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BDS 1 BAMS > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

how do hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

through the portal vessels

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2
Q

how does the hypothalamus stimulate the posterior pituitary gland to release hormones?

A

through nerve impulses

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3
Q

what hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A

corticotrophin releasing hormone, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, thyrotrophin releasing hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, prolactin releasing hormone, dopamine

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4
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adrenocorticotrophin hormone, growth hormone, FSH, LH, prolactin

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5
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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6
Q

What is goitre?

A

an iodine deficiency resulting in over stimulation of thyroid gland, get a swelling at neck

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7
Q

What is the role of the thyroid hormone?

A

To form the basal metabolic rate, increase the metabolic rate and up-regulate adrenoreceptors

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8
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

to lower blood glucose levels, by increasing the uptake of glucose in muscle and adipocytes. Also increases glycogen and lipid formation and protein synthesis

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9
Q

What stimulates insulin release and what inhibits it?

A

stimulates - high blood glucose levels, vagus nerve

inhibits - somatostatin, sympathetic NS and adrenaline

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10
Q

What is the role of glucagon?

A

To increase blood glucose level, by causing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What stimulates glucagon release and what inhibits it?

A

stimulates - low blood glucose levels, autonomic NS

inhibits - insulin, somatostatin

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12
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Insulin deficient, cells unable to uptake glucose to lower blood glucose levels

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13
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal glands produce?

A

adrenaline

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14
Q

what layers of the cortex of the adrenal glands produce what?

A

glomerulosa - mineralocorticoid, aldosterone
fasiculata - glucocorticoid, cortisol
reticularis - androgens

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15
Q

Describe mechanical filtration in lymph nodes

A

high flow in vessels, gets into subscapular space and slows down, allows any particles in the fluid to settle on the cortex or the medullary cords

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16
Q

Describe biological filtration in lymph nodes

A

the cortex contains t cells which can phagocytose the particles and remove infection. the medulla contains b cells for an antibody response

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17
Q

what are the components involved in the immediate response to haemorrhage

A

vascular response, platelet response, coagulation, acts to prevents blood loss

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18
Q

explain the vascular response in stopping blood loss

A

adrenaline released upon blood loss or trauma, causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure and stop blood flow through the artery to reduce loss.

19
Q

describe platelet response in stopping blood loss

A

platelets come into contact with collagen in blood vessel wall due to trauma, causes platelet aggregation. under positive feedback, release of thromboxane causes further aggregation, forms platelet plug to stop blood loss

20
Q

describe the common pathway in coagulation cascade

A

factor X activated in presence of Ca, phosphate and factor V. Factor Xa then converts prothrombin to thrombin, this activates fibrinogen to soluble to fibrin, also activates factor XIII. factor XIIIa then converts soluble fibrin to insoluble fibrin

21
Q

what is the difference between the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway for coagulation

A

extrinsic - by tissue damage, initiates coagulation

intrinsic - by vascular damage, maintains the coagulation

22
Q

describe fibrinolysis

A

plasminogen converted to plasmin which converts fibrin to soluble fibrin fragments, when coagulation no longer required

23
Q

what is the aim of the short term physiological response to haemorrhage and how does the body achieve this?

A

restore blood pressure, by stimulating sympathetic NS, increases vasoconstriction, HR and stroke volume. also increases release of aldosterone and ADH for more fluid resoprtion

24
Q

what is the aim of the medium term physiological response to haemorrhage and how is this achieved?

A

restore blood fluid, increasing vasoconstriction causes the hydrostatic pressure to decrease, meaning less fluid is pushed out through the capillaries, and more fluid is reabsorbed. also aldosterone and ADH increased with more renin release

25
Q

what is the aim of the long term physiological response to haemorrhage and how is this achieved?

A

to restore blood constituents, erythropoietin released by kidney to stimulate RBC production, takes a few months

26
Q

what are the stages in response to stress?

A

alarm - fight or flight, resistance - adaptation, exhaustion

27
Q

describe the alarm stage in response to stress

A

sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and stroke volume and vasoconstriction, stimulates glucagon for glucose release and adrenal medulla for adrenaline. adrenaline hormone increases the duration of this response and stimulates glucocorticoid production in adrenal cortex, cortisol. this is when stress is ongoing, increases gluconeogenesis and protein break down, immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory

28
Q

why is it important to know if patients are on steroid therapy

A

this medication suppresses the immune system, therefore they might not be respond as well to treatment

29
Q

how can stress be used an analgesic

A

it releases endorphins which suppress nociception and pain pathway

30
Q

describe the resistance stage in stress response

A

patient’s alarm response is sufficient to over come the stressor, either adapt to the stressor and become resistant or stressor removed.

31
Q

describe the exhaustion stage in stress response

A

unable to remove stressor, stress response is maintained, cortisol levels are high for a long period of time, ill due to immunosupressant and adrenal failure

32
Q

why is it important to control the levels of Ca in the body

A

for membrane potential, cardiac action potential and second messenger system - muscle contraction

33
Q

how does the parathyroid hormone control plasma Ca

A

it is released when plasma Ca levels are low, causes activation of vitamin K for Ca absorption in the gut, increased Ca reabsorption in the kidney and stimulates enzyme colleginerase for osteoclast activity - more bone resorption to release Ca into the plasma

34
Q

how does calcitonin control plasma Ca

A

released for prafollicular cells in response to high Ca levels, stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts, and more secretion of Ca in kidneys

35
Q

how does vitamin D control plasma Ca

A

kidney converts it to calcitroil which increases absorption of calcium in diet

36
Q

what diseases are caused by deficiency of vitamin D

A

weak bones and deformed formation in children - rickets or in adults just weak - osteomalacia

37
Q

why can fixed appliances not be given before the age of 12

A

because the skull is still growing until the age of 12 so fixed appliances may alter the shape or structure of the forming skull and facial bones

38
Q

what hormones are essential for normal growth

A

thyroid hormone, growth hormone and sex hormones

39
Q

describe how thyroid hormone effects growth

A

growth in foetus and infant, required for protein synthesis in brain and neurone development, indirect growth, stimulated by growth hormone

40
Q

what is the result of lack of thyroid hormone

A

severe mental impairments in infancy

41
Q

describe the actions of growth hormone

A

anti-insulin, increases blood glucose levels and prevents glucose uptake in cells, stimulates IGF for proliferation of cartilage at epiphyseal plates, glucose release from liver,

42
Q

what is the result of excess growth hormone in adults

A

acromegaly, cannot get longitudinal growth so increase in bulk, thicker bone in mandible and skull

43
Q

what is the role of sex hormones in growth

A

cause the pubertal growth spurt, increases proliferation of cartilage but also causes closure of growth plates, stimulated by growth hormone and IGF 1

44
Q

what hormone stunts growth

A

cortisol

BDS 1 BAMS (13 decks)

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