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blood Flashcards

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1
Q

components of whole blood (3)

A

plasma

platlets

leukocytes (5)

plasma (matrix) plus formed elements

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2
Q

2 categories/ 5 kinds of Leukocytes

A

granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

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3
Q

circulatory vs. cardiovascular system

A

circ: heart, blood vessels, AND blood
cardio: only heart, blood vessels

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4
Q

3 functions of the circulatory system

A

transport

protection

regulation

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5
Q

How transport?

A

O2, CO2

nutrients

waste to kidneys

hormones to organs

stem cells bone to tissues

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6
Q

How protect?

A

inflammation helps guard against infection

destroy harmful organisms/cancer cells

clotting

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7
Q

How regulates?

A

fluid balance (osmolarity regulation)

pH of extracellular fluids

regulating body temperature (pee more in winter)

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8
Q

hematocrit layers (3)

A

bottom is the erythrocytes

buffy coat WBCs and platelets <1%

plasma

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9
Q

serum vs. plasma

A

same as plasma with clots removed (no fibrinogen)

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10
Q

plasma

A

liquid of blood

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11
Q

3 plasma proteins

A

albumin - smallest, viscosity/osmolarity, most of globulins - (antibodies) alpha, beta, gamma fibrinogen - pre-clotting fiber

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12
Q

plasma proteins formed?

A

liver - albumin and globulins plasma cells- fibrinogen

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13
Q

plasma components

A

water, proteins, nutrients (glucose, vitamins, fats, minerals), electrolytes (Na+/Sodium), nitrogenous wastes (urea, toxic catabolic products), hormones, gasses (O2,CO2, Nitrogen)

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14
Q

viscosity? water vs. whole blood vs. plasma?

A

viscosity - how thin/thick “sticky” whole blood x4.5-5.5 as water plasma x2 as water

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15
Q

blood pressure if osmolarity is too high

A

too much water in blood = high BP

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16
Q

blood pressure if osmolarity is too low

A

too much water in tissues = low BP/ edema

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17
Q

osmolarity

A

molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through blood vessel wall electrolyte (sodium)/protein/RBC-water balance

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18
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

too little plasma proteins starvation, liver/kidney diseases, severe burns

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19
Q

kwashiorker

A

severe protein deficiency thin arms/swollen belly/fed cereals (after weaned)

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20
Q

hemopoiesis

A

making blood/ formed elements

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21
Q

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A

protein relationship to blood osmotic pressure *ed up in kwashiorker - edema, big belly, diarrhea, dehydration

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22
Q

hemopoetic tissues

A

tissues that make blood cells: embryo-yolk sac infancy on- red bone marrow makes 7 formed elements lymphocytes- made in lymphatic tissues (thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, mucous membranes)

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23
Q

plasma replacement

A

water - mostly from digestive tract electrolytes/nutrients-dig. Tract gamma globulins- conn. Tissue plasma cells proteins-liver

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24
Q

RBC characteristics

A

biconcave no nucleus/mitochondria anaerobic fermentation to make ATP plasma mem. Glycolipids - determine blood type cytoplasm-carbonic anahydrase (CAH)- role in gas transport/pH balance

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25
Q

% of RBC cytoplasm that is hemoglobin

A

33%

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26
Q

RBC functions

A

O2 from lungs to tissues CO2 from tissues to lungs

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27
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

4 protein chains - globins adult - 2 alpha, 2 beta chains fetal- 2 alpha, 2 gamma 4 heme groups (bind O2 to ferrous ion Fe at center)

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28
Q

2 factors determine O2 in blood

A

RBC and hemoglobin concentration

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29
Q

RBC: hematocrit vs. hemoglobin concentration

A

hematocrit - %of RBC in total blood volume - 42-52% M, 37048%W; hemoglobin conc. - how much hemoglobin in blood (determines delivery of O2 and CO2) - usually 13-18 in men 12-16 in women

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30
Q

erythropoiesis: hemopoietic stem cell, colony-forming unit, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

A

making of RBC - 3-5 days

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31
Q

correction of hypoxemia

A

O2 defficiency in blood, ex. Hemmorhaging negative feedback loop kidneys detect and increase erythropoietin excretion stimulates red bone marrow accelerated erythropoiesis increased RBC count increased O2 transport

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32
Q

emphysema (hypoxemia)

A

less lung tissue is available to oxygenate blood kidneys/marrow increase RBC count and cause polycythemia

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33
Q

AKA “erythrocyte graveyard”

A

spleen, enlarged may mean disease with too many RBC breaking down

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34
Q

sickle cell anemia process

A

hereditary hemoglobin defect mostly Africa and Mediterranean descent recessive alle modifies hemoglobin HbS instead of HbA HbS doesn’t bind O2 well so becomes long and pointy sticky, clumpy (agglutinate) block small vessels, cause intense pain in O2 starved tissues hemolysis of cells (cell rupture) causes anemia results in hypoxemia triggers further sickling deadly positive feedback loop spleen becomes enlarged and fibrous

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35
Q

2 kinds of sickle cell carriers

A

homozygous - exhibit disease heterozygous - have trait but rarely symptoms, makes resistant to malaria; 2 heterozygous parents have 25% of homozygous child

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36
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of RBCs, releasing hemoglobin and leaving membrane

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37
Q

aged/damaged RBC recycling

A

membrane frags - digested by macrophages in liver/spleen hemoglobin- macrophages separate heme from globin globin-free amino acids heme- iron removed andrecycled into the blood rest-biliverdin (greenish pigment)- bilirubin - binds to albumin in blood plasma liver removes from albumin-secretes in bilein gallbladder- small intestines - bacteria turns to urobilinogen (brown feces) and urochrome (yellow urine)

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38
Q

jaundice

A

sign of rapid hemolysis, liver disease, or bile duct obstruction

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39
Q

can be caused by hemoglobin blocking kidney tubules

A

renal failure

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40
Q

antigens

A

molecules on surface of cell membrane activate an immune response genetically unique to individual foreign antigen causes immune response

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41
Q

agglutinogens

A

antigens on surface of RBCs that are basis of blood typing

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42
Q

blood typing ABO: antigens and antibodies

A

ABO group - A,B,AB, O A carries A antigens and is Anti-B, B carries B antigens Anti-A, AB has both A and B antigens and carries no antibodies, O has neither antigen carries Anti-A and Anti-B

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43
Q

Most common, rarest ABO blood types

A

O is most common AB is most rare

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44
Q

ABO and Rh incompatabilities

A

RH+ if have the D antigen (DD or Dd) - is not normally present; and Rh- if don’t have the D antigen (dd); If RH- is exposed to RH+ then forms antibodies; RhoGAM shot binds fetal agglutinogens in her blood so she won’t form anti-D antibodies

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45
Q

erythroblastic fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

cross-reaction fetus/maternal blood types baby is born with hemolytic anemia HDN if Mom passes anti-D antibodies through placenta and agglutinates fetal erythrocytes

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46
Q

prevention of fetus/maturnal reactions

A

RhoGAM given to pregnant Rh- Mom with Rh+ child so won’t form anti-D antibodies

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47
Q

all leukocyte characteristics

A

protect against infection/disease conspicuous nuclei spend only a few hours in bloodstream retain organelles

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48
Q

structure, function, %: neutrophils

A

granulocyte; most abundant WBC 60-70% nucleus with 3-5 lobes aggressively antibacterial

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49
Q

structure, function, %: eosinophils

A

granulocyte; only 2-4% of WBCs bilobed (sand timer) phagocytize inflammatory chemicals, allergens, destroy large parasitic worms

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50
Q

structure, function, %: basophils

A

granulocyte; rarest WBC

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51
Q

of chem. Reaction in coagulation

A

over 30

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52
Q

s of clotting reactions

A

order of discovery NOT order of occurance

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53
Q

protein gamma globulin AKA

A

antibodies

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54
Q

plasma

A

liquid of blood

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55
Q

3 plasma proteins

A

albumin - smallest, viscosity/osmolarity, most of globulins - (antibodies) alpha, beta, gamma fibrinogen - pre-clotting fiber

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56
Q

plasma proteins formed?

A

liver - albumin and globulins plasma cells- fibrinogen

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57
Q

plasma components

A

water, proteins, nutrients (glucose, vitamins, fats, minerals), electrolytes (Na+/Sodium), nitrogenous wastes (urea, toxic catabolic products), hormones, gasses (O2,CO2, Nitrogen)

58
Q

viscosity? water vs. whole blood vs. plasma?

A

viscosity - how thin/thick “sticky” whole blood x4.5-5.5 as water plasma x2 as water

59
Q

blood pressure if osmolarity is too high

A

too much water in blood = high BP

60
Q

blood pressure if osmolarity is too low

A

too much water in tissues = low BP/ edema

61
Q

osmolarity

A

molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through blood vessel wall electrolyte (sodium)/protein/RBC-water balance

62
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

too little plasma proteins starvation, liver/kidney diseases, severe burns

63
Q

kwashiorker

A

severe protein deficiency thin arms/swollen belly/fed cereals (after weaned)

64
Q

hemopoiesis

A

making blood/ formed elements

65
Q

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A

protein relationship to blood osmotic pressure *ed up in kwashiorker - edema, big belly, diarrhea, dehydration

66
Q

hemopoetic tissues

A

tissues that make blood cells: embryo-yolk sac infancy on- red bone marrow makes 7 formed elements lymphocytes- made in lymphatic tissues (thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, mucous membranes)

67
Q

plasma replacement

A

water - mostly from digestive tract electrolytes/nutrients-dig. Tract gamma globulins- conn. Tissue plasma cells proteins-liver

68
Q

RBC characteristics

A

biconcave no nucleus/mitochondria anaerobic fermentation to make ATP plasma mem. Glycolipids - determine blood type cytoplasm-carbonic anahydrase (CAH)- role in gas transport/pH balance

69
Q

% of RBC cytoplasm that is hemoglobin

A

33 percent

70
Q

RBC functions

A

O2 from lungs to tissues CO2 from tissues to lungs

71
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

4 protein chains - globins adult - 2 alpha, 2 beta chains fetal- 2 alpha, 2 gamma 4 heme groups (bind O2 to ferrous ion Fe at center)

72
Q

2 factors determine O2 in blood

A

RBC and hemoglobin concentration

73
Q

RBC: hematocrit vs. hemoglobin concentration

A

hematocrit - %of RBC in total blood volume - 42-52% M, 37048%W; hemoglobin conc. - how much hemoglobin in blood (determines delivery of O2 and CO2) - usually 13-18 in men 12-16 in women

74
Q

erythropoiesis: hemopoietic stem cell, colony-forming unit, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

A

making of RBC - 3-5 days

75
Q

correction of hypoxemia

A

O2 defficiency in blood, ex. Hemmorhaging negative feedback loop kidneys detect and increase erythropoietin excretion stimulates red bone marrow accelerated erythropoiesis increased RBC count increased O2 transport

76
Q

emphysema (hypoxemia)

A

less lung tissue is available to oxygenate blood kidneys/marrow increase RBC count and cause polycythemia

77
Q

AKA “erythrocyte graveyard”

A

spleen, enlarged may mean disease with too many RBC breaking down

78
Q

sickle cell anemia process

A

hereditary hemoglobin defect mostly Africa and Mediterranean descent recessive alle modifies hemoglobin HbS instead of HbA HbS doesn’t bind O2 well so becomes long and pointy sticky, clumpy (agglutinate) block small vessels, cause intense pain in O2 starved tissues hemolysis of cells (cell rupture) causes anemia results in hypoxemia triggers further sickling deadly positive feedback loop spleen becomes enlarged and fibrous

79
Q

2 kinds of sickle cell carriers

A

homozygous - exhibit disease heterozygous - have trait but rarely symptoms, makes resistant to malaria; 2 heterozygous parents have 25% of homozygous child

80
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of RBCs, releasing hemoglobin and leaving membrane

81
Q

aged/damaged RBC recycling

A

membrane frags - digested by macrophages in liver/spleen hemoglobin- macrophages separate heme from globin globin-free amino acids heme- iron removed andrecycled into the blood rest-biliverdin (greenish pigment)- bilirubin - binds to albumin in blood plasma liver removes from albumin-secretes in bilein gallbladder- small intestines - bacteria turns to urobilinogen (brown feces) and urochrome (yellow urine)

82
Q

jaundice

A

sign of rapid hemolysis, liver disease, or bile duct obstruction

83
Q

can be caused by hemoglobin blocking kidney tubules

A

renal failure

84
Q

antigens

A

molecules on surface of cell membrane activate an immune response genetically unique to individual foreign antigen causes immune response

85
Q

agglutinogens

A

antigens on surface of RBCs that are basis of blood typing

86
Q

blood typing ABO: antigens and antibodies

A

ABO group - A,B,AB, O A carries A antigens and is Anti-B, B carries B antigens Anti-A, AB has both A and B antigens and carries no antibodies, O has neither antigen carries Anti-A and Anti-B

87
Q

Most common, rarest ABO blood types

A

O is most common AB is most rare

88
Q

ABO and Rh incompatabilities

A

RH+ if have the D antigen (DD or Dd) - is not normally present; and Rh- if don’t have the D antigen (dd); If RH- is exposed to RH+ then forms antibodies; RhoGAM shot binds fetal agglutinogens in her blood so she won’t form anti-D antibodies

89
Q

erythroblastic fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

cross-reaction fetus/maternal blood types baby is born with hemolytic anemia HDN if Mom passes anti-D antibodies through placenta and agglutinates fetal erythrocytes

90
Q

prevention of fetus/maturnal reactions

A

RhoGAM given to pregnant Rh- Mom with Rh+ child so won’t form anti-D antibodies

91
Q

all leukocyte characteristics

A

protect against infection/disease conspicuous nuclei spend only a few hours in bloodstream retain organelles

92
Q

structure, function, %: neutrophils

A

granulocyte; most abundant WBC 60-70% nucleus with 3-5 lobes aggressively antibacterial

93
Q

structure, function, %: eosinophils

A

granulocyte; only 2-4% of WBCs bilobed (sand timer) phagocytize inflammatory chemicals, allergens, destroy large parasitic worms

94
Q

structure, function, %: basophils

A

granulocyte; rarest WBC

95
Q

of chem. Reaction in coagulation

A

over 30

96
Q

s of clotting reactions

A

order of discovery NOT order of occurance

97
Q

protein gamma globulin AKA

A

antibodies

98
Q

plasma

A

liquid of blood

99
Q

3 plasma proteins

A

albumin - smallest, viscosity/osmolarity, most of globulins - (antibodies) alpha, beta, gamma fibrinogen - pre-clotting fiber

100
Q

plasma proteins formed?

A

liver - albumin and globulins plasma cells- fibrinogen

101
Q

plasma components

A

water, proteins, nutrients (glucose, vitamins, fats, minerals), electrolytes (Na+/Sodium), nitrogenous wastes (urea, toxic catabolic products), hormones, gasses (O2,CO2, Nitrogen)

102
Q

viscosity? water vs. whole blood vs. plasma?

A

viscosity - how thin/thick “sticky” whole blood x4.5-5.5 as water plasma x2 as water

103
Q

blood pressure if osmolarity is too high

A

too much water in blood = high BP

104
Q

blood pressure if osmolarity is too low

A

too much water in tissues = low BP/ edema

105
Q

osmolarity

A

molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through blood vessel wall electrolyte (sodium)/protein/RBC-water balance

106
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

too little plasma proteins starvation, liver/kidney diseases, severe burns

107
Q

kwashiorker

A

severe protein deficiency thin arms/swollen belly/fed cereals (after weaned)

108
Q

hemopoiesis

A

making blood/ formed elements

109
Q

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A

protein relationship to blood osmotic pressure *ed up in kwashiorker - edema, big belly, diarrhea, dehydration

110
Q

hemopoetic tissues

A

tissues that make blood cells: embryo-yolk sac infancy on- red bone marrow makes 7 formed elements lymphocytes- made in lymphatic tissues (thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, mucous membranes)

111
Q

plasma replacement

A

water - mostly from digestive tract electrolytes/nutrients-dig. Tract gamma globulins- conn. Tissue plasma cells proteins-liver

112
Q

RBC characteristics

A

biconcave no nucleus/mitochondria anaerobic fermentation to make ATP plasma mem. Glycolipids - determine blood type cytoplasm-carbonic anahydrase (CAH)- role in gas transport/pH balance

113
Q

% of RBC cytoplasm that is hemoglobin

A

33 percent

114
Q

RBC functions

A

O2 from lungs to tissues CO2 from tissues to lungs

115
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

4 protein chains - globins adult - 2 alpha, 2 beta chains fetal- 2 alpha, 2 gamma 4 heme groups (bind O2 to ferrous ion Fe at center)

116
Q

2 factors determine O2 in blood

A

RBC and hemoglobin concentration

117
Q

RBC: hematocrit vs. hemoglobin concentration

A

hematocrit - %of RBC in total blood volume - 42-52% M, 37048%W; hemoglobin conc. - how much hemoglobin in blood (determines delivery of O2 and CO2) - usually 13-18 in men 12-16 in women

118
Q

erythropoiesis: hemopoietic stem cell, colony-forming unit, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

A

making of RBC - 3-5 days

119
Q

correction of hypoxemia

A

O2 defficiency in blood, ex. Hemmorhaging negative feedback loop kidneys detect and increase erythropoietin excretion stimulates red bone marrow accelerated erythropoiesis increased RBC count increased O2 transport

120
Q

emphysema (hypoxemia)

A

less lung tissue is available to oxygenate blood kidneys/marrow increase RBC count and cause polycythemia

121
Q

AKA “erythrocyte graveyard”

A

spleen, enlarged may mean disease with too many RBC breaking down

122
Q

sickle cell anemia process

A

hereditary hemoglobin defect mostly Africa and Mediterranean descent recessive alle modifies hemoglobin HbS instead of HbA HbS doesn’t bind O2 well so becomes long and pointy sticky, clumpy (agglutinate) block small vessels, cause intense pain in O2 starved tissues hemolysis of cells (cell rupture) causes anemia results in hypoxemia triggers further sickling deadly positive feedback loop spleen becomes enlarged and fibrous

123
Q

2 kinds of sickle cell carriers

A

homozygous - exhibit disease heterozygous - have trait but rarely symptoms, makes resistant to malaria; 2 heterozygous parents have 25% of homozygous child

124
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of RBCs, releasing hemoglobin and leaving membrane

125
Q

aged/damaged RBC recycling

A

membrane frags - digested by macrophages in liver/spleen hemoglobin- macrophages separate heme from globin globin-free amino acids heme- iron removed andrecycled into the blood rest-biliverdin (greenish pigment)- bilirubin - binds to albumin in blood plasma liver removes from albumin-secretes in bilein gallbladder- small intestines - bacteria turns to urobilinogen (brown feces) and urochrome (yellow urine)

126
Q

jaundice

A

sign of rapid hemolysis, liver disease, or bile duct obstruction

127
Q

can be caused by hemoglobin blocking kidney tubules

A

renal failure

128
Q

antigens

A

molecules on surface of cell membrane activate an immune response genetically unique to individual foreign antigen causes immune response

129
Q

agglutinogens

A

antigens on surface of RBCs that are basis of blood typing

130
Q

blood typing ABO: antigens and antibodies

A

ABO group - A,B,AB, O A carries A antigens and is Anti-B, B carries B antigens Anti-A, AB has both A and B antigens and carries no antibodies, O has neither antigen carries Anti-A and Anti-B

131
Q

Most common, rarest ABO blood types

A

O is most common AB is most rare

132
Q

ABO and Rh incompatabilities

A

RH+ if have the D antigen (DD or Dd) - is not normally present; and Rh- if don’t have the D antigen (dd); If RH- is exposed to RH+ then forms antibodies; RhoGAM shot binds fetal agglutinogens in her blood so she won’t form anti-D antibodies

133
Q

erythroblastic fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

cross-reaction fetus/maternal blood types baby is born with hemolytic anemia HDN if Mom passes anti-D antibodies through placenta and agglutinates fetal erythrocytes

134
Q

prevention of fetus/maturnal reactions

A

RhoGAM given to pregnant Rh- Mom with Rh+ child so won’t form anti-D antibodies

135
Q

all leukocyte characteristics

A

protect against infection/disease conspicuous nuclei spend only a few hours in bloodstream retain organelles

136
Q

structure, function, %: neutrophils

A

granulocyte; most abundant WBC 60-70% nucleus with 3-5 lobes aggressively antibacterial

137
Q

structure, function, %: eosinophils

A

granulocyte; only 2-4% of WBCs bilobed (sand timer) phagocytize inflammatory chemicals, allergens, destroy large parasitic worms

138
Q

structure, function, %: basophils

A

granulocyte; rarest WBC

139
Q

of chem. Reaction in coagulation

A

over 30

140
Q

s of clotting reactions

A

order of discovery NOT order of occurance

141
Q

protein gamma globulin AKA

A

antibodies

Bio 141 - additional (7 decks)

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