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BDS 1 BAMS > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

describe the stages required for tissue preparation for histology

A

collecting - depends on where the tissue is, skin punch biopsy, organ needle biopsy
fixation - to preserve tissues as they are invivo, done using chemical formaldehyde stops processes
dehydration - must be put in wax which is incompatible with water - series of increasing alcohol conc. to remove
embedding - placed in a wax block of paraffin wax
sectioning - 7um thick sections cut using microtome, mounted on to glass slide
staining - to see certain structures of the cell

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2
Q

what stains are used in histology

A

H&E - stains nuclei purple and cytoplasm pink
PAS - stains complex carbohydrates pink
Masson’s trichrome - nuclei blue, collagen green and muscle red

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3
Q

what is immunohistochemistry

A

using antigen to antibody binding to see a specific protein, antigen bound to fluorescence

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4
Q

what are the 2 main types of epithelium

A

glandular and surface

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5
Q

name 4 roles of epithelium

A

protection - many layers protecting underlying tissue, secretion - secreting sweat when temperature too high, absorption - many creams or topical medication, diffusion - in lungs, diffusion of gases

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6
Q

where can simple squamous epithelium be found

A

in the alveoli of the lungs, for diffusion

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7
Q

where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found

A

in several glands, kidney or salivary, for secretion

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8
Q

where can simple columnar epithelium be found

A

can either be ciliated or non-ciliated - nonciliated in gastrointestinal tract role in absorption, ciliated in female fallopian tubes, cilia waft egg along tube

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9
Q

where can pseudostratified epithelium be found

A

most commonly, columnar found in respiratory tract with cilia

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10
Q

where can stratified squamous epithelium be found

A

surface epithelium, keratinised in skin and masticatory mucosa of the mouth, non-keratinised in lining mucosa

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11
Q

where can transitional epithelium be found

A

in bladder, transitional to accommodate the stretching of the bladder

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12
Q

what components make up the connective tissue

A

ground substance, fibres and cells

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13
Q

what is ground substance

A

gel-like, weak substance to allow transfer between cells made of glycoproteins or hyaluronic acid

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14
Q

what fibres can be found in connective tissue

A

collagen - several different types found in different areas, provides mechanical strength, elastin - to provide elasticity in areas eg the lungs

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15
Q

what different cell types can be found in CT

A

blasts - producing tissue, cytes - maintaining and clasts breaking it down. also several blood vessels as is highly vascularised and immune cells

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16
Q

what are the main types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper - loose or dense, skeletal - bone or cartilage, fluid - blood or lymph

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17
Q

what are the types of loose connective tissue

A

reticular, areolar and adipose

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18
Q

how can reticular loose CT be classified and where can it be found

A

characterised by black reticular fibres - type 3 collagen, provides framework for highly cellular structures, found in liver, lymph nodes and spleen

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19
Q

how can areolar loose CT be classified and where can it be found

A

high volume of ground substance, found in submucosa and under skin epithelium

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20
Q

how can adipose loose CT be classified and where can it be found

A

adipocytes in the ground substance, either found within tissue - subcutaneous - or on its own mamillary tissue

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21
Q

what are the types of dense connective tissue

A

regular, irregular and elastin

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22
Q

how is regular dense CT characterised and where can it be found

A

characterised by collagen fibres in the one direction, providing tensile strength in the one direction, found in ligaments and tendons

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23
Q

how is irregular dense CT characterised and where can it be found

A

characterised by collagen fibres in multiple directions, providing tensile strength in many ways, found in subcutaneous, connective tissue surrounding organs (e.g. pericardium)

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24
Q

how is elastin CT characterised and where can it be found

A

characterised by elastin fibres, providing elasticity, around major blood vessels, lungs, bladder

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25
Q

what is scurvy

A

deficient in vitamin C, unable to make collagen fibres effectively, results in connective tissue lacking strength, tooth loss

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26
Q

in bone, how much percentage of the ECM becomes mineralised with hydroxyapatite

A

70%

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27
Q

how is bone mineralised

A

osteoblasts deposit collagen fibres and vesicles - osteoid, over time these vesicles become mineralised to hydroxyapatite crystals

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28
Q

what is the periosteum composed of

A

2 layers - fibrous layer of dense irregular CT, blood vessels and lymphatics, cellular layer of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts

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29
Q

how is cortical bone arranged

A

in osteons, which contains bone in layers of lamellae with a central canal of blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves,

30
Q

how are osteons produced

A

osteoclasts break down bone in the centre to make a central canal, osteoblasts around the outside of each layer lay down new bone, when the osteoblasts become trap in the bone they are known as osteocytes

31
Q

where can traberculae bone be found

A

ends of long bones, in epiphysis

32
Q

how is traberculae bone arranged

A

arranged in lamellae in rods to form a lattice shape

33
Q

where can endosteum be found

A

surrounding the central canal, around the rods of the traberculae bone

34
Q

what is different about cartilage compared to other CT

A

it is avascular

35
Q

what are the cells of cartilage

A

chondroblasts laying down cartilage, chondrocytes - when blasts get trapped in lacunae

36
Q

what is the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

37
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

around the ends of bones, preventing friction at joints

38
Q

what is hyaline cartilage lacking

A

perichondrium, means it lacks the ability to repair, once lost it cannot be repaired

39
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

abundant cartilage fibres so more strength, surround joint capsule and vertebral disc

40
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

more elastin fibres, epiglottis, larynx and external ear

41
Q

what is osteomalacia and what is it commonly known as in children

A

lack of vitamin D, results in weaker bones due to lack of absorption of calcium, known as rickets in children as weight bearing bones more effected

42
Q

what are the different types of endocrine secretion and give an example of each

A

chronic - always secreted at same levels, no stimulus required, thyroid hormone
acute - released in response to stimulus, amount secreted dependant on level of stimulation, adrenaline
episodic - released in response to stimulus, same amount released regardless of activation, insulin

43
Q

what regulates endocrine secretions

A

other molecules - glucose levels - humoral
neurones - noradrenaline causes adrenaline release
other hormones - hypothalamus to pituitary

44
Q

what are the two structures an exocrine gland may have

A

tubule or acinus

45
Q

what is meant by a compound structure of an exocrine gland

A

when many branches of tubules or acinars come together to form a duct

46
Q

what are the different methods of secretion of exocrine glands

A

merocrine - packaged into vesicle, contents released

apocrine - packaged into vesicle, vesicle then pinched off holocrine - whole cell pinched away and released

47
Q

what types of secretions are released from exocrine glands

A

mucous, serous or mixed

48
Q

how do mucous secretions appear histologically

A

appear pale in colour with nuclei around periphery of cell

49
Q

how do serous secretion appear histologically

A

appear pink in colour with central nuclei

50
Q

why can cancer of the pancreas not be removed surgically

A

it releases enzymes in surgery to cause degradation of the pancreas structure resulting in death of the organ

51
Q

describe 4 functions of the skin

A

sensation, absorption, protection and thermoregulation

52
Q

what are the layers of epidermis of the skin

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

53
Q

what is the difference between thick and thin skin

A

thick skin has an extra layer - stratum lucidum, can produce waxy oils, also has a thicker stratum corneum

54
Q

what cells can be found in skin, other than epithelial cells

A

merkel cells - nerve receptors, melanocytes for skin pigmentation, langerhans cells detecting infection

55
Q

what layers make up the dermis

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

56
Q

where is the papillary layer of the dermis found and what is it composed of

A

found in rete pegs, underlying rete ridges, composed of loose areolar connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves

57
Q

where is the reticular layer of the dermis and what is it composed of

A

found under the papillary layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibres

58
Q

what is psoriasis

A

a skin condition in which the cells are dividing too quickly so the cycle is only 7 days, the cells at the top superficial layer are not dead and are pron to bleeding

59
Q

what is pemphigus

A

when the desmosomes attaching adjacent cells are attacked, the cells break away from one another allowing fluid between them, results in blisters, can occur in the oral cavity

60
Q

how is cystic fibrosis characterised

A

goblet cells over secreting mucous, blocks duct and airways

61
Q

describe the general structure of a skeletal muscle

A

one muscle fibre covered by endomyosium, a bundle of fibres held together in a fasicle by perimyosium, and then several fasicles form the muscle, covered in epimyosium

62
Q

what myofilaments make up the sacromere

A

actin and myosin

63
Q

how are the filaments arranged in the sacromere (in terms of bands)

A

Z line between each sacromere, M line in the centre of the sacromere, H band where myosin only filament, I band with actin only filaments and the A band where actin and myosin filaments overlap

64
Q

what is the sacrolemma

A

membrane of the sacromere, contains invaginations called T-tubules, containing receptors for acetylcholine

65
Q

what is the sacroplasmic reticulum

A

similar to endoplasmic reticulum but contains calcium ions

66
Q

what are the layers of the heart muscle

A

endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

67
Q

what are the similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

both have sacrolemma, sacroplasmic reticulum, sacromere, contract by sliding filaments

68
Q

how do skeletal and cardiac muscle differ

A

cardiac has intercalated discs - gap junctions to allow electrical transmission from one cell to another, cardiac has a constant leakage of calcium, cardiac can be altered by hormones or nerves, cardiac is involuntary

69
Q

what is the shape of the smooth muscle

A

spindle shaped when relaxed, globular when contracted. with one central nuclei

70
Q

how are myofilaments arranged in smooth muscle

A

in a criss-cross lattice shaped, attached on one end to the membrane by focal densities - contraction brings the membrane closer together

BDS 1 BAMS (13 decks)

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