Locomotor System Flashcards
what is meant by calcium activated calcium release
calcium channels opened at +35mV L-type channels, causes calcium to move into cytoplasm, calcium in the cytoplasm then generates release of more calcium from sacroplasmic reticulum
what activates calcium release from the SR
calcium binding to ryanodine receptors in skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, but also IP3 receptors in smooth muscle
how is calcium removed from the cytoplasm of the cell
re-uptake by the SR through serca receptors, or exchanging calcium out of the cell for sodium into the cell - NCX receptors
how does Calcium allow for contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle
calcium binds to troponin C subunit, which changes the orientation and moves the tropomyosin away from the actin binding site, exposing this to myosin
how does calcium allow for contraction in smooth muscle
calcium binds to calmodulin, this complex this activates myosin light chain kinase, allowing it to phosphorylate myosin, allowing it to bind to actin
explain the cross bridge cycle in muscle contraction
myosin not bound to actin, bound to ATP molecule, muscle relaxed but myosin head cocked. myosin hydrolyses ATP to bind to actin, releases an inorganic phosphate. then generates a power stroke, shortening the sacromere and releasing ADP. muscle contracted but myosin head relaxed. then for muscle relaxation, ATP required to pull myosin head off of the actin
describe an abnormality of muscle physiology
when RyR are leaky, constantly releasing calcium into the cytoplasm, can get random contractions of muscle. also, Ca cytoplasm conc. increased so removal of Ca by NCX, SR levels of Ca constantly reduced, leads to inability to contract muscle due to lack of Ca - duchennes muscular dystrophy
describe the structure of a sensory neuron
pseudounipolar - has one cell body with 2 axons, one axon projects to periphery with nerve endings, one axon projects to central nervous system
what sensory information must be conveyed
quality, intensity, location and duration
how do we know the quality of a sensation
different receptors are activated for different types of sensation - nociception for pain, mechanoreceptors for touch
what is the receptive field
the area a neurone innervates, has nerve ending receptors in this location providing this area with sensory neurones
what is two point discrimination and how can this differ in different regions of the body
the minimum distance at which two points of touch can be felt as separate. areas with smaller two point discrimination have a higher density of neurones and a higher cortical representation, fingers, lips
how is an action potential generated in response to a sensation
mechanoreceptors - touch and pressure changes the membrane and opens a channel to allow influx of ions
chemoreceptors - either ligand gated which a ligand directly opens a channel or g-protein, ligand activates g protein which in turn opens a channel
how is the intensity of a stimuli detected
increased firing codes for a higher intensity, a lot of neurones recruited and increased frequency of action potential off the back of another means a higher intensity
how is the duration of a stimuli detected
the length of time an action potential is generated either slowly or rapidly adapting
what is the different types of axons and what are these used for
a alpha - motor neurones and sensory 1A fibres
a beta - mechanoreceptors
a delta - nociception and temperature
c fibres - pain temperature and itch
describe the pathway for mechanoreception from the body
the sensory afferents enter through the dorsal horn and immediately ascend through the medial lemniscal dorsal column pathway. first order neurons travel to the brainstem where they synapse to second order neurones. these then travel dessicate to the thalamus to synapse to 3rd order neurones which go to the cortex
describe the pathway for nociception from the body
these enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and synpase to 2nd order neurons. these then cross over to the other side and travel to the thalamus via the spinothalamic tract. at the thalamus, 3rd order neurones are activated and these travel to the cortex
how are the sensory pathways arranged
modality specific
what are the different types of pain
nociceptive, clinical - acute and chronic