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Tissues 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands?

A

Collection of secretory epithelial cells

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2
Q

How many cells do glands have?

A

They may be single cells (goblet cells) or multicellular (sweat glands)

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3
Q

What is an example of a single celled gland?

A

Goblet cells

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4
Q

What is an example of a multicellular gland?

A

Sweat glands

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5
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine (secrete into tubes)

Endocrine (secretes into the blood)

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6
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete into tubes

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7
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete into the blood

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8
Q

Why are exocrine glands locally acting whereas endocrine glands can effect distant tissue?

A

Because exocrine glands release their contents onto a nearby epithelial tissue whereas endocrine glands release their contents into the blood

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9
Q

What are the two forms of duct systems of an exocrine gland?

A

Simple (unbranched)

Compound (branched)

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10
Q

What are the 2 forms of excreoty components of an exocrine gland?

A

Tubular

Acinor

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11
Q

What is an example of a simple tubular exocrine gland?

A

Gastric glands

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12
Q

What is an example of a simple acinar exocrine gland?

A

Mucus secreting of penile urethra

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13
Q

What is an example of a compound tubular exocrine gland?

A

Brunner’s gland, empties into intestine

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14
Q

What is an example of a compound acinar exocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

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15
Q

What is an example of a compound tubuloacinar exocrine gland?

A

Siliva gland

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16
Q

What are the 3 ways that secretion from an endocrine gland may occur?

A

Merocrine

Apocrine secretion

Holocrine

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17
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Involves exocytosis, proteins are usually produced

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18
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Discharge of vesicles containing secretion, example being sweat gland

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19
Q

What is an example of apocrine secretion from an endocrine gland?

A

Sweat gland

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20
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Discharge of whole secretory cells, disintegrate and release product, occurs in sebaceous glands

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21
Q

What is an example of holocrine secretion from an endocrine gland?

A

Sebacceous gland

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22
Q

How are the secretions often expelled?

A

From myoepithelial cells and they contract

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23
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

Cells found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but bineath laminal cells

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24
Q

What are endocrines often the source of?

A

Hormones

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25
What is a hormone?
A chemical messanger
26
How are most endocrine glands structured?
Clusters of secretory cells surrounded by small blood vessels
27
Why is the thyroid gland unusual?
It stores its hormones (thyroxine) within spherical cavities called follicles
28
How does secretion occur within the thyroid gland?
1. Reabsorption of hormone from follicle 2. Release into intercellular space 3. Diffusion into blood stream
29
What is the secretion of hormones controlled by?
Metabolic factors
30
What are examples of exocrine organs?
Major silivary glands Liver
31
What are examples of endocrine organs?
Thyroid Adrenal
32
What organ is an example of both endocrine and exocrine glands?
The pancreas
33
What are parenchyma?
Functional tissue of an organ
34
Where is the parenchyma of the liver?
In hepatocytes (liver cells)
35
What are hepatocytes?
Liver cells
36
What are the functions of hepatocytes (liver cells)?
Secretion Protein synthesis Transformation of carbohydrates
37
How are hepatocytes arranged?
In rows between blood vessels
38
What does the basic structure of the kidney look like?
Composed of the cortex, medulla, pelvis and ureter
39
How are epithelial cells organised in the kidneys?
Into nephrones
40
What is a nephrone?
Functional unit of the kidney composed of epithelial cells
41
What are the functinos of the epithelial cells in the kidney?
Filtration of blood Partial absorption of filtration Release urine from the kindey
42
What are some abnormal functions of epithelial cells?
Over proliferation Under proliferation Over secretion Under secretion Loss of celia/celia beat
43
What are some abnormal functions of the pituitary gland (controls growth hormone)?
Over production (giantism) Under production (dwarfism)
44
What are some abnormal functions of the mucous glands in the uterine tibe?
Over production, can be caused by chlamydia Lead to thick mucous, ovum and sperm being trapped
45
What are some examples of connective tissues?
Bllod/bone marrow Mucous Reticular Loose Dense regular Dense irregular Cartilage Bone Adipose (fat)
46
What is adipose tissue (fat)?
Loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes that store energy
47
How is the fat in adipocytes stored?
As triaclycerides which contain lots of stored energy
48
What is white adipose tissue used for?
Storing energy
49
What is brown adipose tissue used for?
Generating heat
50
What are the 3 components of connective tissue?
Fibres Ground substance Tissue fluid
51
What are the 2 fibrous components of connective tissue?
Collagen (tendon), also reticulin (lymph) Elastic (aorta)
52
How much of our body weight is made up by collagent?
30%
53
What are some properties of collagen?
Great tensile strength Inelastic but flexible
54
How many types of collagen are there?
More than 19
55
What are some examples of the different types of collagen?
Type I in tendons Type III in reticulum Type IV in basil lamina
56
How does collagen end up in the ECM?
Secreted into it by connective tissue in the form of tropa-collagen monomer which are three polypeptide chains, they then form collagen fibrils
57
What does reticular fibre (type III collagen) form?
Delicate supporting network for many cellular organs like endocrine glands
58
How does elastin end up in the ECM?
Similar to collagen, it is secreted into it by connective tissues as the protein elastin which combines and forms elastic fibres
59
What does elastin allow?
Stretching
60
How is elastin usually structured?
In sheets rather than fibres
61
Where are elastin fibres found?
In the aorta
62
What is the ground substance composed of?
Glycoproteins Tissue fluid Carbohydrates Salt
63
What is the function of the ground substance?
Involved in the development of tissues Cells use it to exhange substances
64
What is dense connective tissue?
Connective tissues with fibres as its main element, encase things such as bone and cartilage
65
What is loose connective tissue?
Attatches epithelial to underlying tissues
66
What are the 4 permanent cells in loose connective tissue?
Fibroblasts (syntheis collagen) Macrophages (destoys pathogens) Adipocytes (stores energy as fat) Mast cells (battles inflammation)
67
What do fibroblasts do?
Synthesis collagen
68
What do macrophages do?
Destroy pathogens
69
What do adipocytes do?
Store energy as fat
70
What do mast cells do?
Battles inflammation
71
What is a transient cell in loose connective tissue?
White blood cells (protects against pathogens)
72
What do white blood cells do?
Protect against pathogens
73
What are the two forms of dense connective tissue?
Regular (parralel) Irregular (not parralel)
74
What is an example of a dense regular tissue?
Tendons
75
What is an example of a dense irregular tissue?
Sebaceous gland
76
What are some abnormal functions of connective tissues?
Blood/bone marrow (leukiamia) Loose/dense (loss, abnormal fibres) Cartilage (tear) Bone (osteoporosis)

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