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science for medicine > Introduction to Blood > Flashcards

Introduction to Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does the average 70kg man have?

A

5L of blood

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2
Q

How is the 5L of blood in the average 70kg man distributed?

A

1L in the lungs

3L in the systematic venous circulation

1L in the heart and anterior circulation

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3
Q

Do men or woman have more blood?

A

Men have more due to woman losing some each month during menstration

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4
Q

What percentage of a womans body weight is blood?

A

7.8%

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5
Q

What are some of the functions of blood?

A

Carriage of physiologically active compounds

Clotting

Defence

Cariage of gas

Thermoregulation

Maintanence of ECF pH

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6
Q

How much blood do new born babies have?

A

350ml

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7
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plamsa

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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8
Q

How much water is plasma made of?

A

95% water

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9
Q

What percentage of our body weight is plasma?

A

4%

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10
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Circulates biologically active molecules

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

Globulin (subdevided into alpha, beta and gamma globulins)

Fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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12
Q

What is albumin?

A

A transport protein that binds to drugs, steroid hormones and lipids

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13
Q

What are alpha and beta globulins?

A

Transport proteins that transfer lipids and fat soluble vitamins

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14
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

What is the advantage of using transport proteins?

A

Stabalised form of transport, water soluble molecules are excreted readily whereas plasma proteins are too big for the kidney to filter out

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16
Q

What kind of pressure to plasma proteins create?

A

Plasma proteins create oncotic pressure

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17
Q

Why do plasma proteins create oncotic pressure?

A

Due to not crossing the cappilary wall

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18
Q

What does the oncotic pressure do?

A

Creates a force that pulls water from interstitual space, taking Na+ and glucose with it

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19
Q

What does the interstitual fluid act as?

A

A resevoir that maintains the plasma volume

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20
Q

What does the net movement between cappilary and interstitual space depend on?

A

Cappilary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) favours movement out of the cappilary

Plasma protein concentration favours movement into the cappilary

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21
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia?

A

Abnormally low levels of circulatory plasma proteins

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22
Q

What are some causes of hypoproteinaemia?

A

Prolonged starvation

Liver disease

Intestinal disease

Nephrosis (kidney disease)

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23
Q

What is haematopoises?

A

Production of all types of blood cells

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24
Q

What is a diagram of haematoposis?

A
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25
Do all diseases effect all kinds of blood cells?
Some diseases only effect myeloid cells and some only effect lymphoid cells
26
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
27
What is the lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
28
What is the structure of red blood cells like?
Biconcave and highly flexible
29
Do RBC have one or zero nucleus?
No nucleus
30
What are red blood cells densily packed with?
Haemoglobin to carry oxygen
31
What are the two appearences of haemoglobin due to changing colour depending on the amount of oxygen?
Oxyhaemoglobin (arterior) Deoxyhaemoglobin (venous)
32
What are myeloid cells?
All cells in the blood that are not lymphocytes
33
What is erythropoiesis?
Red blood cell formation
34
What is erythopoiesis controlled and accerlerated by?
Erythroprotein
35
When is the secretion of erythoprotein enhanced?
During hypoxia (oxygen delivery to the kidneys is reduced)
36
What could cause hypoxia?
Haemorrhage Anaemia Cardiac dysfunction Lung disease
37
What kind of a loop is the production of red blood cells?
Negative feedback
38
What is erythroprotein secreted by?
85% peritubular capillary cells 15% hepatocytes
39
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
40
What are some properties of leukocytes?
Nucleated Involved in defence against pathogens Larger than RBCs Less in quantity than RBCs
41
What are the different kinds of white blood cells?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) Argranulocytes (monocytes or lymphocytes)
42
What are the different kinds of granulocytes?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
43
What are the different kinds of argranulocytes?
Monocytes Lymphocytes
44
What are the different kinds of lymphocytes?
B cells T cells (killer and helper)
45
What is leukopoises?
White blood cell formation
46
What is leikopoises controlled by?
A cocktail of cytokines (proteins/peptides released from one cell type to be used on another)
47
What is a cytokine?
A protein/peptide released from one cell type to be used on another
48
What are cytokines released from?
Endothelial cells Fibroblasts Mature white blood cells
49
What do cytokines stimulate?
Mitosis Maturation of leukocyte
50
What does differential stimulation of leukocytes respond to?
The type of infection: Bacterial generates neutrophils Viral generates lymphocytes
51
What does a bacterial infection stimulate the differentiation of?
Neutrophils
52
What does a viral infection stimulate the differentiation of?
Lymphocytes
53
What are platelets?
Membrane bound cell fragements from megakaryocytes
54
What is the life span of platelets?
10 days
55
Do platelets have 1 or 0 nuclei?
Rarely nucleated
56
What is the formation of platelets governed by?
Thrombopoietin
57
What do platelets do?
Adhere to damaged cells vessel walls to mediate the blood clotting
58
What is haematocrit?
Haematocrit tells you how many RBCs you have as a percentage of your total blood volume
59
What is the normal range of RBCs of total blood volume?
40-54% in males 37-47% in females
60
What is the yellow in blood plasma?
Bilirutin
61
When is bilirutin produced and where is it metabolised?
Bilirutin is produced after red blood cells are broken down and it is metabolised in the liver
62
What is viscocity?
How thick a substance is compared to water
63
What is the viscocity of plasma?
1.8x thicker than water
64
What is the viscocity of white blood?
3-4x thicker than water
65
What does viscocity depend on?
Haematocrit Temperature Flow rate
66
How does the haematocrit effect viscocity?
50% increase in haematocrit increases viscocity by 100%
67
How does temperature effect the viscocity?
Increase in 1oC decreases viscocity by 2%
68
How does flow rate effect viscocity?
Decreased flow rate increases viscocity
69
What makes it harder for your heart to pump blood?
The blood being thicker

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