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Bio 141 - additional > Study sheet qustions > Flashcards

Study sheet qustions Flashcards

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1
Q

Daily habits that age us:

A 
1- sleep habits
2- too much tv
3- straws and smoking
4- heat/AC too high 
5- not stimulating our brains
6- too much sugar
7- not enough good fats
8- suncreen (vacations only)
9- not using eye creams, moisturizers
10- oil/alcohol skin products
11- too much sitting/slouoching
12- too much stress
13- isolation in relationships
14- smoke/chemical exposure
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2
Q

Less than 7 hrs of sleep leads to what 5 negative results?

A
  • shorter lifespan
  • lack of energy
  • weight gain
  • accident proneness
  • attention problems
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3
Q

According to Fox news, for every 1 hr of tv watched, life expectancy decreases on average by _____ minutes.

A

22 minutes

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4
Q

Pillowcases that are not satin or silk do what?

A

pressure/rubbing cause wrinkles and creases in skin
cotton pulls moisture from the skin
sleeping on back also helps

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5
Q

Disease % linked to environmental issues

A

25-40% or more of diseases are accounted for by environmental issues

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6
Q

Children/elderly

More sensitive/vulnerable to toxins

A

immune systems more vulnerable

children more susceptible to mutational damage as they are still growing and lots of cell multiplication

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7
Q

Efforts/Practices Mindset for healthy responses to environmental challenges to human health

A
  • environment inpacts us all
  • air, water, energy, chemicals used
  • as individuals we can have immediate and long-term affect
  • lifestyle choices
  • chemical use
  • cleanup/restoration/preservation practices
  • education & research aimed at healthy living/healthy world
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8
Q

Once in environment, chemicals can (3)

A

remain in dangerous form (in environment Ex. DDT pesticide; can affect ecosystems and microganisms)

Become more toxic

Break down into harmless substances

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9
Q

3 ways chemicals injested:

A

Oral cavity – food/drinks
Inhaled
Skin absorption – home or workplace

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10
Q

Body organ that removes most toxins

A

Liver breaks down/neutralizes/ removes most

Some toxins – not broken but stored in tissues

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11
Q

4 Harmful chemical effects on body

A

Tissue damage

Damage at site of entry

enter blood and circulate to other body areas

(may accumulate to dangerous levels with no signs/symptoms)

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12
Q

Signs vs symptoms

A

Signs:
Evidence of a disease process
Observable by another person
(blisters, rash, skin change)

Symptoms:
subjective –patient is only one who knows
discomfort, pain, dizziness

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13
Q

Antiseptics; Hexaclorophene

A

Are chemicals used in soaps/powders
Put ON the body – easily absorbed via. Broken skin

Hexaclorophene
Chemical formerly used in antiseptics
Used in 40s,50s,60s 
Found to cause brain damage
Now very restricted use
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14
Q

4 adverse chemical effects on the body’s cells

A

Membrane damage

Swelling/rupture

Metabolic inhibition

Carcinogenic/mutational changes (can lead to cancers like leukemia)

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15
Q

Carcinogenic changes

A

Changes that have potential to cause cancer

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16
Q

Mutational changes

A

DNA changes that occur from exposure to chemicals

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17
Q

Types of hazardous chemicals/Molecular agents

A

Heavy metals – lead/mercury

Inhalants – smog/carbon tetrachloride

Physical Agents

  • Temperature – hypothermia, hyperthermia
  • Radiation Agents
  • Noise Agents

Biological Agents

  • bites/stings
  • foodborne/waterborne illness

Dietary/Nutritional Agents

  • food additives
  • food preservatives
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18
Q

infectious diseases

A 
body invasion by pathogenic
bacteria
virus
fungi
parasites
-protozoa
-helmith
-ectoparasites
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19
Q

microorganisms that cause disease

A

pathogens

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20
Q

virulence capacity

A

pathogenic characteristic:
ability to elude/escape body’s immune defenses through
- enzymes -break down connective tissue
- leukocidins kill white blood cells
- toxins causing fevers, shock, organ injuiry
- slippery capsule to get away/make phagocytosis by WBC difficult
- mutation - changes

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21
Q

pathogenic mutation

A

ability to change spontaneously or in response to environment = key characteristic of virulence

makes developed antibodies
drugs, and vaccines ineffective

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22
Q

leukocidin

A

substance created by some bacteria capable of killing white blood cells

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23
Q

bacteria:
pathogenic
non-pathogenic
opportunistic

A

pathogenic - disease producing

non-pathogenic - non-disease producing

opportunistic - it takes advantage of circumstances where immune system is compromised or it finds itself in different environment

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24
Q

oldest form of cellular life

A

bacteria

live in every conceivable micro-climate on earth

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25
Q 
bacteria characteristics
cellular
shape
live where
\+ / neg
A

procaryotes/ unicellular organisms

don’t need living tissue to survive (on surfaces everywhere)

shapes: rod, spiral, round

(some)capsules for adhesion to tissue or escape
pili to attach, make adhesions
cell wall/ plasma membrane
cytoplasm - no organelles, some plasmid DNA
nucleoid region
plasmids, free ribosomes, actin filaments, inclusions
(some) procaryotic flagella
(some) can form spores

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26
Q

endospores

A

some bacteria can form
spore, resistant coated, dormant form
released during challenge to bacteria
survives and can regenerate when conditions better

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27
Q

Bacteria transfer through

A

biological vectors (animals, fleas)

fomites (inanimate objects:toys, needles)

food/drink

person to person body fluid transfers/contact

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28
Q

positive roles of bacteria

A

normal flora/ microflora

body pH - help balance

food digestion

protection from UV rays

vitamin productions

in colonized body areas can offset invasion
by other pathogenic organisms

common in food (cheese), industrial activities

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29
Q

bacterial nutritional/environmental requirements for their own growth and reproduction

A 
temperature
aerobic vs. anaerobic
osmotic pressure
pH
barometric pressure
mineral
macromolecular and metal, etc
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30
Q

bacterial reproduction

A

binary or transverse fission=
parent cell splits to pair of daughter cells

generation - name for each division
population doubles with each generation
exponential growth rate (1,2,4,16,etc)
time: 5-10min, 30-60min, or 10 to 30 days varies by species

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31
Q

procaryotes vs. eucaryotes

A 
procaryotes - 
very simple
no nuclei or organelles
most primative cells
2 kinds: bacteria and archaea

eucaryotes-
more complex
have nuclei, organelles
cells of protozoans, green algae, fungi, plants, animals, and humans

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32
Q

2 types of procaryotes

A

bacteria:
free-living
mostly non-pathogenic
derive most nutrients from other organisms

archaea:
single cell organisms w/ unique genetics to
adapt to extreme habitats/salt/pressure/temperature/acid

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33
Q

aerobic vs. anaerobic

A

2 kinds of bacterial needs:

O2 needing = aerobic (think exercise needs O2)

anaerobic = doesn’t need oxygen

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34
Q

cell wall

A

outer layer of cellulose or chitin in plant cells only

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35
Q

chloroplast

A

bacteria like element in plants

site of photosynthesis

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36
Q

central vacuole

A

in plants
large membrane-bound sac
storage for water, sugars, ions, pigments

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37
Q

nucleus

A

control center of cell
contains chromosomes
directs protein synthesis

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38
Q

nucleolus

A

site of genes for rRNA synthesis

assembles ribosomes

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39
Q

endoplasmic reticulum ER

A

coral reef looking thing
forms compartments and vesicles
synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids

smooth - no ribosomes; lipid production
rough - ribosomes; protein production

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40
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stack of pancakes

packs proteins for export in vesicles

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41
Q

lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes, digests macromolecules and cell debris

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42
Q

peroxisome

A

contains oxidative/other enzymes

breaks down fatty acids

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43
Q

mitochondrion

A

cellular respiration

power house - makes ATP

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44
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural support of cell
cell movement
protein filaments

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45
Q

cilia/ flagella

A

9+2 pattern of microtubules

motility

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46
Q

centrioles

A 
animal cells only
occur in pairs
made of microtubules
anchor/assemble microtubules
key role in cell cycling mytosis
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47
Q

conjugation

A

bacteria perforate each other with pili
create bridge
plasmids shared back and forth
causes genetic mutation

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48
Q

Chlamydia/ Rickettiae/ Mycoplasma

A

Microorganisms similar to both virus and bacteria
Require living cells for reproduction

Chlamydia –
Chlamydia trachamatus - sterility in women/STD, blindness (2nd leading cause worldwise blindness behind diabetes)
Chlamydia psittaci – causes pneumonia (in bird poop)

Rickettsiae – transferred via insects (typhus, Rock Mountain spotted fever)

Mycoplasma – causes pneumonia

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49
Q

bacteria shape - 1 0f 3 - (cocci)

A

diplococci - Many travel in pairs

  • streptococcus pnaumaniae
  • neissaria gonorrheae

Strepto – means long chains
- streptococcus pyogenes

Tetrad – means 4

Sarcinia – 3d/cube
- sarcinia ventriculi

Staphylococci – grape like
- staphylococcus aureus

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50
Q

bacteria shape - 2 of 3 - rods (Bacilli)

A

Chain of bacilli
looks like long chain of hot dogs
-Bacillus anthracis
-enterics – digestive system bacteria that look like cigars

Flagellate rods
cigar with flagella looking
- salmonella typhi

Spore-former
- clostridium botulinum – botulism

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51
Q

Bacteria shape 3 0f 3 - Spirals

A

Vibrios-
Looks like worm w/flagella
- Vibrios cholerae – causes a diarrhea that kills people – infecting wounds from pond water

Spirilla-
Looks like worm w/ multiple flagella
- Helicobacter pylori – normal in stomach; too much causes ulcers

Spirochaetes-
Spiral worm looking
– treponema pallidus, syphilis

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52
Q

Viruses

A 
Non-living particle parasites need a host
protein coat (capsid), core of DNA or RNA
  • attach to a host cell, put DNA into cell
  • RNA virus – (called retrovirus) turns RNA to DNA then shoots into cell
  • takes over “host cell” to recreate viral cells
  • destructs host cell and continues cycle with nearby cells

Every virus has a preferred host cell
Hepatitis – liver

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53
Q

Fungal/ Mycotic infections

A

Single cell yeast or multicellular molds (chains of cells in various structures)

Fungus feed on dead matter - hair,nails,skin
love warmth, moisture, sugar

-Tenia pedia – athelete’s feet
-Tinia capitis (scalp infection)
-Candida infection (thrush)
Babies, weak immune system
Mouth is warm, milk sugar, moist

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54
Q

Protozoa

A

Eukaryotic (more complex) organisms

Unicellular, mobile via cilia or flagella, no cell wall

free-living or parasitic

Interesting shapes (alien looking)

Trichomoniasis, malaria, diarrhea/amoebic dysentery

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55
Q

Helminths that are human parasites

A

Are worms
Reproduce in the host
Sometimes has different intermediate and definitive host

Roundworms (nematodes)
Tapeworms (cestodes)
Flukes (trematodes)
Trichtomella worm (bear meat, pork) – uses host as both breeding ground and final destination- goes into muscles then they make hard areas in the muscle

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56
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Infest external body surfaces
Localized tissue damage
Inflammation after bite or burrowing of arthropod/insect

  • Scabies – most common human ectoparasites; make a tunnel in the skin, make you scratch
  • Chiggers
  • Lice (head, body, pubic)
  • Fleas
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57
Q

Normal flora

A

“resident” microorganisms
All over body – skin, mouth, etc

-Usually protect from invasion of pathogens,
balance pH and metabolic

-“opportunistic” when immune system impaired or the balance of an area is not maintained

Eczema, boil – opportunistic infection

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58
Q

Six types of illnesses that account for 94% of deaths caused by infectious disease

A

1- respiratory infections (pneumonia, etc.)

2- AIDS virus

3- variety of pathogens causing diarrhea

4- tuberculosis

5- malaria

6- childhood diseases (measles, tetanus)

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59
Q

acute vs. chronic diseases

A

acute - rapidly impair body function (Ebola rapidly kills)

chronic - slowly impairs body function (heart disease, most cancers)

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60
Q

chronic disease risk factors in

low-income countries

A

risks associated with poverty
1- unsafe water
2- poor sanitation
3- malnutrition (decreased ability to fight infections)

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61
Q

chronic disease risk factors in

high-income countries

A 
1- increased tobacco
2- less active lifestyle
3- poor nutrition
4- overeating
5- high blood pressure
6- obesity
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62
Q

3 categories of risk to human health

A

physical - environmental such as natural disasters that cause injury/death, sun radiation, radon

biological - risks from disease (impaired function of body with characteristic set of symptoms)

chemical - exposure to toxins - arsnic, synthetic, pesticides

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63
Q

epidemic vs. pandemic

A

epidemic -
when pathogen causing disease rapidly increases

pandemic-
when epidemic covers large geographic region (such as a country)

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64
Q

historical vs. emergent diseases

A

emergent - diseases previously not defined or not common for at least 20 years prior

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65
Q

3 historical diseases related to poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water

A

cholera

hepatitis

diarrheal diseases

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66
Q

3 historical diseases passed from host to host

A

plague

malaria

tuburculosis

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67
Q

plague

A

historical disease
“black death”
“bubonic plague”

caused by a bacterium carried by fleas
passed to rats/mice
who then infect humans by flea bite or handling rodents

killed 1/4 of European population in 1300s
early 1900s pandemic in Asia
still small occasional outbreaks around world

swollen glands
black spots
extreme pain
modern antibiotics very effective at killing

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68
Q

malaria

A

killed millions over the centuries

infection from several species of Plasmodium parasite
spread through mosquitoes where parasite spends one stage and then speads to humans
re-occurring flu-like symptoms

350-500 million get yearly
1 million die yearly (mostly children under 5)

mostly sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Middle East, Central and South America

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69
Q

Tuberculosis

A

highly contagious bacterium
infects lungs, spread through coughing

bacteria in water droplets coughed into air can last several hours to infect someone else

many carriers don’t develop disease
estimated 1/3 of world’s population is infected

9 million contract annually
2 million die annually

antibiotic resistant strains grow from re-generation of bacteria when people don’t finish antibiotic and kill ALL the bacteria

20% infected in Russia and parts of Africa are drug resistant strains

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70
Q

emergent diseases frequently jump from ______ to humans

A

pathogens infecting animals

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71
Q

5 serious emergent diseases that have jumped from animals to humans

A 
1- HIV/AIDS
2- Ebola
3- mad cow disease
4-bird flu
5- West Nile virus
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72
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

AIDS first in 1970s with unusual pneumonia and cancers with weak immune systems

HIV virus identified in 1983; spread through sexual intercourse and dirty needles

2006 scientists traced to chimpanzees in Cameroon; believed to have passed to human hunters

33 million infected around world now
25 million have died

antiviral drugs can keep it low/extend life, but money makes them less available to poor regions

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73
Q

Ebola Hemmoragic Fever

A

1976 discovery in Congo near Ebola River

causes fever, vomiting, internal/external bleeding
kills 50%-89% of those infected
several 100 humans
Central Africa

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74
Q

Mad Cow Disease

A

identified in 1980s as neurological disease in cattle causing it to lose coordination and then dying

prions - small proteins found in the brains of the cows; not well understood; represent a new category of pathogen

1996 - spread to humans who ate infected meat
cooking doesn’t destroy prions unlike bacteria

humans get variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vCJD and similar fate to cattle

In Britain a total of 180,000 cattle were infected and 166 people had died as of 2009

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75
Q

Bird Flu

A

Spanish flu of 1918 killed up to 100 million
caused by H1N1

2006 a similar virus H5N1 jumped from birds to people
as of 2009, 400+ had died of H5N1 - humans have few defenses against it; Governments killed significant number of infected birds; currently not easily passed among people - has potential to kill 150 million if it becomes easier to transmit through further mutation

76
Q

West Nile Virus

A

originally among birds, then spread to horses, eventually humans; identified in 1937 in West Nile region of Uganda

in humans - inflammation of the brain leading to illness/ sometimes death

1999 appeared in New York, quickly spread in the US; highest #s in 2002 and 2003

mosquito control measures and people protecting against bites is causing decline of disease

77
Q

Outlook for disease in low/high income countries

A

low - focus first on nutrition, clean water,and sanitation

high - promoting healthier lifestyle choices, increased activity, balanced diet, decrease excessive food consumption, decrease tobacco use

all - work on decreasing HIV, tuberculosis spread

keeping ready and looking for new diseases - usually come from unknown pathogens

78
Q

synergistic interactions

A

when multiple risks combine and cause more harm than one would individually (Ex. asbestos impact higher in individuals who smoke)

79
Q

biomagnification

A

increase in chemical concentration in animal tissue as it moves up the food chain in increased concentration as stored in animal tissue

Ex. DDT used to kill mosquitoes - zooplankton - small fish - large fish - birds to cause thin eggs in birds incubating

primary cause of bird decline since 1960s
DDT banned is US in 1972; since then bird population has increased

80
Q

persistence

A

how long a chemical remains in the environment - depends of temp, pH, water or soil, if sun breaks down, if microbes can break down

81
Q

half-life

A

how long it takes for chemical to degrade to half its original concentration

82
Q

quantitative risk formula:

risk =

A

probability of being exposed to a hazard x

probability of being harmed if exposed

83
Q

qualitative risk assessment

A

judgement based on perceptions

84
Q

risk analysis steps

A

risk assessment
risk acceptance
risk management

85
Q

risk assessment

A 
what's the hazard?
what is a toxic dose?
what is the extent of exposure?
data gathering stage
determining concentrations that harm organisms

Ex. PCB’s might cause cancer; scientists then studied rats in dose-respondant studies; determined dose people might experience (soil, air, water, considering 1/2 life of chemical)
determined risk from eating fish was much higher than exposure through drinking water

86
Q

risk acceptance

A

deciding acceptable level of risk
(social, economic, political considerations)

often a volatile stage where some people want no risk and others are willing to live with some risk

EPA says 1:1million is acceptable risk

87
Q

risk management

A

policy determined with input from individuals, industry, and interest groups

tries to balance harm against other considerations
input from others, regulations decided

88
Q

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A

Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 gives the EPA authority to regulate many chemicals (excluding food, cosmetics, pesticides)

89
Q

Pesticide regulation act

A

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1996

manufacturer must show it “will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects”

90
Q

LD50/ED50 animals studied

A

LD50 is dose where 50% of individuals would die
usually divided by 10 for animals

ED50 is dose where 50% display harmful, but nonlethal effects (effective dose, sublethal effects)

LD50 and ED50 divided by 1,000 to set human safe values

test subjects for
mammals - rats and mice
birds - pigeons, quail
fish - trout
invertegrates - water fleas
currently amphibians and reptiles not represented
91
Q

chronic studies

A

studies lasting longer duration; often with subjects from very young until old enough to reproduce

92
Q

dose respondant vs. retrospective vs. prospective studies

A

dose - expose animals to range of chemical concentrations to determine at what level of concentration there are harmful effects

retrospective studies - identify exposed group in past and monitor effects over time

prospective - identifying group that may be exposed, determine if future exposure to chemicals associated with harmful effects (ex. group of 1000 asked to document tobacco and alcohol for next 40 years)

93
Q

factors that determine concentration of

chemical exposure

A
  • route of exposure

- solubility (water or fats/oils) - oil soluble are stores in animal fat tissue and cause bioaccumulation

94
Q

environmental hazard

A 
anything in environment that can potentially cause harm
pollutants and chemical contaminants
draining swamps, logging forests
natural events - volcanoes, earthquakes
voluntary - smoking
involuntary - air pollution
95
Q

2 ways to handle environmental risks worldwide

A

innocent until proven guilty

precautionary principle

96
Q

Stockholm Convention

A

International agreement 2001

127 countries agreed to
ban/phase out/reduce

12 chemicals “dirty dozen” (PCBs, DDT, all are endocrine disruptors); 2009 added 9 more; 12 more are suggested for future

97
Q

REACH

A

2007 EU agreement on regulating chemicals

registration, evaluation, authorization, restriction of chemicals and commitment to the precautionary principle

being phased in to give time for changes needed

98
Q

malaria prevention worldwide

A

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation- goal to eradicate malaria

In 2007 a program in Uganda using pesticide mosquito nets and a new antimalarial drug produced 97% reduction in Uganda

western governments doubled their help to 1.1 billion
drug manufacturer selling for under cost

large hope that at least a 85% reduction is possible

99
Q

bioaccumulation and 3 factors impacting

A

chemicals stored in animal tissue/fat continue to increase through exposure (Ex. mercury in fish)

  • rate of intake
  • rate of body breaking down
  • rate of excretion
100
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the cause of illness and disease in human and wildlife populations

101
Q

endocrine disruptors

A

chemicals that interfere with normal hormone function in animals bodies

attach where normal hormones should, blocking body’s normal hormone response

scientists finding feminized fish/amphibians

healthy = hormone attaches to receptor normally and body converts estrogen to testosterone in males

disrupted = if blocked, results in low sperm counts and may develop eggs in testes

102
Q

citizen scientist - Margie Richard

A

1989, Concerned citizens of Norco

grassroot effort to get Shell company to buy out homes in 4 city blocks where residents were sick from exposure due to living between a chemical plant and oil refinery

“Bucket Brigade” citizens learned to collect air samples

In 2002, finally won and Shell purchased homes, paid community development, reduced emissions by 30%

Won Goldman Environmental Prize honoring grassroots environmentalists

103
Q

10 things I can do to improve environment

A

1- visit/support National Parks
2- recycle newspapers, glass, plastic, aluminum
3- conserve energy, use energy-efficient lighting
4- keep tires inflated to improve gas mileage and extend tire life
5- plant trees
6- organize Christmas tree recycling in community
7- alternative to chemical pesticides in yard
8- tuna marked “dolphin safe”
9- organize local cleanup of stream, highway, park, or beach
10- join environmental action groups (David Suzuki Foundation, WWF, or Sierra Club)

104
Q

Toxic affects of lead

A

Exposure – ingested food, water, contaminated soil, toys, furniture, paint, surfaces with particle presences

(hemolytic anemia) lead destroys red blood cells
Inflammation/ulceration of kidneys

Digestive system – erodes

Nerves – demyelination of (electrical system issues)

Kids – delayed development/intellectual deficits/seizures

105
Q

Mercury

A

Ingested in water/food
Via. Glass thermometers, flourescent light bulbs, coal burning emissions

Harm to brain, heart, kidneys, lungs common
Immune system harmed
unborn child - Floating in bloodstream of child – impair IQ, learning, speech, hearing

106
Q

Inhalant

A

Particulate toxin you breath in

Smog

Solvents – carbon tetrachloride – causes inflammation of liver cells (hepatocytes), permanent damage

Pesticides/herbicides

Asbestos, iron oxide, silica

Gases – sulfur dioxide, ozone

107
Q

Sources of inhalants:

A

Factories
Mines
Emitted insecticides
Aerosols

108
Q

Smog

A

Visible air pollution where noxious gasses (Hydrogen sulfide,Carbon monoxide, nitrogen/sulfur) oxidize and combined with dust/smoke and sunlight

irritate the eyes/nose
respiratory system (long-term) 
nervous system (long-term)

immediate and delayed reactions

109
Q

Carbon tetrachloride

A

toxic solvent inhalant

moves into the circulatory system
inflammation of liver cells (hepatocytes)
irreversible liver damage.

110
Q

Pesticides/Herbicides

A

Exposure: farms, lawns, gardens
1800 chemical compound combinations

Get in the soil
Get in the crops – ingested

pesticides - kill pests; herbicides - kill plants

Growing concerns linked to…
Testicular cancer
Low sperm counts in men
Leukemia in children
Breast cancer in women
111
Q

Asbestos, iron oxide, Silica (glass industries)/

Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide

A

Inhaled particles that cause lung damage to workers in mines/industrial settings

Chronic cough, freq. infections
Inflammation/tissue scarring increases
lung cancer risk

SD and CM (product of combustion) displace oxygen binding to red blood cells and can cause death

112
Q

Cigarette smoking

A

1 indoor pollutant

Predisposes smoker to lung diseases
Emphysema, bronchitis, lung cancer

Particles – get in the blood stream and increase risk – bladder cancer, peptic ulcers, low birth weight babies/pregnancy complications

113
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Excessive core body temp, can happen when environment is so hot, body can’t cool off

Causes: envir. heat super high, or body is having difficulty cooling (elderly)

  • elderly, infants (cardiac issues)
  • Strenuous activity on very hot day w/ lack of fluid/salt replacement

normal response: Vasodilation, Diaphoresis (sweating)
but body can get overwhelmed

Symptoms: body spasms, heat exhaustion w/nausea, fainting/heat stroke (shock/coma/death)

114
Q

Hypothermia – localized frostbite

A

Exposure to extreme cold causing trauma/injuiry
Local or systemic effects

Usually fingers, toes, exposed face
Wet clothing on skin increases risk
Vascular occlusion/constriction quickly leading to necrosis and gangrene

Usually sensation lost early (may not realize)
White spots initially
Red/bluish discoloration later indicate loss of blood flow

115
Q

necrosis

A

tissue death

116
Q

gangrene

A

tissue death and infection

117
Q

Hypothermia – systemic frostbite

A

May occur from submersion in cold water
With wet clothing, or lack of clothing on windy, cold day

Low temps affect body functions based on time of exposure/ actual temperature; faster with less movement

Reflex vasoconstriction/increased blood thickness = ischemia (oxygen decrease to tissues) and reduced metabolism

Capillaries/cell membrane damage = can’t regulate salt/fluid = causes hypovolemic shock (low blood pressure) and cell necrosis

Shivering, rigid muscles, then lethargy
Pulse and respiration slow, person becomes unresponsive

Rewarming – cautiously to minimize cell damage

118
Q

Damage to body from radiation exposure

A

Damage: Single large, small exposures accumulate (skin cancers)

Most vulnerable – rapid cycling cell mitosis cells – epithelial, bone marrow, testes and ovaries

Protection-
Limit exposure, skin lotions, workers (lead shields, monitoring devices)

DNA damaged – body can repair small damage

Large doses – 
Destruction or mutations of cells
radiation sickness
Damage to bone marrow, digestive tract, central nervous system
development of cancer
119
Q

Radiation exposure

A

X-rays, gamma rays, particles – protons/neutrons

Exposure - Radon based gas heat (in home); in industry, defense systems, nuclear reactors, diagnostic medical;
Natural sources = sun and minerals in the soil

Roentgens – unit of exposure dose of gamma (or xray)
Rads – amount of radiation absorbed by the body

Vary in energy level and ability to penetrate tissue, clothing, lead

120
Q

Noise damage

A 
Single large (gunshot, can rupture eardrum)
Rupture of tympanic membrane(ear drum), immediate severe, permanent hearing loss

Cumulative (workplace/public places) Ex. Earphones w/music too loud
Often without individual’s awareness

Harmful noise effects:
Headaches
Heart disease
Insomnia
Anxiety
Ulcers (cracks in walls of organs)
121
Q

3 ways bites/stings cause disease/injuiry:

A

1- direct injection of animal toxin, neurotoxins in snake/spider bite (seizures, paralysis of muscles, respiratory failure)

2- animal/insect vectors to humans - transmission of infectious agents (RNA rabies virus via dog, skunk, fox bite (nerve paralysis/death if not treated immediately)

3- allergic reaction transfer - secretion like saliva; bee/wasp protein causing reaction (anaphylactic shock/death – if not treated immediately)

122
Q

Foodborne/Waterborne illnesses

A

Foodborne illnesses in US: 50million+/year are REPORTED in US

caused by infected foods/water

Common culprit organisms:

  • Giardia lamblia, protozoan w/2polar bodies; “smiling”
  • Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria on our skin
  • E. Coli, rod shaped bacteria, from food handlers
  • clostridium botulinum, bacteria – spore forming rod shaped bacteria, causes botulism (in canned foods)

gastroenteritis, cramps, fever, pain, diarrhea, vomiting

123
Q

Allergies

A

Hypersensitive immune system

Benign protein is reacted to by your body

Run in families – there is genetic piece

tissue damage
hay fever
rashes
vomiting
anaphylactic shock
124
Q

Type 1 Allergic response

A

Hypersensitivity allergy

Foreign protein (allergen/antigen) – from food, chemical, pollen, drug (aspirin, penicillin, sulfa)

Can be something that you grow out of /or into

Common: shellfish, nuts, eggs, strawberries, often with drugs; cross allergies – allergic to same “family” Ex. penicillin

125
Q

Type I allergic reaction process

A

Exposed to allergen

Body makes IgE antibodies from B lymphocytes

Antibodies attach to mast cells in linings of respiratory/digestive systems

Re-exposure – allegen attaches to IgE mast cells, mast cells release histamines

Histamines cause inflammation

Prostoglandins/leukotrienes – cause respiratory congestion/obstruction and bronchoconstriction

Can kill – anaphylactic shock

126
Q

5 treatments for allergic reactions

A

Depends on severity and body response

1- best is to avoid

2- desensitization treatments (allergy shots to create blocking antibodies)

3- antihistamine drugs

4- steroid drugs – to reduce inflammation and stabilize vascular system

5- anaphylactic shock – oxygen and epinephrine injections to increase strength of heartbeat, relax respiratory tubes/enhance breathing, reverse itching/hives

127
Q

Type ii Allergic Reaction process

A

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

Antigen is normal or foreign part of a cell membrane of a cell in body

Circulating IgG antibody reacts to antigen, destroying “foreign” cell

Blood type example:

  • Type A blood has A antigen
  • makes antiB antibodies
  • given B blood, antigen-antibody reaction will destroy type B cells (called hemolysis – burst cells)
  • releases hemoglobin and cell parts into blood = thicker blood; can cause kidney failure as body is trying to filter, can also cause blood clotting/stroke

Treatment – STOP transfusion, medications that increase renal flow and maintenance of renal output

128
Q

Type iii allergy reaction process

A

Immune complex hypersensitivity

Antigen combines with the antibody forming a complex which is deposited in tissue
Activates complement – triggers inflammation and tissue destruction
Rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis (kidney disease)

NO Treatment – symptom control, steroid and other medications aimed at altering body’s immune response

129
Q

Type IV allergy reaction process

A

Cell mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity
(delayed 12-72 hrs)

  • Body exposed to allergen/antigen
  • T lymphocytes cause cytotoxic T cells
  • T cells macrophage destruction of the antigen

Entities: cosmetics, dyes, soaps, cologne, poison ivy, latex, various metals

Symptoms: usually indicated via a rash (red, itching), oozing blisters
Ex. Contact dermatitis, allergic skin rash, poison ivy

Treatment: no cure, avoidance, steroid, cyclosporine, immunotherapy

130
Q

Reasons for food additives/preservatives

A

1- increase shelf life

2- make food convenient

3- increase nutritional value

4- improve flavors

5- enhance attractiveness of food

131
Q

7 Healthy tips/practices re:food

A

1- increase awareness
2- wash fruits/vegetables
3- fresh is best, then frozen, canned foods as last resort (choose low sodium)
4- cut down on foods w/additives
5- keep special treats to special occasions
6- change routines for shopping
7- avoidance/discernment are crucial to natural health care program

132
Q

Additives in food to minimize/avoid

A 
1- hydrogenated fats
2- nitrites/nitrates
3- sulfites
4- artificial food colors/flavors
5- sugar and sweeteners
6- MSG
7- preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc)
8- artificial sweeteners
9- food wax
10- plastic packaging
11- salt (excessive)
133
Q

Harmful effects of food additives (may cause)

A

1- headaches/energy levels

2- affect concentration

3- dec. immune response

4- inc. risk of cancer

5- inc. cardiovascular disease/other degenerative conditions

134
Q

Why minimize/avoid hydrogenated fats and nitrites/nitrates?

A

hydrogenated fats – not compatible with body being able to break down

nitrities/nitrates – cured meats, can turn into nitrosamines which can become carcinogenic (bbq/fried/smoking increases)

135
Q

Why minimize/avoid sulfites and artificial food colors/flavors?

A

sulfites – sulfur dioxide, can cause allergic/asthmatic reactions

artificial food colors/flavors – allergies/asthma, hyperactivity and possible carcinogenic impacts

136
Q

Why minimize/avoid sugars/sweeteners and MSG?

A

sugar and sweeteners – obesity, dental cavities, diabetes and hypoglycemia, increases triglicerides (blood fats) because extra sugar turned to fat by the liver, candida (yeast), high fructose corn syrup

MSG (monosodium glutamate) – allergic/behavioral reactions

137
Q

Why minimize/avoid preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc) and artificial sweeteners?

A

preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc.) – allergic reactions; BHT may be toxic to nervous system and the liver

artificial sweeteners- (Aspartame, Saccharin) behavior problems, hyperactivity, allergies, possibly carcinogenic; warning to pregnant women and children; anyone with PKU (phenylketonuria, an amino acid, metabolite) should not use aspartame (Nutrasweet) – if pregnant mother is allergic, accumulates in fetus

138
Q

Why minimize/avoid food wax, plastic packaging, and salt?

A

food wax – (coating on produce – cucumbers, peppers, apples) keeps insects from eating at the food, can contain pesticides, fungicides, animal byproducts

plastic packaging – carcinogenic (vinyl chloride, can dissolve in liquid around it); immune reactions, lung shock

salt (excessive) – fluid retention and blood pressure increase

139
Q

5 categories of harmful chemicals to organisms

A 
1- neurotoxins
2- carcinogens
3- teratogens
4- allergens
5- endocrine disruptors
140
Q

carcinogens

A

chemicals that cause cancer by damaging cells

causing uncontrolled growth of cells and interfering with the normal metabolic processes of the cell

OR damage the genetic material of the cell = if so, called mutagens

Ex. asbestos, radon (soil water), formaldehyde, chemicals in tobacco, arsenic (mining, groundwater), PCBs, vinyl chloride (water from vinyl chloride pipes, industry)

141
Q

teratogens

A

chemicals that impact normal fetal development

Ex. thalidomide (morning sickness drug in 50s and 60s led to many birth defects)

alcohol is one of most common - reduces fetal growth, damages brain and nervous system - fetal alcohol syndrome

142
Q

neurotoxins

A

chemicals that disrupt the nervous system

many insecticides disrupt the nervous systems of insects but others as well

Ex. lead (leaded gas, paint before 1970, in older buildings); mercury (coal burning, fish consumption) damages brain, kidneys, liver, and immune system

143
Q

Dynamics, process and impacts of land pollution on the environment

A

only 30% of our world’s surface is land

solid waste problem - landfills, incineration, dumping have environmental impacts; need to increase recycling; Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: 3 Rs

chemical wastes are costly to make them non-hazardous so are sometimes secretly buried poisoning soil

weed killing sprays are not totally taken into plants they are intended to kill - still not sure illness potential

radiation from nuclear power plants could result in health problems

electromagnetic radiation may be associated with severe health problems,, including brain cancer

144
Q

Dynamics, process and impacts of water pollution on the environment

A

comes from many agents: toxic chemicals, pathogens from human and animal waste

increased levels of pesticides/herbicides in both surface and groundwater sources

chlorine found in both surface and groundwater sources

progressive loss of wetlands (losing countless species of fish, shellfish, birds, and marine mammals)

oil spills, power plants, sediments

145
Q

Dynamics, process and impacts of air pollution on the environment

A

sources of: exhaust from vehicles, industrial processes, domestic heating, pesticides/herbicides, deforestation

greenhouse effect - progressive warming of the earth’s surface due to the increase in carbon dioxide gas

extreme weather events: La Nina, El Nino (rains, floods, fires, ice storms, record snows )

acid rain, smog, acid snow, acid fog

CFCs destroying ozone layer could lead to more UV radiation

temperature inversions increase seriousness of air pollution

indoor air pollution is serious threat - tobacco, asbestos, radon, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, cooking gasses; “sick building syndrome”

146
Q

Dynamics, process and impacts of noise pollution on the environment

A

noise pollution can lead to hearing loss, ability to hear human voice

increases stress to the body

147
Q

Temperature inversions:

Subsidence and radiation

A

subsidence inversion:
high temperature system traps warm area right above ground, leaving polluted air stagnating

radiation inversion (mostly winter); pollutants stay near ground due to cooling of the ground until warmth on next morning warms air to rise and disperse pollutants

148
Q

Community actions or government policies instituted to reduce foodborne and waterborne illness

A

Federal laws/state laws
Regarding the regulation of:
“Safe drinking water act” is the Federal standard
Locally, often testing, municipalities are responsible for making sure drinking water is safe

Food, contam water, contam soil
Natural disaster – breaking of sewage into water supply (tsunami, hurricane)
Even in US, infrastructure fails with disasters

Wells
Can get contaminated water from soil
Flooding/bacteria may cause contamination
Regular testing of especially shallow wells

149
Q

know microorganisms that cause water/foodborne illnesses, signs/symptoms, treatment and prevention practices to reduce incidence and complications

A

need to write out list from docs waterborne/foodborne

150
Q

Kyoto Protocol

A

1997 meeting of industralized countries to agree on reduction of greenhouse gas emmissions to 5% below 1990 levels; in 2001, US withdrew stating it would damage the US economy

151
Q

Amebiasis

A

Entamoeba histolytic; protozoan

clear in water
Flies can tranmit to water or sewage in water supplies

AKA: amoebic dyssentary; symptoms: gastroenteritis, abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains

hand to mouth transmission
treatment by antiparasitic medication

152
Q

Campylobacteriosis

Cholera

A

vibio cholerae

bacteria; comma shaped with a flagellum at one end

oral-fecal

untreated water, poor hygiene, crowded living with inadequate sewage

watery diarrhea, vomiting, occasional muscle cramps

153
Q

vibio cholerae

A

bacteria causes Campylobacteriosis (Cholera)

154
Q

Entamoeba histolytic protozoan causes

A

Amebiasis

155
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

Collects on filters at the treatment center level (filter, tolerant to heat, florine/floride that kill others)
Animals carry the organism and put in streams/lakes (LA, other big cities)
Gastroenteritis

collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected

diarrhea, abdomonal discomfort

156
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

protozoan causes Cryptosporidiosis

157
Q

Giardiasis

A

Giardia lamblia; Protozoan

most common intestinal parasite(look like smiley face)

Untreated water, old pipes/breaks, groundwater contamination, campground ponds, beavers/muskrats (act as resevoir); found places where humans and wildlife use same source of water

oral-fecal
hand-to-mouth

Gastroenteritis

158
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

protozoan causing Giardiasis

159
Q

Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis A

Virus, often 30 days to symptoms (15-50)
dark urine, jaundice,
virus infects liver and causes inflammation
lasts 2 weeks-3 months

Found in water that is contaminated
If shellfish with it, we then eat = ingestion
raw produce
uncooked foods

Hygiene is a big issue – food handling
Cross-contamination – hands move something from one food to another (Ex. Raw (infected) shellfish – to salad)

Raw sewage, untreated drinking water, poor hygiene
Make sure doctors are washing hands patient to patient

160
Q

Salmonellosis

A

salmonella typhi, Salmonella species, bacterium

Gastroenteritis, fever and rapid blood poisoning

Contaminated water (shellfish, turtles, fish)
Can get from touching pet turtles
many female chickens can have salmonella in the ovaries – so anytime we eat eggs, drink milk – need to wash/cook so we get rid of the salmonella
161
Q

Legionnaire’s disease

A

Legionellaceae and L. Cincinnatus, bacterium/bacteria

Inhalation from vapors of the AC carrying bacteria
stagnant clean drinking water in water tanks or cooling towers, can inhale through the vapors of shower
construction sites near river/lakes
raw sewage

pneumonia like symptoms, coughing, aching, fever chills, chest congestion, headaches, nausea, dizziness,

162
Q

Legionellaceae and L. Cincinnatus

A

bacteria that causes Legionnaire’s disease

Legionallacae also causes Pontiac Fever (milder Legionnaire’s disease)

163
Q

Viral gastroenteritis

A

Norwalk virus/ rotavirus/ Norovirus

Norovirus
Ruins your cruise ship experience
Kids – vomit, adults-diarrhea
12-48 hours to symptoms/ 12-60 hrs duration

Contaminated drinking water or food that is uncooked or contaminated

Sewage, contaminated water, inadequate disinfected drinking water; Shellfish/fruits can be contaminated from water

164
Q

Norwalk virus is the cause of?

A

viral gastroenteritis

165
Q

“travelers diarrhea”

A

E coli; (looks like hairy hot dog with flagella, image)

2 kinds:

Escherichia coli “travelers diarrhea” diarrhea, some cramping, some vomiting
water or food contaminated with urine, feces
can get from pools

or E. coli O157:H7
more viralant
hemmoragic colitis – bloody diarrhea – inflame gut lining

undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk, raw fruits, and vegetables grown in a field with contaminated water
(raw meat can have it from meat processing coming in contact with intestinal contents of infected animal)

166
Q

Pontiac fever

A

Legionallacae, bacterium

same sources as Legionnaire’s disease
milder form

pneumonia-like symptoms without fever, illness shorter in length

167
Q

of people yearly in US who get sick from a foodborne illness

A

48-50 million/year in the US

168
Q

common name of “food poisoning”

A

Bacillus cereus

Rod shaped
Grows in liquids – soups, sauces, drinks

10-16 hr onset
Usually 24-48 hours
Diarrhea, cramps, nausea

169
Q

Bacillus cerus is cause of?

A

B. cerus food poisoning

170
Q

Campylobacteriosis

A

Campylobacter jejuni, Bacterial

Takes 2-5 days to see symptoms
2-10 days
Unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, raw and undercooked poultry

diarrhea, cramps, fever, vomiting

171
Q

drank some unpasteurized milk and some undercooked poultry and got sick 2-5 days later with diarrhea… what might I have?

A

Campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Bacteria

172
Q

ate some canned food and got dizzy with double vision 12-72 hours later, what might I have?

A

Clostridum botulinum, caused by paralytic toxins from bacteria (Look like Mike and Ikes)
12-72 hours

Affects brain not gut

Dizziness, (may get vomiting), double vision, can die if diaphragm is affected, muscle weakness

Dirt bacteria; that can be in improperly canned foods, ball glass jars, canned fish, baked potatoes in aluminum foil; Canned food – can move through cans if microscopic holes/cracks

173
Q

Botulism caused by

A

Clostridium botulinum

174
Q

pain in my right side, jaundice, and dark urine, what might I have? How long might I be sick?

A

Hepatitis A

2 weeks - 3 months

175
Q

Listeriosis

A

Listeria monocytogenes, bacteria

9-48 hrs until symptoms
2-6 weeks for invasive form

Soft cheeses or unpasteurized milk, ready to eat deli meat

Bacteremia – can cause kidney damage or meningitis (swelling of brain)

176
Q

Ate some soft cheese on my pretzel at Walmart and now have a fever, aches, nausea and diarrhea 9-48 hours later…what might I have?

A

Listeriosis

Listeria monocytogenes bacteria

177
Q

Went on a cruise and got diarrhea while the kids threw up, lasted 2 days, what might we have had?

A

Norovirus, viral gastroenteritis

178
Q

Went to a picnic and got sick from the mayonnaise potato salad 1-6 hours later, what might I have?

A

staphylococcus bacteria

possibly 30 minutes – 1-6hrs
likes salads with mayonnaise or dressing (potato salad, egg salad), cream pasteries

179
Q

My 3 year old won’t stop scratching their bottom and is having a hard time sleeping at night, they might have?

A

(Image Enterobius Vermicularis)
Pin worm
Organism that a kid can drink from contaminated water, adult immune system can usually handle it

Swallowed in water or food
Resist stomach acid
Move into small intestines then large intestines
At night they come out of the anus and lay eggs around the skin of the anal opening
Kid scratching their bottom
UV light – eggs can be seen around opening
Medical patch that removes lots of eggs, then med. To kill the adults in the intestines

180
Q

look like Mike and Ike candy shapes

A

Clostridium botulinum, bacteria

181
Q

Botox uses a chemically refined version of the toxin produced by what?

A

clostridium botulinum; Botox – paralyzes muscles so the muscle doesn’t constrict with wrinkles (3 mo)

182
Q

staphylococcal bacteria on skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus
“staphylo” grape like

Organism on skin, colonize skin surface and keep there from being room for fungus/others to grow

Takes advantage when cut
Boil is a staph infection

Gastro – fast acting – within 30 minutes can be sick – stomach contractions, violent diarrhea, projectile vomiting

Some people are carriers – excessive in nasal cavity (carrier sneezes on food)

183
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Infections that make you more sick in the hospital than when you walked in

Be healthy and try NOT to need doctor and hospital

184
Q

bacteria in our throats, can be opportunistic

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
(image) Long chains, circular

Normal flora organism in our throats
Supposed to be there to help

If we’re not eating right, stressed, it can overgrow
Pharyngitis – sore throat from it
Jail, prison, dorms, tight quarters – lots of illness

185
Q

Pediculosis capitis

A

(lice image)
Ectoparasites – on the skin
Children under age 12 most vulnerable, before hormones – ONLY protein in hair
after teens – fatty acids in the hair and the lice don’t like
there are some that affect adults
pubic lice – can be transmitted

186
Q

scabies

A

sarcoptes scabeii

skin to skin contact (clothes)
moves into pores of the skin
vertical lines (black) through the skin – tunnel through the skin, eggs in the burroughs – people have reaction to the eggs and then the feces in the skin
187
Q

super itchy with black lines on my skin?

A

scabies

Bio 141 - additional (7 decks)

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