes, earthquakes voluntary - smoking involuntary - air pollution ```
95
2 ways to handle environmental risks worldwide
innocent until proven guilty | precautionary principle
96
Stockholm Convention
International agreement 2001 127 countries agreed to ban/phase out/reduce 12 chemicals "dirty dozen" (PCBs, DDT, all are endocrine disruptors); 2009 added 9 more; 12 more are suggested for future
97
REACH
2007 EU agreement on regulating chemicals registration, evaluation, authorization, restriction of chemicals and commitment to the precautionary principle being phased in to give time for changes needed
98
malaria prevention worldwide
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation- goal to eradicate malaria In 2007 a program in Uganda using pesticide mosquito nets and a new antimalarial drug produced 97% reduction in Uganda western governments doubled their help to 1.1 billion drug manufacturer selling for under cost large hope that at least a 85% reduction is possible
99
bioaccumulation and 3 factors impacting
chemicals stored in animal tissue/fat continue to increase through exposure (Ex. mercury in fish) - rate of intake - rate of body breaking down - rate of excretion
100
epidemiology
study of the cause of illness and disease in human and wildlife populations
101
endocrine disruptors
chemicals that interfere with normal hormone function in animals bodies attach where normal hormones should, blocking body's normal hormone response scientists finding feminized fish/amphibians healthy = hormone attaches to receptor normally and body converts estrogen to testosterone in males disrupted = if blocked, results in low sperm counts and may develop eggs in testes
102
citizen scientist - Margie Richard
1989, Concerned citizens of Norco grassroot effort to get Shell company to buy out homes in 4 city blocks where residents were sick from exposure due to living between a chemical plant and oil refinery "Bucket Brigade" citizens learned to collect air samples In 2002, finally won and Shell purchased homes, paid community development, reduced emissions by 30% Won Goldman Environmental Prize honoring grassroots environmentalists
103
10 things I can do to improve environment
1- visit/support National Parks 2- recycle newspapers, glass, plastic, aluminum 3- conserve energy, use energy-efficient lighting 4- keep tires inflated to improve gas mileage and extend tire life 5- plant trees 6- organize Christmas tree recycling in community 7- alternative to chemical pesticides in yard 8- tuna marked "dolphin safe" 9- organize local cleanup of stream, highway, park, or beach 10- join environmental action groups (David Suzuki Foundation, WWF, or Sierra Club)
104
Toxic affects of lead
Exposure – ingested food, water, contaminated soil, toys, furniture, paint, surfaces with particle presences (hemolytic anemia) lead destroys red blood cells Inflammation/ulceration of kidneys Digestive system – erodes Nerves – demyelination of (electrical system issues) Kids – delayed development/intellectual deficits/seizures
105
Mercury
Ingested in water/food Via. Glass thermometers, flourescent light bulbs, coal burning emissions Harm to brain, heart, kidneys, lungs common Immune system harmed unborn child - Floating in bloodstream of child – impair IQ, learning, speech, hearing
106
Inhalant
Particulate toxin you breath in Smog Solvents – carbon tetrachloride – causes inflammation of liver cells (hepatocytes), permanent damage Pesticides/herbicides Asbestos, iron oxide, silica Gases – sulfur dioxide, ozone
107
Sources of inhalants:
Factories Mines Emitted insecticides Aerosols
108
Smog
Visible air pollution where noxious gasses (Hydrogen sulfide,Carbon monoxide, nitrogen/sulfur) oxidize and combined with dust/smoke and sunlight ``` irritate the eyes/nose respiratory system (long-term) nervous system (long-term) ``` immediate and delayed reactions
109
Carbon tetrachloride
toxic solvent inhalant moves into the circulatory system inflammation of liver cells (hepatocytes) irreversible liver damage.
110
Pesticides/Herbicides
Exposure: farms, lawns, gardens 1800 chemical compound combinations Get in the soil Get in the crops – ingested pesticides - kill pests; herbicides - kill plants ``` Growing concerns linked to… Testicular cancer Low sperm counts in men Leukemia in children Breast cancer in women ```
111
Asbestos, iron oxide, Silica (glass industries)/ | Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide
Inhaled particles that cause lung damage to workers in mines/industrial settings Chronic cough, freq. infections Inflammation/tissue scarring increases lung cancer risk SD and CM (product of combustion) displace oxygen binding to red blood cells and can cause death
112
Cigarette smoking
Predisposes smoker to lung diseases Emphysema, bronchitis, lung cancer Particles – get in the blood stream and increase risk – bladder cancer, peptic ulcers, low birth weight babies/pregnancy complications #1 indoor pollutant
113
Hyperthermia
Excessive core body temp, can happen when environment is so hot, body can’t cool off Causes: envir. heat super high, or body is having difficulty cooling (elderly) - elderly, infants (cardiac issues) - Strenuous activity on very hot day w/ lack of fluid/salt replacement normal response: Vasodilation, Diaphoresis (sweating) but body can get overwhelmed Symptoms: body spasms, heat exhaustion w/nausea, fainting/heat stroke (shock/coma/death)
114
Hypothermia – localized frostbite
Exposure to extreme cold causing trauma/injuiry Local or systemic effects Usually fingers, toes, exposed face Wet clothing on skin increases risk Vascular occlusion/constriction quickly leading to necrosis and gangrene Usually sensation lost early (may not realize) White spots initially Red/bluish discoloration later indicate loss of blood flow
115
necrosis
tissue death
116
gangrene
tissue death and infection
117
Hypothermia – systemic frostbite
May occur from submersion in cold water With wet clothing, or lack of clothing on windy, cold day Low temps affect body functions based on time of exposure/ actual temperature; faster with less movement Reflex vasoconstriction/increased blood thickness = ischemia (oxygen decrease to tissues) and reduced metabolism Capillaries/cell membrane damage = can’t regulate salt/fluid = causes hypovolemic shock (low blood pressure) and cell necrosis Shivering, rigid muscles, then lethargy Pulse and respiration slow, person becomes unresponsive Rewarming – cautiously to minimize cell damage
118
Damage to body from radiation exposure
Damage: Single large, small exposures accumulate (skin cancers) Most vulnerable – rapid cycling cell mitosis cells – epithelial, bone marrow, testes and ovaries Protection- Limit exposure, skin lotions, workers (lead shields, monitoring devices) DNA damaged – body can repair small damage ``` Large doses – Destruction or mutations of cells radiation sickness Damage to bone marrow, digestive tract, central nervous system development of cancer ```
119
Radiation exposure
X-rays, gamma rays, particles – protons/neutrons Exposure - Radon based gas heat (in home); in industry, defense systems, nuclear reactors, diagnostic medical; Natural sources = sun and minerals in the soil Roentgens – unit of exposure dose of gamma (or xray) Rads – amount of radiation absorbed by the body Vary in energy level and ability to penetrate tissue, clothing, lead
120
Noise damage
``` Single large (gunshot, can rupture eardrum) Rupture of tympanic membrane(ear drum), immediate severe, permanent hearing loss ``` Cumulative (workplace/public places) Ex. Earphones w/music too loud Often without individual's awareness ``` Harmful noise effects: Headaches Heart disease Insomnia Anxiety Ulcers (cracks in walls of organs) ```
121
3 ways bites/stings cause disease/injuiry:
1- direct injection of animal toxin, neurotoxins in snake/spider bite (seizures, paralysis of muscles, respiratory failure) 2- animal/insect vectors to humans - transmission of infectious agents (RNA rabies virus via dog, skunk, fox bite (nerve paralysis/death if not treated immediately) 3- allergic reaction transfer - secretion like saliva; bee/wasp protein causing reaction (anaphylactic shock/death – if not treated immediately)
122
Foodborne/Waterborne illnesses
Foodborne illnesses in US: 50million+/year are REPORTED in US caused by infected foods/water Common culprit organisms: - Giardia lamblia, protozoan w/2polar bodies; "smiling" - Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria on our skin - E. Coli, rod shaped bacteria, from food handlers - clostridium botulinum, bacteria – spore forming rod shaped bacteria, causes botulism (in canned foods) gastroenteritis, cramps, fever, pain, diarrhea, vomiting
123
Allergies
Hypersensitive immune system Benign protein is reacted to by your body Run in families – there is genetic piece ``` tissue damage hay fever rashes vomiting anaphylactic shock ```
124
Type 1 Allergic response
Hypersensitivity allergy Foreign protein (allergen/antigen) – from food, chemical, pollen, drug (aspirin, penicillin, sulfa) Can be something that you grow out of /or into Common: shellfish, nuts, eggs, strawberries, often with drugs; cross allergies – allergic to same “family” Ex. penicillin
125
Type I allergic reaction process
Exposed to allergen Body makes IgE antibodies from B lymphocytes Antibodies attach to mast cells in linings of respiratory/digestive systems Re-exposure – allegen attaches to IgE mast cells, mast cells release histamines Histamines cause inflammation Prostoglandins/leukotrienes – cause respiratory congestion/obstruction and bronchoconstriction Can kill – anaphylactic shock
126
5 treatments for allergic reactions
Depends on severity and body response 1- best is to avoid 2- desensitization treatments (allergy shots to create blocking antibodies) 3- antihistamine drugs 4- steroid drugs – to reduce inflammation and stabilize vascular system 5- anaphylactic shock – oxygen and epinephrine injections to increase strength of heartbeat, relax respiratory tubes/enhance breathing, reverse itching/hives
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Type ii Allergic Reaction process
Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity Antigen is normal or foreign part of a cell membrane of a cell in body Circulating IgG antibody reacts to antigen, destroying "foreign" cell Blood type example: - Type A blood has A antigen - makes antiB antibodies - given B blood, antigen-antibody reaction will destroy type B cells (called hemolysis – burst cells) - releases hemoglobin and cell parts into blood = thicker blood; can cause kidney failure as body is trying to filter, can also cause blood clotting/stroke Treatment – STOP transfusion, medications that increase renal flow and maintenance of renal output
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Type iii allergy reaction process
Immune complex hypersensitivity Antigen combines with the antibody forming a complex which is deposited in tissue Activates complement – triggers inflammation and tissue destruction Rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis (kidney disease) NO Treatment – symptom control, steroid and other medications aimed at altering body’s immune response
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Type IV allergy reaction process
Cell mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity (delayed 12-72 hrs) - Body exposed to allergen/antigen - T lymphocytes cause cytotoxic T cells - T cells macrophage destruction of the antigen Entities: cosmetics, dyes, soaps, cologne, poison ivy, latex, various metals Symptoms: usually indicated via a rash (red, itching), oozing blisters Ex. Contact dermatitis, allergic skin rash, poison ivy Treatment: no cure, avoidance, steroid, cyclosporine, immunotherapy
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Reasons for food additives/preservatives
1- increase shelf life 2- make food convenient 3- increase nutritional value 4- improve flavors 5- enhance attractiveness of food
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7 Healthy tips/practices re:food
1- increase awareness 2- wash fruits/vegetables 3- fresh is best, then frozen, canned foods as last resort (choose low sodium) 4- cut down on foods w/additives 5- keep special treats to special occasions 6- change routines for shopping 7- avoidance/discernment are crucial to natural health care program
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Additives in food to minimize/avoid
``` 1- hydrogenated fats 2- nitrites/nitrates 3- sulfites 4- artificial food colors/flavors 5- sugar and sweeteners 6- MSG 7- preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc) 8- artificial sweeteners 9- food wax 10- plastic packaging 11- salt (excessive) ```
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Harmful effects of food additives (may cause)
1- headaches/energy levels 2- affect concentration 3- dec. immune response 4- inc. risk of cancer 5- inc. cardiovascular disease/other degenerative conditions
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Why minimize/avoid hydrogenated fats and nitrites/nitrates?
hydrogenated fats – not compatible with body being able to break down nitrities/nitrates – cured meats, can turn into nitrosamines which can become carcinogenic (bbq/fried/smoking increases)
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Why minimize/avoid sulfites and artificial food colors/flavors?
sulfites – sulfur dioxide, can cause allergic/asthmatic reactions artificial food colors/flavors – allergies/asthma, hyperactivity and possible carcinogenic impacts
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Why minimize/avoid sugars/sweeteners and MSG?
sugar and sweeteners – obesity, dental cavities, diabetes and hypoglycemia, increases triglicerides (blood fats) because extra sugar turned to fat by the liver, candida (yeast), high fructose corn syrup MSG (monosodium glutamate) – allergic/behavioral reactions
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Why minimize/avoid preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc) and artificial sweeteners?
preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc.) – allergic reactions; BHT may be toxic to nervous system and the liver artificial sweeteners- (Aspartame, Saccharin) behavior problems, hyperactivity, allergies, possibly carcinogenic; warning to pregnant women and children; anyone with PKU (phenylketonuria, an amino acid, metabolite) should not use aspartame (Nutrasweet) – if pregnant mother is allergic, accumulates in fetus
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Why minimize/avoid food wax, plastic packaging, and salt?
food wax – (coating on produce – cucumbers, peppers, apples) keeps insects from eating at the food, can contain pesticides, fungicides, animal byproducts plastic packaging – carcinogenic (vinyl chloride, can dissolve in liquid around it); immune reactions, lung shock salt (excessive) – fluid retention and blood pressure increase
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5 categories of harmful chemicals to organisms
``` 1- neurotoxins 2- carcinogens 3- teratogens 4- allergens 5- endocrine disruptors ```
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carcinogens
chemicals that cause cancer by damaging cells causing uncontrolled growth of cells and interfering with the normal metabolic processes of the cell OR damage the genetic material of the cell = if so, called mutagens Ex. asbestos, radon (soil water), formaldehyde, chemicals in tobacco, arsenic (mining, groundwater), PCBs, vinyl chloride (water from vinyl chloride pipes, industry)
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teratogens
chemicals that impact normal fetal development Ex. thalidomide (morning sickness drug in 50s and 60s led to many birth defects) alcohol is one of most common - reduces fetal growth, damages brain and nervous system - fetal alcohol syndrome
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neurotoxins
chemicals that disrupt the nervous system many insecticides disrupt the nervous systems of insects but others as well Ex. lead (leaded gas, paint before 1970, in older buildings); mercury (coal burning, fish consumption) damages brain, kidneys, liver, and immune system
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Dynamics, process and impacts of land pollution on the environment
only 30% of our world's surface is land solid waste problem - landfills, incineration, dumping have environmental impacts; need to increase recycling; Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: 3 Rs chemical wastes are costly to make them non-hazardous so are sometimes secretly buried poisoning soil weed killing sprays are not totally taken into plants they are intended to kill - still not sure illness potential radiation from nuclear power plants could result in health problems electromagnetic radiation may be associated with severe health problems,, including brain cancer
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Dynamics, process and impacts of water pollution on the environment
comes from many agents: toxic chemicals, pathogens from human and animal waste increased levels of pesticides/herbicides in both surface and groundwater sources chlorine found in both surface and groundwater sources progressive loss of wetlands (losing countless species of fish, shellfish, birds, and marine mammals) oil spills, power plants, sediments
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Dynamics, process and impacts of air pollution on the environment
sources of: exhaust from vehicles, industrial processes, domestic heating, pesticides/herbicides, deforestation greenhouse effect - progressive warming of the earth's surface due to the increase in carbon dioxide gas extreme weather events: La Nina, El Nino (rains, floods, fires, ice storms, record snows ) acid rain, smog, acid snow, acid fog CFCs destroying ozone layer could lead to more UV radiation temperature inversions increase seriousness of air pollution indoor air pollution is serious threat - tobacco, asbestos, radon, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, cooking gasses; "sick building syndrome"
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Dynamics, process and impacts of noise pollution on the environment
noise pollution can lead to hearing loss, ability to hear human voice increases stress to the body
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Temperature inversions: | Subsidence and radiation
subsidence inversion: high temperature system traps warm area right above ground, leaving polluted air stagnating radiation inversion (mostly winter); pollutants stay near ground due to cooling of the ground until warmth on next morning warms air to rise and disperse pollutants
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Community actions or government policies instituted to reduce foodborne and waterborne illness
Federal laws/state laws Regarding the regulation of: “Safe drinking water act” is the Federal standard Locally, often testing, municipalities are responsible for making sure drinking water is safe Food, contam water, contam soil Natural disaster – breaking of sewage into water supply (tsunami, hurricane) Even in US, infrastructure fails with disasters Wells Can get contaminated water from soil Flooding/bacteria may cause contamination Regular testing of especially shallow wells
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know microorganisms that cause water/foodborne illnesses, signs/symptoms, treatment and prevention practices to reduce incidence and complications
need to write out list from docs waterborne/foodborne
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Kyoto Protocol
1997 meeting of industralized countries to agree on reduction of greenhouse gas emmissions to 5% below 1990 levels; in 2001, US withdrew stating it would damage the US economy
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Amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytic; protozoan clear in water Flies can tranmit to water or sewage in water supplies AKA: amoebic dyssentary; symptoms: gastroenteritis, abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains hand to mouth transmission treatment by antiparasitic medication
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Campylobacteriosis | Cholera
vibio cholerae bacteria; comma shaped with a flagellum at one end oral-fecal untreated water, poor hygiene, crowded living with inadequate sewage watery diarrhea, vomiting, occasional muscle cramps
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vibio cholerae
bacteria causes Campylobacteriosis (Cholera)
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Entamoeba histolytic protozoan causes
Amebiasis
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Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium parvum Collects on filters at the treatment center level (filter, tolerant to heat, florine/floride that kill others) Animals carry the organism and put in streams/lakes (LA, other big cities) Gastroenteritis collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected diarrhea, abdomonal discomfort
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Cryptosporidium parvum
protozoan causes Cryptosporidiosis
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Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia; Protozoan most common intestinal parasite(look like smiley face) Untreated water, old pipes/breaks, groundwater contamination, campground ponds, beavers/muskrats (act as resevoir); found places where humans and wildlife use same source of water oral-fecal hand-to-mouth Gastroenteritis
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Giardia lamblia
protozoan causing Giardiasis
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis A Virus, often 30 days to symptoms (15-50) dark urine, jaundice, virus infects liver and causes inflammation lasts 2 weeks-3 months Found in water that is contaminated If shellfish with it, we then eat = ingestion raw produce uncooked foods Hygiene is a big issue – food handling Cross-contamination – hands move something from one food to another (Ex. Raw (infected) shellfish – to salad) Raw sewage, untreated drinking water, poor hygiene Make sure doctors are washing hands patient to patient
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Salmonellosis
salmonella typhi, Salmonella species, bacterium Gastroenteritis, fever and rapid blood poisoning ``` Contaminated water (shellfish, turtles, fish) Can get from touching pet turtles many female chickens can have salmonella in the ovaries – so anytime we eat eggs, drink milk – need to wash/cook so we get rid of the salmonella ```
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Legionnaire’s disease
Legionellaceae and L. Cincinnatus, bacterium/bacteria Inhalation from vapors of the AC carrying bacteria stagnant clean drinking water in water tanks or cooling towers, can inhale through the vapors of shower construction sites near river/lakes raw sewage pneumonia like symptoms, coughing, aching, fever chills, chest congestion, headaches, nausea, dizziness,
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Legionellaceae and L. Cincinnatus
bacteria that causes Legionnaire's disease | Legionallacae also causes Pontiac Fever (milder Legionnaire's disease)
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Viral gastroenteritis
Norwalk virus/ rotavirus/ Norovirus Norovirus Ruins your cruise ship experience Kids – vomit, adults-diarrhea 12-48 hours to symptoms/ 12-60 hrs duration Contaminated drinking water or food that is uncooked or contaminated Sewage, contaminated water, inadequate disinfected drinking water; Shellfish/fruits can be contaminated from water
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Norwalk virus is the cause of?
viral gastroenteritis
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"travelers diarrhea"
E coli; (looks like hairy hot dog with flagella, image) 2 kinds: Escherichia coli “travelers diarrhea” diarrhea, some cramping, some vomiting water or food contaminated with urine, feces can get from pools or E. coli O157:H7 more viralant hemmoragic colitis – bloody diarrhea – inflame gut lining undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk, raw fruits, and vegetables grown in a field with contaminated water (raw meat can have it from meat processing coming in contact with intestinal contents of infected animal)
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Pontiac fever
Legionallacae, bacterium same sources as Legionnaire's disease milder form pneumonia-like symptoms without fever, illness shorter in length
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of people yearly in US who get sick from a foodborne illness
48-50 million/year in the US
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common name of "food poisoning"
Bacillus cereus Rod shaped Grows in liquids – soups, sauces, drinks 10-16 hr onset Usually 24-48 hours Diarrhea, cramps, nausea
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Bacillus cerus is cause of?
B. cerus food poisoning
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Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacter jejuni, Bacterial Takes 2-5 days to see symptoms 2-10 days Unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, raw and undercooked poultry diarrhea, cramps, fever, vomiting
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drank some unpasteurized milk and some undercooked poultry and got sick 2-5 days later with diarrhea... what might I have?
Campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Bacteria
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ate some canned food and got dizzy with double vision 12-72 hours later, what might I have?
Clostridum botulinum, caused by paralytic toxins from bacteria (Look like Mike and Ikes) 12-72 hours Affects brain not gut Dizziness, (may get vomiting), double vision, can die if diaphragm is affected, muscle weakness Dirt bacteria; that can be in improperly canned foods, ball glass jars, canned fish, baked potatoes in aluminum foil; Canned food – can move through cans if microscopic holes/cracks
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Botulism caused by
Clostridium botulinum
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pain in my right side, jaundice, and dark urine, what might I have? How long might I be sick?
Hepatitis A 2 weeks - 3 months
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Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes, bacteria 9-48 hrs until symptoms 2-6 weeks for invasive form Soft cheeses or unpasteurized milk, ready to eat deli meat Bacteremia – can cause kidney damage or meningitis (swelling of brain)
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Ate some soft cheese on my pretzel at Walmart and now have a fever, aches, nausea and diarrhea 9-48 hours later...what might I have?
Listeriosis | Listeria monocytogenes bacteria
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Went on a cruise and got diarrhea while the kids threw up, lasted 2 days, what might we have had?
Norovirus, viral gastroenteritis
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Went to a picnic and got sick from the mayonnaise potato salad 1-6 hours later, what might I have?
staphylococcus bacteria possibly 30 minutes – 1-6hrs likes salads with mayonnaise or dressing (potato salad, egg salad), cream pasteries
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My 3 year old won't stop scratching their bottom and is having a hard time sleeping at night, they might have?
(Image Enterobius Vermicularis) Pin worm Organism that a kid can drink from contaminated water, adult immune system can usually handle it Swallowed in water or food Resist stomach acid Move into small intestines then large intestines At night they come out of the anus and lay eggs around the skin of the anal opening Kid scratching their bottom UV light – eggs can be seen around opening Medical patch that removes lots of eggs, then med. To kill the adults in the intestines
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look like Mike and Ike candy shapes
Clostridium botulinum, bacteria
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Botox uses a chemically refined version of the toxin produced by what?
clostridium botulinum; Botox – paralyzes muscles so the muscle doesn’t constrict with wrinkles (3 mo)
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staphylococcal bacteria on skin
Staphylococcus aureus “staphylo” grape like Organism on skin, colonize skin surface and keep there from being room for fungus/others to grow Takes advantage when cut Boil is a staph infection Gastro – fast acting – within 30 minutes can be sick – stomach contractions, violent diarrhea, projectile vomiting Some people are carriers – excessive in nasal cavity (carrier sneezes on food)
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Nosocomial infections
Infections that make you more sick in the hospital than when you walked in Be healthy and try NOT to need doctor and hospital
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bacteria in our throats, can be opportunistic
Streptococcus pyogenes (image) Long chains, circular Normal flora organism in our throats Supposed to be there to help If we’re not eating right, stressed, it can overgrow Pharyngitis – sore throat from it Jail, prison, dorms, tight quarters – lots of illness
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Pediculosis capitis
(lice image) Ectoparasites – on the skin Children under age 12 most vulnerable, before hormones – ONLY protein in hair after teens – fatty acids in the hair and the lice don’t like there are some that affect adults pubic lice – can be transmitted
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scabies
sarcoptes scabeii ``` skin to skin contact (clothes) moves into pores of the skin vertical lines (black) through the skin – tunnel through the skin, eggs in the burroughs – people have reaction to the eggs and then the feces in the skin ```
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super itchy with black lines on my skin?
scabies