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Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 4 basic Tissue types?

A

1) nervous tissue
2) muscle tissue
3) epithelial tissue
4) connective tissue

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1
Q

Definition of tissue

A

(Tissu= woven) are small groups of cells that are similar in structure and preform a common or related function.

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2
Q

What is nervous tissue responsible for?

A

Internal communication.

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3
Q

What is muscle tissue responsible for?

A

Contracts to cause movement

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4
Q

What is epithelial tissue responsible for?

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs , filters, excretion, sensory reception.

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5
Q

What is connective tissue responsible for?

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together.

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue definition

A

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue ?

A

Covering/lining epithelium: forms outer layer of skin, forms barriers in open cavities.

Glandular epithelium: fashions the glands of the body

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8
Q

What are the 6 special characteristics of epithelium?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissue
  4. Avascular but innervated
  5. Regeneration
  6. Cellularity
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9
Q

Polarity of epithelium

A

Has Apical surface and basal lamina/basement membrane

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10
Q

Cellularity of epithelium

A

Epithelium is composed entirely of cells.

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11
Q

Specialized contacts of epithelium

A
  1. Gap junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Tight junctions
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12
Q

Epithelium is avascular but innervated which means?

A

It has no blood vessels but it does have nerve endings.

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13
Q

What is special about the regeneration of epithelium cells?

A

They regenerate quickly

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14
Q

Epithelium always has ______ tissue.

A

Connective tissue (CT)

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15
Q

What is a gap junction

A

A communication junction between adjacent cells. Cells are connected by hollow cylinders called connexion a composed trans membrane proteins. Allows simple sugars, ions and small molecules pass through these water filled channels from one cell to another.

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16
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

A series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together. To prevent molecules from passing through.

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17
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

(Binding bodies) Anchoring junctions- like Velcro or zipper hell together by thin linker protein filaments. They bind neighboring cells to make tissues stronger and resist tension and tearing (found in heart)

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18
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Simple Squamous (endothelium and mesothelium
  2. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. Simple columnar epithelim
  4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  5. Stratified squamous epithelium
  6. Stratified Cuboidal
  7. Stratified columnar
  8. Transitional epithelium
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19
Q

What is simple squamous ET? What does it do? Where is it found?

A
  • A single layer of flat squamous cells
  • Found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority.
  • Found in kidneys, air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Lining of central body cavity (serosae)
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20
Q

What is simple columnar et? What does it do? Where is it found?

A
  • a single layer of tall, closely packed cells, aligned like soldiers in a row.
  • absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
  • Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
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21
Q

What is simple cuboidal et? What does it do? Where is it found?

A
  • a single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
  • secretion and absorption
  • kidney tubules
  • ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
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22
Q

What is Pseudostratified columnar epithelium? What does it do? Where is it found?

A
  • single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia.
  • secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
  • Nonciliated type in males sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of upper respiratory tract.
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23
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium? What does it do? Where is it found?

A
  • thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are squamous; in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.
  • protects underlying tissues
  • non-keratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a membrane.
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24
Q

What is transitional et? What does it do? Where is it located?

A
  • resembles both stratified squamos and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamos elite, depending on the degree of organ stretch.
  • stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ.
  • lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.
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25
Q

What is a gland?

A

A gland consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product, usually water based, can be steroid based.

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26
Q

Glands are classified by 2 sets of traits. What are they

A
  1. Where they release their product endocrine and exocrine
  2. Relative cell number
    Unicellular or multicellular
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27
Q

Oncogenes

A

Cancer causing genes

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28
Q

Porto onconogenes

A

Benign forms of onconogenes in normal cells

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29
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth

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30
Q

Steps of tissue repair

A
  1. Inflamtion
  2. Organization
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis
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31
Q

Inflammatory stage

A

Cells release inflammatory chems. Clot is formed.clot dries hardens and forms a scab

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32
Q

Organization

A

Restores blood supply. Granulation tissue forms under scab

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33
Q

Regeneration

A

When et is replaced with same tissue. Scar in dermis

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34
Q

Fibrosis

A

Scar tissue

35
Q

Serous membranes

A

Found inside body, ventral body cavity. Moist simple squamous et resting on areolar ct. Secretes serous fluid

36
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Any membrane open to outside world. Wet membrane usually stratified squamous or simple columnar et

37
Q

Lamina propria

A

Thin sheet of loose ct under epithelial tissue of mucus membrane

38
Q

Mucous membranes are often adapted for

A

Absorption and secretion

39
Q

Not all mucous membranes secrete

A

Mucus, ex. Urinary bladder does not

40
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin, keratinized stratified squamous et firmly connected to CT (dermis). Exposed to air and is a dry membrane

41
Q

Neurons

A

Branching cells of nervous tissue, contain axon, dendrites and cell body. Conducts nerve impulses is not replacible

42
Q

Neurons receive stimuli through

A

Dendrites

43
Q

Axons transmit

A

Electrical impulses I’ve a great distance

44
Q

Supporting cells

A

Protect and insulate the neuron. Is not excitable

45
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in walls of hollow organs. Not stripped. Involuntary muscle. Propels things through body

46
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found in walls of heart. Some stripes. Only one nucleus per cell, interdigitate at special junctions. Contracts and propels blood

47
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Myofilaments cause striped look. Found in “muscle muscles” may have many nuclei. Voluntary movement. Locomotion. Attached to bones or skin

48
Q

Blood CT

A

Red, white, and platelet cells in plasma matrix. Transports stuff. Found in blood vessels

49
Q

Osseous tissue

A

Aka bone. Hard calcified matrix has a lot of collagen. Osteocytes lie in lacunae. Supports, protects, works with muscle to cause movement. Stores minerals makes blood cells in marrow

50
Q

Carriage types

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibro cartilage
51
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

In ear( pinna) soft flexable. Looks like hyaline but has more elastic fibers

52
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Contains collagen fibers which are undetectable. Looks like glass contains chondrocytes which lie in lacunae. Found in costal cartilages, nose, trachea, embryonic skeleton

53
Q

Fibro cartilage

A

Contains stripes of thick collagen fibers. Chondrocytes in lacunae. Can withstand school and tension. Found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

54
Q

Dense CT

A

Any CT with a dense matrix

55
Q

Elastic CT

A

Found in aorta, allows tissue to recoil after stretching. Has a lot of elastic fibers.

56
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

Found in dermis of skin, joint and organ capsules, sub mucosa of digest. Tract. Collagen fibers placed irregularly. Withstands tension in many directions.

57
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Found in tendons and most ligaments. Parallel collagen fibers. Has fibroblasts and a few elastic fibers. Attaches things and withstands stress in one direction

58
Q

Cartilage has blood vessels?

A

No

59
Q

Reticular CT

A

Spongy, made if reticular fibers. Loose CT. Supports other cell types. Found in lymphoid organs, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

60
Q

Adipose CT

A

Fatty, similar to areolar. Provides reserve body fuel, cushions and insulates. Under skin, behind eyeballs, in boobs, and tummy

61
Q

Areolar CT

A

Most abundant, packing peanuts of body. Contains all cell and fiber types in matrix which is gel like. Holds tissue fluid. Plays role in inflammatory response, cushions organs. Found in lamina propria and around capillaries

62
Q

Brown fat

A

Heats body

63
Q

White fat

A

Stores nutrients

64
Q

Adipocyte

A

Fat cell

65
Q

Mast cell

A

Contains Heprin and histamine

66
Q

White blood cells

A

Nutrophils, respond to injury

67
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Build fibers

68
Q

Fibers found in matrix

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
69
Q

2 classes connective tissue proper

A

Loose and dense

70
Q

Connective tissue have what characteristics?

A

Common orgin

Degrees of vascularity

Non living extra cellular matrix

71
Q

Types of multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. Simple tubular-
  2. Simple branched tubular
    3, compound tubular
  3. Simple alveolar
  4. Simple branched alveolar
  5. Compound alveolar
  6. Compound tubular alveolar
72
Q

Simple tubular alveolar is found where?

A

Intestinal glands

73
Q

Simple branched tubular ducts are found where?

A

Gastric (stomach) glands

74
Q

Compound tubular is ducts are found where?

A

Small intestine

75
Q

Simple alveolar ducts are found

A

Not in humans

76
Q

Simple branched alveolar ducts are found

A

Sebaceous oil glands

77
Q

Compound alveolar ducts are found in

A

Mammary glands

78
Q

Compound tubuliaveolar ducts are found where

A

Salivary glands

79
Q

Ex. Of a unicellular gland

A

Goblet cell

Mucous cell

80
Q

Endocrine gland secrete

A

Inside the body

81
Q

Exocrine gland secrete

A

Outside the body

82
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Merely secrete a substandard through exocytosis

83
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Accumulate products within until they rupture. Whole cell goes, Ex. Sebaceous oil glands

84
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Only a part of cell is given up, debated in wether humans have this gland. Best possibility is in lactating mammary glands

85
Q

Gland

A

One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Anatomy (16 decks)

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