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Bio 141 - additional > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

muscle fatigue

A

progressive weakness and loss of contractility from prolonged use of muscles

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2
Q

Factors in muscle fatigue: high-intensity/short time

A
  • Potassium accumulation makes fiber less exciteable
  • ADP accumulation - slows the cross bridge cycling of contraction
  • P accumulation - inhibits Calcium release from SR and sensitivity of contractile mechinism
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3
Q

Factors in muscle fatigue: low-intensity, long-duration exercise

A
  • fuel depletion - declining muscle glycogen and blood glucose leave less fuel for ATP synthesis (why runners eat high-carb before race to load muscles with extra glycogen)
  • electrolyte loss - losing through sweat can decrease the muscle exciteability
  • central fatigue - exercising generates ammonia which is absorbed by the brain and inhibits motor neurons
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4
Q

maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2max)

A

determines ability to maintain high-intensity for more than 4-5 minutes

is proportional to body size, larger in men, peaks at 20, and is greater in trained endurance atheletes

sedentary adult (35 milliliters/O2/min/kg of body weight) vs 70 ml/min in elite endurance atheletes

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5
Q

denervation atrophy

A

if a muscle nerve connection is severed or poisoned, muscle is paralyzed and atrophies

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6
Q

muscle endurance exercises

A

increased fatigue resistance - enhanced delivery and use of oxygen

jogging and swimming are good endurance exercise

slow-twitch fibers - grow more capillaries, mitochondria, glycogen as a result of conditioning

increased skeletal strength which increases RBC and oxygen transport capacity of the blood improves cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems

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7
Q

deconditioning

A

if muscles not sufficiently active become weak and easily fatigued

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8
Q

Oxygen Debt / how to end it

A

post-exercise, heavy breathing

now called excess postexercise oxygen consumption

body needs Oxygen to regenerate ATP aerobically, regenerate creatine phospate, dispose of lactate, increased temp. uses more oxygen

remains elevated as long as 1 hr EPOC can be 6x typical consumption

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9
Q

Functions of Muscles

A

Movement (skeletal-locomotion, pumps heart, controls body openings/passageways, moves fluids)

Stability/posture

Stabilize joints - maintain tension on tendons

generate heat

control blood glucose

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10
Q

Purpose of all muscle

A

To convert ATP into the energy of motion (book)

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11
Q

muscle organ (components smallest to largest)

A

(see card)

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12
Q

tendons

A

attach muscles to bone at the origin and insertion

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13
Q

aponeuroses

A

tendon as a sheet - such as scalp, palmar aponeurosis

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14
Q

retinaculum

A

band of connective tissue “bracelet”

wrists/ankles

holds tendons in place

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15
Q

prime mover (agonist)

A

muscle producing most of the force of movement

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16
Q

synergist

A

muscle that is helping the prime mover

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17
Q

belly of muscle

A

largest/center of a fusiform muscle like the calf or biceps

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18
Q

intrinsic muscle

A

same region as use

Ex. hand muscle located in hand

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19
Q

extrinsic muscle

A

different region of origin

Ex. hand muscle origin in forearm

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20
Q

action

A

effect of muscle to produce or prevent a movement

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21
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle

enclosed by perimysium

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22
Q

antagonist

A

muscle opposite the prime mover

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23
Q

antagonist pair

A

muscles around a joint - act together at times depending on movement (see class note)

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24
Q

fixator

A

holds a bone in place so another muscle can perform

Ex. rhomboids hold the scapula close to vertebral column while biceps contract, postural muscles hold bones steady

ensures bicep force moves radius rather than scapula

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25
Q

myofibril

A

myofibrils are bundles of myofilaments

long protein cords that fill up the majority of the sarcoplasm in muscle fibers

striated appearance because of overlapping myofilaments

each surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum

100s of sarcomeres end to end form

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26
Q

myofilament

A

The tiny filaments that make up myofibrils
thick - myosin
thin - actin

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27
Q

titin filaments

A

elastic proteins that ancor structures to z discs and M-line

helps stabalize the thick

prevents overstretching

recoils like a spring after the muscle is stretched

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28
Q

3 layers of collagenous connective tissue in skeletal muscle

A

endomysium

perimysium

epimysium

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29
Q

sarcomere

A

can be 100s in a muscle fiber

from z line to z line with the lighter Actin on the ends

gets shorter during muscle contraction

but fibers don’t change length/ they overlap

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30
Q

2 kinds of filaments

A

Myocin (thick)

Actin (thin)

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31
Q

Actin

A

thin myofilament

has a cover over the binding site by Tropomyacin

Troponin helps stabalize the cover

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32
Q

Myocin

A

thick myofilament

bundled with Actin

has glubular heads/cross bridges/extensions with binding sites for ATP, Actin, and ATPase

when muscle contracting, globular heads grab actin fibers and pull “power stroke”

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33
Q

Characteristics of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

long, single muscle cell

fast and strong contractions

striated - A bands and I bands

multi-nucleated along fiber edges, just under the sarcolemma

form the contours of the body

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34
Q

Smooth muscle fiber characteristics

A

visceral, non-striated, involuntary

slow and strong contractions

spindle shaped fibers

form the walls of hollow/visceral organs and tubes (stomach, bladder, respiratory tubes)

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35
Q

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

A

synchronous contractions, involuntary

intercalcated discs, branching cells

only in heart

very light striations (microscopic)

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36
Q

Muscles comprise __-___% of total body weight and are the ________ machines of the body. Muscle presence in the human body includes over ____ muscle organs

A

Muscles comprise 40 – 50% of total body weight and are the movement machines of the body. Muscle presence in the human body includes over 650 muscle organs

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37
Q

In muscle cells:
cytoplasm is __________
plasma membrane is ____________
endoplasmic reticulum is _____________

A

cytoplasm is sarcoplasm

plasma membrane is sarcolemma

endoplasmic reticulum is sarcoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

T-tubules

A

tubules in skeletal and cardiac muscle

finger like invaginations of the sarcolemma

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39
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

sac-like structures of sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side of a t-tubule

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40
Q

What makes triad for release are re-uptake of calcium in the sarcoplasm for contraction process

A

T-tubule invagination and adjacent terminal cisternae on either side

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41
Q

contractility

A

ability for muscle cells to shorten/produce tension within self when adequate stimulus is received

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42
Q

irritability

A

ability to receive/respond to stimulus

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43
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

association site of motor nerve and muscle (synaptic cleft - don’t touch)

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44
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fills the synaptic cleft between motor neuron axon buton and the muscle

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45
Q

excitability

A

muscle fibers stimulated by nerve impulses

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46
Q

extensibilty

A

muscle fiber ability to stretch beyond their relaxed, anatomical length

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47
Q

elasticity

A

muscle fibers ability to return to shape after stretch/contraction

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48
Q

isotonic contraction

A

“typical” skeletal muscle contraction where muscle shortens and movement occurs

Ex. bending knee, smiling, rotating arm

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49
Q

isometric contraction

A

“rare”

muscle engaged but not shortened (no contraction)

Ex. pushing a wall, muscle vs. immovable object

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50
Q

tetanic contraction

A

when muscle must sustain contraction because no chance to rest

Ex. carrying boxes down stairs

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51
Q

Tonus contraction

A

muscles that are in a constant state of partial contraction (muscle tone)

about 10% of fibers are contracted on a rotating basis

Ex. back muscles (even when sleeping), occipitalis (holds scalp down)

keeps muscles in an optimal length ready for action
involuntary

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52
Q

If the sarcomeres are less than 60% or more than 175% of their optimal length?

A

develop no tension in response to stimulus because there’s either too much overlap for movement or too little to grip

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53
Q

Treppe contractions

A

staircase looking contractions bk. initial contraction less than subsequent

(eventually reach a limit)

54
Q

2 short term energy sources for muscles

A

Glycogen storage mechanism (storage from glucose and fatty acids for about 10 contractions)

Creatine Phosphate Pathway (CP+ADP = ATP+Creatine, about 100 contractions)

55
Q

Cellular Respiration 2 kinds

A

Anaerobic Glycolosis when not enough oxygen, fast but inefficient (2 moles ATP), lactic acid byproduct

Aerobic Pathway - oxygen plus glucose is broken down by mitochondria - 36 moles of ATP, when oxygen debt, body shifts to anaerobic again

56
Q

motor unit

A

1 motor neuron

plus all branches and fibers attached (few in fine motor, or 1000+ in gross motor)

average is about 200 fibers per motor neuron

fibers of motor unit are dispersed throughout a muscle (not clustered together)

57
Q

describe process from nerve firing through muscle contraction and relaxing

A

see card

58
Q

3 kinds of skeletal muscle fibers (general)

A

slow twitch/red fibers

fast twitch/white fibers

intermediate fibers

59
Q

Muscle names based on 6 factors

A

direction (rectus = vertical, oblique = 45 degree angle)

relative size of the muscle (brevis/longus, maximus/minimus)

location (bones and markers)

number of origins (Ex. biceps brachii)

location of origins/insertions (sternumcleidomastoid)

shape (deltoid - ?triangle shape)

60
Q

slow-twitch/red fibers

A

endurance muscle fibers

resist fatigue

aerobic respiration

thin fibers, many capillaries

high myoglobin makes red

Ex. back muscles, posture, erector spinae

61
Q

fast twitch/white fibers

A

fast response

fatigue rapidly (writers cramp, bicep curls)

anaerobic glycolysis

no myoglobin

more stored glycogen/enzymes

thicker fibers

Ex. eye, hand, large muscles (biceps brachii, gastrocnemius)

62
Q

Intermediate fibers

A

myoglobin

fast response

fatigue resistant

(characteristics of both slow and fast twitch)
RARE except some endurance atheletes

63
Q

Ratio of muscle fiber types

A

genetic - accounts some for athletic achievement in different sports (training of genetic strengths)

64
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

death of person = Sarcoplasmic reticulums release calcium as they deteriorate

causes permanent thin/thick bonding = post-mortum rigidity because no ATP to release bond

starts 3-4 hrs after death, peaks at 12 hours after

65
Q

Acytylcholine

A

when a motor neuron is excited, the axon releases this neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

66
Q

When sodium rushes into the cell it generates action _______________. Once started, a muscle contraction cannot be ________.

A

potential

]stopped

67
Q

When sodium rushes into the cell it generates action _______________. Once started, a muscle contraction cannot be ________.

A

potential stopped

68
Q

recovery stroke

A

recocking of the myosin head after contraction and ATP to release bond of the cross-bridge

69
Q

The motor signal triggered by the motor neuron gets to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by way of the ___________. The S.R. then releases ________.

A

The motor signal triggered by the motor neuron gets to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by way of the (T-tubules). The S.R. then releases calcium.

70
Q

When the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium, ____________ releases ______________ and the _______ is exposed on the actin fiber for the ___________ __________ on the Myocin fibers to grab the actin and cause the muscle to ____________

A

When the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium, (troponin) releases (tropomyacin) and the (actin) is exposed on the actin fiber for the (globular heads) on the Myocin fibers to grab the actin and cause the muscle to (contract)

71
Q

“power stroke”

A

the moving of globular heads to “pull” the actin fiber with the help of ATP energy

72
Q

In order for the Myocin filament to release the Actin filament following contraction, it needs a new _____ molecule to bind to it

A

In order for the Myocin filament to release the Actin filament following contraction, it needs a new ATP molecule to bind to it

73
Q

graded responses

A

different degree of muscle shortening response based on stimulus

74
Q

constant muscle contraction

A

tetanus

75
Q

muscle force based on

A

number of fibers stimulated

76
Q

muscle tension increases with _______ contracted fibers

A

more

77
Q

muscles can contract as long as they have ______

A

energy

78
Q

4 exercise effects on muscle

A

increases size

increases strength

increases efficiency

muscles more fatigue resistant

79
Q

Frontalis muscle

A
  • origin: cranial aponeurosis
  • insertion: muscle/soft tissue at base of frontalis bone
  • action: raise brows/ wringle forehead
80
Q

Occipitalis muscle

A
  • origin: posterior cranial aponeurosis
  • insertion: occipital bone
  • action: covers back of skull and pulls scalp down, tonis muscle
81
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A
  • origin: tissue at the center base of frontal bone, lacromial bone, around eye
  • insertion: ??? same
  • action: blink, wink, squint
  • “oculi” means circular
82
Q

Orbicularis oris

A
  • origin: maxilla
  • action: kissing
  • lips are a part with additional tissues
83
Q

Zygomaticus muscles

A
  • origin: zygomatic bone
  • action: smiling
  • “major” - lower, longer, mouth upwards like laughing
  • “minor” - upper, shorter, exposes upper teeth elevates upper lip
84
Q

Buccinator

A
  • origin: alveolar processes of mandible, maxilla
  • insertion: into the fibers of the oris
  • action:holds food between teeth, compresses cheeks (whistle, trumpet)
85
Q

Masseter

A
  • origin: zygomatic arch
  • insertion: mandibular ramus/angle
  • action: closes jaw by elevating mandible to maxilla
86
Q

Temporalis

A
  • origin: temporal bone
  • insertion: goes over/under arch to connect to mandible
  • action: also works with masseter to move mandible up
87
Q

Platysma

A
  • origin: manubrium, clavicles
  • insertion: mandible, anteriorlateral x2
  • action: I think it looks like a high collar, pulls jaw down, holds in stuff of neck
88
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A
  • origin: mastoid process of the temporal bone
  • insertion: 2 places: clavicle, and the sternum
  • action:”prayer muscles” also lateral flexion, and cervical rotation
89
Q

Pectoral major

A
  • origin: sternum/8 ribs
  • insertion: anterior humerus
  • action:adduct/flex arm
90
Q

Pectoral minor

A
  • origin: ribs 3-5 travels supralaterally to scapula
  • insertion: coracoid process of scapula
  • action: synargist to pectoral major
91
Q

trunk anterior

A
  • not involved with head/appendages
  • move vertebral column
  • hold abdominal area
  • 6/8 pack covered by abdominal apponeuroses
92
Q

External Intercostals

A
  • between ribs
  • open to inhale
  • run medial to lateral
93
Q

Internal Intercostals

A
  • deeper intercostals, between ribs
  • depress to exhale
  • laternal to medial
94
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

origin: pubic symphysis xiphoid process
insertion: xiphoid process, costal cartilages 5-7
action: straight up and down muscle, flexes spine forward, push childbirth, pushes out excrement

95
Q

External oblique

A

origin: external ribs 5-12, medial (low) to lateral, 45 degree angle
insertion: anterior iliac, superior margin of pubis
action: rotate spine, bend laterally, flex spine

96
Q

Internal oblique

A

lateral (low) to medial, 45 degree angle
action:rotate spine, bend laterally, flex spine

97
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

deepest abdominal

action:compress contents, horizontal fibers, opening with room for rectus abdominus

98
Q

Trapezius

A

origin: posterior trunk
action: head up and back, scapula (elevate, depress, adduct); sternocleidomasctoid antagonist

99
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

action: muscle with largest surface area, posterior trunk, adducts humerus (power stroke swimming)

100
Q

Erector spinae group

A

origin: posterior trunk

tonus muscles

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

action:x3 extensors, hold up spine

101
Q

Deltoid

A

action:arm abduction, triangle shape, holds scapula

102
Q

Biceps brachii

A

origin: scapula
insertion: radial tuberosity
action: forearm flexion, supinate forearm, 2 heads

103
Q

Brachialis

A

origin: upper limb, anterior, deep to bicep
insertion:
action: elbow flexion, synergist to biceps brachii

104
Q

Brachioradialis

A

origin:synargist to biceps brachaii
insertion:
action: forearm pronation, weak

105
Q

Triceps brachii

A

origin:

insertion: olecranon process
action: antagonist to bicep in elbow extension, punch muscle

106
Q

Gluteus maximus/medius/minimus

A

origin: spine side
insertion: femur
maximus: hip extensor (largest muscle 350,000 cells)

medius/minimus - abduction of hip;shots in medius (max has siatic nerve)

107
Q

Hamstring group order lateral to medial?
semimembranosus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus

A

semimenbranous, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
action: flex knee

108
Q

Sartorius

A

oblique over quad

action: “tailor’s muscle” thigh flexor (weak)

109
Q

Quadriceps group order medial to lateral and on top?
vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius?

A

vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris (crosses hip/knee,
action: extend the knee kick (gross movement)

110
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

origin: lateral tibia
insertion: medial cuniform, 1st metatarsal
action: foot dorsiflexion, inversion

111
Q

Fibularis muscles medial to lateral?

tertius, longus, brevis?

A

longus, brevis, tertius

reason why we can’t feel tibia (lateral side of lower limb)

plantar flexes, everts the foot

112
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • 2-bellied muscle that makes the calf
  • insertion: into achilles, onto heel bone
  • action: “toe dancer’s muscle”, foot plantar flexion (foot drags if achilles cut)
113
Q

Soleus

A

deep to gastrocnemius (fish fillet, super thin)
also foot plantar flexion

114
Q

Plantaris

A
  • deep to Gastrocnemius and Soleus…
  • skinny muscle under soleus, often missing, thin/weak, often fused into soleus)
115
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

origin: anterior forearm (flexor surface)
insertion:
action:flexes the wrist, abducts the hand (away from midline)
both radialis abduct together, but antagonistic for flex/extension

116
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

origin:anterior forearm (flexor surface)
insertion:
action:flexes the wrist, adducts the hand (towards midline)
both ulnaris adduct together but antagonistic for flex/extension

117
Q

Flexor digitorium superficialis

A

origin:anterior forearm (flexor surface)
insertion:
action:flexes the wrist and fingers, sits under the retinaculum w/4 tendons going to phalanx bones

118
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

origin:posterior forearm (entensor surface)
insertion:
action:extends the wrist and fingers 2,3,4 straight

119
Q

Extensor carpi radialis

A

origin:posterior forearm (extensor surface)
insertion:2nd finger straight
action:extends wrist, abducts the hand (away from midline)
both radialis abduct together, but antagonistic for flex/extension

120
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

origin:posterior forearm (extensor surface)
insertion:5th finger
action:extends wrist, adducts the hand (towards midline)
both ulnaris adduct together but antagonistic for flex/extension

121
Q

Palmaris longus/brevis

A

origin:anterior forearm (flexor surface)
insertion:
action:flexes wrist and cups the palm of the hand

122
Q

Thumb muscles:
Abductor Pollicis
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis (brevis)
flexor pollicis brevis - on ? surface
extensor pollicis longus - on ? surface

A

Thumb muscles

  • Abductor Pollicis (longus)
  • Opponens pollicis (to meet pinky)
  • Adductor pollicis (brevis)
  • flexor pollicis brevis - on anterior surface
  • extensor pollicis longus - on posterior surface
123
Q
A
124
Q

Palmar/plantar interosseous muscles

A

adduct (bring together) fingers, flex knuckles closest to the palm (bottom of proximal phalanges)
adduct (bring together toes)

125
Q

Dorsal interosseous muscles

A

abduct (push apart) fingers, between metacarpals

abduct (push apart) toes, between metatarsals

126
Q

3 shots locations

A
  • deltoid - arm
  • vastue lateralis (thigh side)/ rectus femorus (kids)
  • gluteus medius (high hip)
127
Q

Retinaculum

A

flexor (anterior wrist, back of ankle) or extensor (posterior wrist, front of ankle)

128
Q

Opponens pollicis and digiti minimi

A

responsible for cupping palm (thumb to index)

129
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

flexes pinky finger and toe

130
Q

extensor digitorum vs. extensor digitorum brevis

A

brevis is the extender for the top of the foot - 4 toes

131
Q

Lubricals

A

palmar side of hand/ plantar on foot - finger and toe flexion

132
Q

big toe

A
  • flexor hallucis longus tendon - plantar flexes big toe
  • flexor hallucis brevis - flexes big toe
  • abductor hallucis (medial foot) abducts big toe (out, which is towards

Bio 141 - additional (7 decks)

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